Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands:
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| Sprache: | English |
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Inst. für Bodenkunde
2001
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| Schriftenreihe: | Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |c Mahdi Osman. Institut für Bodenkunde, Bonn. [Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn] |
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Titel: Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands
Autor: Osman, Mahdi
Jahr: 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES_xi
LIST OF TABLES_xvii
ABBREVIATIONS_xix
1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------1
1.1 Background and statement of the problem._. 1
1.2 Objectives of the study. 6
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS_7
2.1 The Ethiopian and the central highlands. 7
2.2 Rainfall data set and data analysis. 9
2. 2. 1 Concepts of rainfall erosivity.9
2.2.2 The data set.11
2. 2. 3 Data entry and statistical analysis.15
2. 2. 4 Regression analysis and isoerodent contours.16
3 PRESSURE PATTERNS, PRECIPITATION AND
RAINFALL EROSIVITY IN ETHIOPIA_17
3.1 Pressure patterns over Ethiopia._._. 17
3.2 Characteristics of long-term rainfall in Ethiopia----------------23
3.3 Estimated values of long-term rainfall erosivity
for Ethiopia. 29
3.4 Rainfall erosivity factors for the rainfall pattern regions
of Ethiopia_30
4 LONG-TERM RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN THE
CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA-----------------------38
4.1 Representativeness analysis-----------------------.----------41
4.2 Time series analysis of rainfall-----------_~-~---------------------42
4. 2. 1 Graphical analysis.43
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
4. 2. 2 Systematic trend analysis.47
4. 2. 3 Autocorrelation and persistence.49
5 RAINFALL EROSIVITY IN THE WHOLE CENTRAL
HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA.53
5.1 Statistical characteristics of long-term areal annual and
summer rainfall erosivity.53
5.2 Representativeness analysis.55
5.3 Time series analysis.57
5. 3.1 Graphical time series analysis.57
5. 3. 2 Temporal variability of long-term areal mean annual and
summer rainfall erosivity.60
5. 3. 3 Systematic trend analysis, autocorrelation and persistence.62
5.4 Relationship between areal rainfall and rainfall erosivity
in the whole central highlands of Ethiopia.65
5. 5 The isoerodent contours for the central highlands
of Ethiopia.68
RAINFALL EROSIVITY AT SELECTED WEATHER
STATIONS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF
ETHIOPIA_71
Long-term annual rainfall erosivity._._.72
Statistical parameters of annual rainfall erosivity.72
Relationship between long-term annual rainfall erosivity
and annual rainfall.74
Long-term summer rainfall erosivity._.—.— 77
Statistical parameters of summer rainfall erosivity.77
Relationship between long-term summer rainfall erosivity
and summer rainfall.79
Long-term rainfall erosivity during short rainy seasons. 82
Autumn.82
Spring.83
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
6. 1
6. /. /
6. 1.2
6. 1
6. 2.1
6. 2.2
6. 3
6. 3. I
6. 3.2
6. 4 Temporal and spatial characteristics of
long-term rainfall erosivity.85
6. 4. I Temporal and seasonal variability of rainfall rosivity.85
6. 4. 1. 1 Graphical trend analysis.85
6. 4. 1.2 Departures of annual and summer rainfall erosivity from
long-term mean.100
6. 4. 1. 3 Systematic trend analysis.117
6. 4. 1. 4 Autocorrelation and persistence analysis of long-term
rainfall rosivity.120
6. 4. 2 Spatial characteristics of rainfall erosivity.123
6. 4. 2. 1 Vertical characteristics of rainfall erosivity.123
6. 4. 2. 2 Horizontal characteristics of rainfall erosivity.126
6.5 Rainfall erosivity classes for the central highlands
of Ethiopia_.132
7 IMPLICATIONS OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY
AND RAINFALL EROSIVITY ON SURFACE FLOW
AND LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT.135
7.1 The influence of rainfall variability on surface flow.135
7. /. / Materials and Methods.136
7. 1, 2 Results and discussion.138
7. 1. 3 Conclusion and recommendations.148
7. 2 Land and water management in a context of
sustainability.¦—.•¦•¦.¦. 149
7.2.1 The context.149
7. 2. 2 Indigenous Land and Water Management
Technologies - ILWMTs.150
7. 2. 3 Modern Land and Water Management
Technologies - MLWMTs.153
7. 2. 4 Socio-economic context of water erosion in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.157
7. 2. 5 Land and water management policies and strategies
of Ethiopia.159
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
7. 2. 6 Retrospect and prospect.163
8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS,
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK,
RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS.165
8.1 Summary.165
8.2 Conclusions.168
8.3 Zusammenfassung.170
8.4 Ausblick.174
8.5 Resume.175
8.6 Conclusions.179
9 REFERENCES.181
10 ANNEXES.203
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Fig. 1: Natural division of Ethiopia showing the
highlands and the central highlands.8
Fig. 2: Network and distribution of selected
meteorological stations in Ethiopia.13
Fig. 3: Air stream over Ethiopia during the major
dry season (October - May).18
Fig. 4: Air stream over Ethiopia during the major rainy
season (late June - early September).19
Fig. 5a: Major disturbances in air stream over Ethiopia
during March - May, penetrating south.21
Fig. 5b: Major disturbances in air stream over Ethiopia
during March - May, penetrating south.22
Fig. 6: Isohyetes of long-term mean annual
rainfall over Ethiopia.24
Fig. 7: Seasonal rainfall distribution [±5%] for selected
weather stations in Ethiopia (1898-1997).25
Fig. 8: Long-term seasonal rainfall distribution data
series for Ethiopia (1898-1997).28
Fig. 9: Modified rainfall pattern regions of Ethiopia,
FAO(1984).32
Fig. 10: Relationship between precipitation and rainfall
erosivity in rainfall pattern region A.35
Fig. 11: Relationship between precipitation and rainfall
erosivity in rainfall pattern region B.35
Fig. 12: Relationship between precipitation and rainfall
erosivity in rainfall pattern region C.36
Fig. 13: Relationship between precipitation and rainfall
erosivity in rainfall pattern region D.36
Fig. 14: Relationship between precipitation and rainfall
erosivity in rainfall pattern region E.37
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
XII
Fig. 15: Long-term annual rainfall distribution in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.39
Fig. 16: Long-term summer rainfall distribution in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.40
Fig. 17: Long-term annual rainfall time series data for the
central highlands of Ethiopia (1898-1997).44
Fig. 18: Long-term summer rainfall time series data for the
central highlands of Ethiopia (1898-1997).45
Fig. 19: Departures of long-term annual and summer rainfall
from their respective long-term average in the central
Ethiopian highlands (1898-1997).46
Fig. 20: Correlation coefficients for precipitation time
series data of selected weather stations in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.48
Autocorrelation of long-term areal annual rainfall
in the central highlands of Ethiopia.50
Autocorrelation of long-term areal summer rainfall
in the central highlands of Ethiopia.51
Histogram of long-term areal annual Fm (mm) for the
central Ethiopian highlands.54
Histogram of long-term areal summer Fm (mm)
for the central Ethiopian highlands.54
Long-term areal annual time series of Fm in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.59
Long-term areal summer time series of Fm in the
central highlands of Ethiopia.60
Comparison of temporal variability of long-term
annual and summer rainfall erosivity in the central
highlands of Ethiopia (1898-1997).62
Autocorrelation of long-term areal annual rainfall
erosivity in the central highlands of Ethiopia.64
Autocorrelation of long-term areal summer rainfall
erosivity in the central Ethiopian highlands.65
Rain/all and its erosivity in Ethiopia
Fig. 21:
Fig. 22:
Fig. 23:
Fig. 24:
Fig. 25:
Fig. 26:
Fig. 27:
Fig. 28:
Fig. 29:
Xlll
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34 a (I):
Fig. 34 a (II):
Fig. 34 a (III):
Fig. 34 b(I):
Fig. 34 b (II):
Fig. 34 b (III):
Fig. 35 a (I):
Fig. 35 a (II):
Fig. 35 a (III):
Fig. 35; a (IV):
Fig. 35 i a(V):
Fig. 35 i a (VI):
Relationship between long-term areal annual rainfall
and its erosivity in the central highlands of Ethiopia.67
Relationship between long-term areal summer
rainfall and its erosivity in the central highlands
of Ethiopia.67
Annual isoerodent contours for the central highlands
of Ethiopia.69
Summer isoerodent contours for the central
highlands of Ethiopia.70
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Ejaji weather station.86
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Shola Gebeya weather station.87
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Tulu Bolo weather station.87
Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Ejaji weather station.88
Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Shola Gebeya weather station.88
Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Tulu Bolo weather station.89
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Addis Ababa weather station.91
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Debre Markos weather station.91
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Debre Zeit weather station.92
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Fiche weather station.92
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Kombolcha weather station.93
Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Majete weather station.93
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
XIV
Fig. 35 a (VII): Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Sheno weather station.94
Fig. 35 a (VIII): Time series of annual rainfall erosivity at the
Wonji weather station.94
Fig. 35 b (I): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Addis Ababa weather station.96
Fig. 35 b (II): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Debre Markos weather station.96
Fig. 35 b (III): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Debre Zeit weather station.97
Fig. 35 b (IV): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Fiche weather station.97
Fig. 35b(V): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Kombolcha weather station.98
Fig. 35 b (VI): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Majete weather station.98
Fig. 35 b (VII): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Sheno weather station.99
Fig. 35 b (VIII): Time series of summer rainfall erosivity at the
Wonji weather station.99
Fig- 36: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Addis Ababa weather station.10'
Fig- 37: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Debre Markos weather station.103
Fig. 38: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Debre Zeit weather station.1°5
F'g- 39: Departures of annual and summer rainfall erosivity
from long-term average at Ejaji weather station.106
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
Fig. 40: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Fiche weather station.108
Fig. 41a: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Majete weather station.111
Fig. 41b: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Sheno weather station.111
Fig. 41 c: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Shola Gebeya weather station.112
Fig. 41 d: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Tulu Bolo weather station.112
Fig. 42: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Kombolcha weather station.115
Fig. 43: Departures of annual and summer rainfall
erosivity from long-term average at the
Wonji weather station.117
Fig. 44: Relationship between long-term mean rainfall
erosivity and altitude for selected weather station
in the central highlands of Ethiopia.125
Fig. 45: Relationship between latitude and variability
in annual rainfall erosivity - regional diminution.127
Fig. 46: Relationship between longitude and variability
in annual rainfall erosivity - regional dimension.128
Fig. 47: Relationship between latitude and variability in
summer rainfall erosivity - regional dimension.129
Fig. 48: Relationship between longitude and variability
in summer rainfall erosivity - regional dimension.130
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
XVI
Fig. 49: Percentage of weather stations in the central
Ethiopian highlands assigned to rainfall erosion
risk classes.133
Fig. 50 a: Comparison of mean annual rainfall and surface
runoff at the Hombolegauging station.140
Fig. 50 b: Comparison of mean summer rainfall and surface
runoff at the Hombole gauging station.140
Fig. 51a: Comparison of mean annual rainfall and surface
runoff at the Kessem gauging station.141
Fig. 51 b: Comparison of mean summer rainfall and
surface runoff at the Kessem gauging station.141
Fig. 52 a: Comparison of mean annual rainfall and surface
runoff at the Meleka Kunture gauging station.142
Fig. 52 b: Comparison of mean summer rainfall and surface
runoff at the Melka Kunture gauging station.142
Fig. 53 a: Comparison of mean annual rainfall and surface
runoff at the Modjo gauging station.143
Fig. 53 b: Comparison of mean summer rainfall and surface
runoff at the Modjo gauging station.143
Fig. 54 a: Comparison of mean annual rainfall and surface
runoff at the Teji gauging station.144
Fig. 54 b: Comparison of mean summer rainfall and surface
runoff at the Teji gauging station.144
Fig. 55: Traditional hillside terraces for soil and water
management in the central highlands of
Ethiopia (North Shoa).152
Pig- 56: Integrated traditional agricultural land-use practices
for land and water management in the central
highlands of Ethiopia (North Shoa).153
Fig- 57: Conventional check dams for land and water
management in the central highlands of
Ethiopia (North Shoa).154
Rain/all and its erosivity in Ethiopia
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
Tab. 1: Selected weather stations in the central highlands of
Ethiopia and their general Information.14
Tab. 2: Statistical parameters of long-term rainfall and its
erosivity for the FAO (1984) rainfall pattern regions
in Ethiopia.33
Tab. 3: Statistical parameters of long-term annual rainfall
erosivity.73
Tab. 4: Regression models of long-term annual rainfall
erosivity for selected weather stations in the central
highlands of Ethiopia.76
Tab. 5: Long-term summer (kiremt) rainfall erosivity for
selected weather stations in the central highlands of
Ethiopia.78
Tab. 6: Regression models for long-term summer (kiremt)
rainfall erosivity.80
Tab. 7: Statistical parameters of autumn (Tseday) and
spring (Belg) rainfall erosivity (mm) for selected
weather stations in the central highlands of Ethiopia.84
Tab. 8: Trend correlation coefficients of rainfall erosivity for
selected weather stations in the central highlands of
Ethiopia.118
Tab. 9: Autocorrelation of long-term annual rainfall erosivity.121
Tab. 10: Autocorrelation of long-term summer rainfall erosivity.121
Tab. 11: Classes of annual rainfall erosion risk for the central
highlands of Ethiopia.132
Tab. 12: Classes of summer rainfall erosion risk for the central
highlands of Ethiopia.132
Tab. 13 : Selected gauging stations in the central highlands of
Ethiopia.137
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia
XV111
Tab. 14: Statistical characteristics of hydrometric records at the
selected gauging stations.138
Tab. 15: Cross correlation coefficients between hydrometric
records and areal rainfall.145
Tab. 16: Non-parametric trend correlation coefficients of surface
runoff and rainfall.147
Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia |
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| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-M490 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-M490 |
| physical | XXI, 249 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. : 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Inst. für Bodenkunde |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen |
| series2 | Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen |
| spelling | Osman, Mahdi 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)122973046 aut Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands Mahdi Osman. Institut für Bodenkunde, Bonn. [Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn] Bonn Inst. für Bodenkunde 2001 XXI, 249 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. : 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen 37 Zugl.: Bonn, Univ., Diss., 2001 Regen (DE-588)4121570-9 gnd rswk-swf Erosion (DE-588)4015366-6 gnd rswk-swf Hochland (DE-588)4160159-2 gnd rswk-swf Äthiopien (DE-588)4000639-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Äthiopien (DE-588)4000639-6 g Hochland (DE-588)4160159-2 s Regen (DE-588)4121570-9 s Erosion (DE-588)4015366-6 s DE-604 Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen 37 (DE-604)BV004585269 37 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009435364&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Osman, Mahdi 1966- Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands Bonner bodenkundliche Abhandlungen Regen (DE-588)4121570-9 gnd Erosion (DE-588)4015366-6 gnd Hochland (DE-588)4160159-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121570-9 (DE-588)4015366-6 (DE-588)4160159-2 (DE-588)4000639-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |
| title_auth | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |
| title_exact_search | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |
| title_full | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands Mahdi Osman. Institut für Bodenkunde, Bonn. [Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn] |
| title_fullStr | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands Mahdi Osman. Institut für Bodenkunde, Bonn. [Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands Mahdi Osman. Institut für Bodenkunde, Bonn. [Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn] |
| title_short | Rainfall and its erosivity in Ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |
| title_sort | rainfall and its erosivity in ethiopia with special consideration of the central highlands |
| topic | Regen (DE-588)4121570-9 gnd Erosion (DE-588)4015366-6 gnd Hochland (DE-588)4160159-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Regen Erosion Hochland Äthiopien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009435364&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV004585269 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT osmanmahdi rainfallanditserosivityinethiopiawithspecialconsiderationofthecentralhighlands |