Nerve cells and nervous systems: an introduction to neuroscience
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Springer
2001
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 253 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540760903 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction to Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems 1
The Nervous System and Control 1
The Nervous System and Communication 2
Nerve Cells 2
The Generalised Neuron 3
The Anatomy of Neurons 6
The Neuroglia 9
The General Plan of Nervous Systems 10
Regulation of the External Environment of Neurons 12
Summary 14
2 The Cell Membrane: Ionic Permeability and Electrotonic Properties 15
The Structure of Cell Membranes 15
Non gated Channels and the Resting Membrane Potential 16
Resting Potential of an Ideal Cell 17
Electrotonic Properties of Nerve Cells 22
Summary 25
3 The Action Potential and the Nerve Impulse 27
Electrically Excitable Cells 27
Ionic Basis of Action Potentials in Nerve Fibres 27
Voltage Clamp Experiments 30
The Initial Inward Current Is Due To Movement of Na+ 32
The Later Outward Current Is Due To Movement of K+ 32
The Inward and Outward Currents Can Be Separated by Drugs 32
The Separate Na+ and K+ Conductances Can Be Determined 34
Na+ Inactivation Is a Distinct Process 34
Action Potential Shape and Propagation Can Be Predicted on a
Theoretical Basis 35
Changes in Internal Ion Concentrations Due to the Action Potential 35
Summary of the Action Potential 36
The Nerve Impulse 36
Local Circuits 37
Effect of Axon Diameter on Conduction Velocity 37
Myelination and Saltatory Conduction 38
Voltage Gated Channels and Impulse Propagation 39
ix
x Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems
The Length of Axon Involved in a Nerve Impulse 39
Extracellular Field Potentials 40
Extracellular Recording from a Single Axon 40
Extracellular Recording from a Nerve Bündle The Compound Action
Potential 40
Classification of Nerve Fibres 42
Summary 43
4 Voltage Gated Ion Channels in Excitable Membranes 45
Voltage Gated Na+ Channels 45
The Voltage Gated Na+ Channel Responsible for INat, the Transient
Rapidly Activating and Inactivating Na+ Current 45
A Voltage Gated Na+ Channel Responsible for a Persistent
Na+ Current (INa p) 50
Voltage Gated K+ Channels 50
The Voltage Gated K+ Channel Responsible for the Delayed Rectifying
Current (JK) 51
Voltage Gated K+ Channels Responsible for the A Current (IA) 51
Voltage Gated K+ Channel Responsible for the M Current (IM) 51
Voltage Gated Ca2+ Channels 51
Summary 53
5 General Properties of Intercellular Communication in the Nervous System 55
Electrical Synaptic Transmission 55
Excitatory Electrical Transmission 56
Inhibitory Electrical Transmission 58
Chemical Synaptic Transmission 58
General Outline of Chemical Synaptic Transmission 60
Summary 61
6 The Presynaptic Neuron I: Release of Neurotransmitter 63
Role of Ca2+ in Transmitter Release 63
Release of Transmitter in Packets or Quanta 65
Quantal Content 67
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Transmitter Release 70
Vesicle Manufacture 70
Transmitter Release: Vesicle Docking, Fusion and Exocytosis 71
Vesicle Endocytosis and Recycling 72
Role of Ca2+ in Molecular Mechanisms of Release 72
Changes in Synaptic Efficacy Due to Presynaptic Mechanisms 73
Presynaptic Inhibition 73
Summary 73
7 The Presynaptic Neuron II: Neurotransmitters 75
Definition and Identification of Transmitters 75
Classification of Transmitters 76
Low molecular weight Transmitters 76
Neuroactive Peptides 80
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 82
Unconventional Transmitters 82
Some General Principles About Transmitters 85
Some Transmitters Appear To Be Either Excitatory or Inhibitory but
Not Both 85
Contents xi
Some Transmitters May Have Either Excitatory or Inhibitory Actions 85
Many Neurons Contain Several Transmitters 85
A Single Neuron May Release More Than One Transmitter 85
Some Neuronal Systems Containing Particular Transmitters Have Very
Wide ranging Actions in the Brain 85
Summary 85
8 The Postsynaptic Neuron I: Actions of Neurotransmitters 87
Postsynaptic Receptors 87
Ionotropic Receptors 87
Metabotropic Receptors 90
Consequences of Transmitter Receptor Combination 90
Actions at Ionotropic Receptors 90
Actions at Metabotropic Receptors 96
Summary 99
9 The Postsynaptic Neuron II: The Neuron as an Integrative Device 101
Neuron Doctrine and the Law of Dynamic Polarisation 101
The Generalised Neuron Concept 101
The Generalised Neuron as a Model for the Mammalian Motoneuron 102
The Generalised Neuron as a Model for Other Neurons 107
Synapses on Axon Terminals Axo axonic Synapses 108
Impulses in Dendrites 109
Dendritic Spines 113
The Importance of Synaptic Location 114
Excitatory Synaptic Location on Motoneurons 114
Inhibitory Synapses 115
Consequences of Synaptic Location Specificity 116
Summary 116
10 Transmission Between Pairs of Identified Neurons 119
Transmission Between Ia Afferent Fibres from Muscle Spindles and
Spinal a Motoneurons 119
Anatomy of the Ia a Motoneuron System 120
Ia Afferent Fibres 121
Ia Afferent Contacts upon Motoneurons 121
Actions of Ia Afferent Fibres on a Motoneurons 121
Transmission Between Cutaneous Afferent Fibres and Neurons of
Somatosensory Pathways 125
Transmission Between Hair Follicle Afferent Fibres and Spinocervical
Tract Neurons 125
Transmission Between Cutaneous Afferent Fibres and Neurons of the
Dorsal Column Nuclei 128
Summary 128
11 Sense Organ Mechanisms 131
Sense Organ Specificity 131
Sensory Transduction Mechanisms 132
Mechanoreceptors 132
Vertebrate Photoreceptors 134
Adaptation of Sensory Signals 138
Stimulus Encoding 139
Dynamic and Static Components of the Response 140
xii Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems
Centrifugal Control of Sense Organs 141
Mammalian Muscle Spindles and their Centrifugal Control 142
Summary 144
12 Functional Organisation in Groups of Neurons 145
Properties of Small Neuronal Circuits 145
The Two Neuron Reflex Are 145
Addition of Interneurons to the Two Neuron Are 147
The Mammalian Spinal Segmental Motor Apparatus An Example of the
Operation of Small Groups of Neurons 148
Spinal Monosynaptic Reflex 148
Reciprocal Inhibition of Motoneurons from Ia Afferent Fibres 150
Group II Afferent Fibres from Spindle Secondary Endings and the
Monosynaptic Reflex Are 151
Reflex Actions of Group Ib Afferent Fibres from Golgi Tendon Organs 151
Flexion Reflex and Crossed Extension Reflex 152
7 Motoneurons and the Control of Muscle Spindle Sensitivity 152
Other Influences on the Segmental Motor Apparatus 153
The Modular Design of Nervous Systems 153
Modular Design of the Cerebellum 154
Modular Organisation in the Cerebral Cortex 157
Summary 159
13 Structural Organisation of Sensory and Motor Systems 161
Sensory Systems 161
Hierarchical Organisation 161
Parallel Pathways 167
Descending (Centrifugal) Loops in the Ascending Sensory Systems 172
Motor Systems 173
Hierarchical Pathways 173
Parallel Pathways 174
Systems Controlling the Motor Hierarchy 174
Summary 176
14 Functional Properties of Specific Sensory and Motor Systems 177
Functional Properties of Specific Sensory Systems 177
Modality Specificity 177
Place Specificity 179
The Concept of Receptive Field 179
Receptive Field Organisation for Feature Extraction 181
Submodality Convergence 186
Centrifugal Control in Sensory Systems 187
Functional Properties of Specific Motor Systems 187
Motoneurons, Motor Units and Motoneuron Recruitment 187
Stimulus Triggered Reactions 190
Centrally Programmed Movements 190
Völuntary Movement 191
Maps in the Brain 194
Why are there maps? 194
Why are there several maps at each level? 194
What is being mapped? 194
Summary 194
1
Contents xiii
15 The Nervous System and the Internal and External Environments
Homeostasis and Interactions 197
The Neuroendocrine System 197
The Magnocellular Neurosecretory System 198
The Parvocellular Neurosecretory System 200
Circadian Rhythms 201
The Photoreceptive System 201
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 201
Output Systems from the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 201
Behavioural State Sleeping and Waking 201
Sleeping and Waking 201
Motivational Behaviour 205
Non Specific Activation 205
Homeostasis and Motivational Behaviour 206
Control of Nociception 209
Segmental Control of Nociceptive Input 209
Descending Control of Nociception 209
Interactions with Other Organisms 210
Animal Communication 210
Human Language 212
Summary 212
16 Formation, Maintenance and Plasticity of Synapses 215
Development of the Nervous System 215
Determination of Nervous Tissue 215
Cell Differentiation 217
Synapse Formation and the Maintenance of Connections 219
Formation of the Neuromuscular Junction 219
Synapse Elimination 221
Formation of Synaptic Connections in the Visual System 222
Matching of Neuronal Populations 223
Programmed Cell Death and Nerve Growth Factor 224
Effects of Denervation in the Adult Central Nervous System 226
Abnormal Experience and the Formation of Synaptic Connections
Critical Periods 226
Summary 229
17 Learning and Memory 231
Forms of Learning and Memory 231
Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory in Invertebrates 232
Non associative Learning: Habituation and Sensitisation 232
Associative Learning in Invertebrates: Classical Conditioning 234
Cellular Mechanisms of Learning in Vertebrates 234
Mechanisms Underlying Long Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus 234
Long Term Depression in the Cerebellum 236
Learning and Memory in Humans 236
The Major Memory Systems 237
Summary 237
References 239
Index 249
|
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| language | German |
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| spelling | Brown, Alan G. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)130422274 aut Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience A. G. Brown 2. ed. London [u.a.] Springer 2001 XVI, 253 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nervous System Neurons Neurophysiology Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd rswk-swf Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd rswk-swf Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 s DE-604 Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 s Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009424203&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Brown, Alan G. 1940- Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience Nervous System Neurons Neurophysiology Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4041643-4 (DE-588)4041649-5 |
| title | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience |
| title_auth | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience |
| title_exact_search | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience |
| title_full | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience A. G. Brown |
| title_fullStr | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience A. G. Brown |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience A. G. Brown |
| title_short | Nerve cells and nervous systems |
| title_sort | nerve cells and nervous systems an introduction to neuroscience |
| title_sub | an introduction to neuroscience |
| topic | Nervous System Neurons Neurophysiology Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nervous System Neurons Neurophysiology Neurophysiologie Nervensystem Nervenzelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009424203&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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