Rubber technology: compounding and testing for performance
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich
Hanser [u.a.]
2001
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. : 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 3446191860 156990278X |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rubber technology |b compounding and testing for performance |c ed. by John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 567 S. |b graph. Darst. : 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber industry and trade | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rubber |x Testing | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kautschuk |0 (DE-588)4030108-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kautschukverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4163521-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gummi |0 (DE-588)4022538-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gummiverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4278968-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Gummi |0 (DE-588)4022538-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Gummiverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4278968-0 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Kautschukverarbeitung |0 (DE-588)4163521-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dick, John S. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Annicelli, Ralph A. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009382775&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009382775 | |
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| _version_ | 1816444135806074880 |
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CONTENTS
1
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING:
INTRODUCTION,
DEFINITIONS,
AND
AVAILABLE
RESOURCES
.
1
1.1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.2
THE
RECIPE
.
2
1.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
.
3
1.4
STANDARD
ABBREVIATIONS
FOR
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
.
4
1.5
THE
DIVERSITY
OF
RUBBER
RECIPES
.
4
1.6
COMPATIBILITY
OF
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
.
5
1.7
RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
'
SPECIFICATIONS
.
7
1.8
RAW
MATERIAL
SOURCE
BOOKS
.
7
1.9
KEY
SOURCE
REFERENCES
FOR
FORMULATIONS
.
9
1.10
TECHNICAL
ORGANIZATIONS
.
10
1.11
KEY
TECHNICAL
JOURNALS
AND
TRADE
MAGAZINES
.
11
1.12
REGULARLY
SCHEDULED
TECHNICAL
CONFERENCES
.
13
1.12.1
REGULARLY
SCHEDULED
COURSES
.
13
1.13
WEB
SITES
AVAILABLE
.
14
REFERENCES
.
15
2
COMPOUND
PROCESSING
CHARACTERISTICS
AND
TESTING
.
17
2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
17
2.2
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
.
17
2.2.1
TWO
ROLL
MILL
.
.
.'
.
17
2.2.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
.
17
2.2.3
FURTHER
DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSING
.
19
2.2.4
CURING
PROCESS
.
20
2.2.5
FACTORY
PROBLEMS
.
20
2.3
PROCESSABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS
AND
MEASUREMENTS
.
21
2.3.1
VISCOSITY
.
22
2.3.1.1
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETERS
.
22
2.3.1.2
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
.
23
2.3.1.3
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETERS
.
25
2.3.1.4
COMPRESSION
PLASTIMETERS
.
26
2.3.2
SHEAR
THINNING
.
27
2.3.2.1
SHEAR
THINNING
BY
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
.
28
2.3.2.2
SHEAR
THINNING
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.
28
2.3.3
ELASTICITY
.
29
2.3.3.1
MOONEY
STRESS
RELAXATION
.
31
2.3.3.2
ELASTICITY
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.
32
2.3.3.3
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
DIE
SWELL
.
33
2.3.3.4
COMPRESSION
PLASTIMETER
ELASTIC
RECOVERY
.
33
2.3.3.5
DIRECT
SHRINKAGE
MEASUREMENTS
.
33
2.3.4
TIME
TO
SCORCH
.
33
2.3.4.1
SCORCH
BY
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETER
.
34
2.3.4.2
SCORCH
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.
34
2.3.4.3
SCORCH
BY
CAPILLARY
RHEOMETER
.
36
VIII
CONTENTS
2.3.5
CURE
RATE
.
36
2.3.5.1
CURE
RATE
BY
ROTATIONAL
VISCOMETER
.
37
2.3.5.2
CURE
TIMES
AND
CURE
RATE
BY
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.
38
2.3.6
ULTIMATE
STATE
OF
CURE
.
39
2.3.6.1
RING
TESTING
.
40
2.3.6.2
OSCILLATING
RHEOMETER
.
40
2.3.7
REVERSION
RESISTANCE
.
40
2.3.8
GREEN
STRENGTH
.
41
2.3.9
TACKINESS
.
42
2.3.10
STICKINESS
.
42
2.3.11
DISPERSION
.
42
2.3.12
STOCK
STORAGE
STABILITY
.
43
2.3.13
MIS-COMPOUNDING
.
43
2.3.14
CELLULAR
RUBBER
BLOW
REACTION
.
43
REFERENCES
.
44
3
VULCANIZATE
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES,
PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS,
AND
TESTING
.
46
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
46
3.2
DENSITY
.
46
3.3
HARDNESS
.
47
3.4
TENSILE
STRESS-STRAIN
.
48
3.5
STRESS-STRAIN
PROPERTIES
UNDER
COMPRESSION
.
49
3.6
STRESS
STRAIN
PROPERTIES
UNDER
SHEAR
.
50
3.7
DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
.
50
3.8
LOW
TEMPERATURE
PROPERTIES
.
53
3.8.1
BRITTLE
POINT
.
54
3.8.2
GEHMAN
TEST
.
54
3.9
STRESS
RELAXATION,
CREEP,
AND
SET
.
55
3.10
PERMEABILITY
(TRANSMISSION)
.
57
3.11
CURED
ADHESION
.
57
3.12
TEAR
RESISTANCE
.
58
3.13
DEGRADATION
PROPERTIES
.
60
3.13.1
FLEX
FATIGUE
RESISTANCE
.
60
3.13.2
HEAT
RESISTANCE
.
62
3.13.3
OZONE
RESISTANCE
.
64
3.13.4
WEATHERING
RESISTANCE
.
65
3.13.5
RESISTANCE
TO
LIQUIDS
.
65
3.13.6
ABRASION
AND
WEAR
RESISTANCE
.
66
REFERENCES
.
67
4
RUBBER
COMPOUND
ECONOMICS
.
69
4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
69
4.2
COMPOUND
COST
CALCULATIONS
.
69
4.2.1
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
.
69
4.2.2
COST/LB
.
70
4.2.3
LB-VOLUME
COST
.
70
4.2.4
PART
COST
.
70
4.2.5
CONVERSION
FACTORS
FOR
CALCULATING
PART
COST
.
70
4.2.5.1
IN
3
AND
COST/LB
.
70
4.2.5.2
CM
3
AND
COST/KG
.
70
4.2.5.3
FT
3
AND
COST/LB
.
70
4.2.5.4
CM
3
AND
COST/LB
.
71
4.2.5.5
RELATIVE
COSTS
.
71
4.2.5.6
DEVELOPING
CONVERSION
FACTORS
.
71
4.3
MEASURING
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
(DENSITY)
.
72
CONTENTS
IX
4.4
COST
CALCULATIONS
.
72
4.4.1
BASE
COMPOUND
.
72
4.4.2
SAME
INGREDIENT VOLUME
AND
EQUAL
COST
.
73
4.4.3
LOW
COST/LB
.
73
4.4.4
HIGH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
.
74
4.5
COMPOUND
DESIGN
AND
COST
.
75
4.6
REDUCING
COMPOUND
COST
.
75
4.6.1
HIGH-STRUCTURE
CARBON
BLACKS
.
76
4.6.2
WHITE
COMPOUNDS
.
76
4.6.3
ANTIOXIDANTS/ANTIOZONANTS
.
76
4.6.4
POLYMER
SUBSTITUTIONS
.
77
4.6.4.1
HIGH
COST/HIGH
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
POLYMERS
.
77
4.6.4.2
CLEAR
AND
OIL-EXTENDED
POLYMER
REPLACEMENTS
.
79
4.6.4.3
CARBON
BLACK/OIL
MASTERBATCHES
REPLACING
FREE
MIX
COMPOUNDS
.
80
4.6.4.4
EXTRUSION
PRODUCTIVITY
.
81
4.6.4.5
VULCANIZATION
PRODUCTIVITY
.
82
APPENDIX
.
84
5
THE
TECHNICAL
PROJECT
APPROACH
TO
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
AND
COMPOUND
DEVELOPMENT
.
86
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
86
5.2
PART
1:
STEPS
IN
A
TECHNICAL
PROJECT
.
88
5.2.1
INITIAL
ACTION
REQUIRED
.
88
5.2.1.1
PLANNING
MODEL
.
88
5.2.1.2
WORK,
TIME,
AND
COST
PROPOSAL
.
88
5.2.2
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
.
88
5.2.2.1
SELECTING
VARIABLES
OR
FACTORS
.
88
5.2.2.2
SELECTING
TEST
INSTRUMENTS
AND
PROCEDURES
.
89
5.2.2.3
DEVELOPING
A
RESPONSE
MODEL
.
89
5.2.2.4
SELECTING
AN
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
.
91
5.2.3
CONDUCT
MEASUREMENTS
AND
OBTAIN
DATA
.
95
5.2.4
CONDUCT
ANALYSIS
AND
EVALUATE
PRELIMINARY
MODEL
.
96
5.2.5
PREPARE
REPORT
.
96
5.3
PART
2:
USING
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS
.
96
5.3.1
SCREENING
DESIGNS
-
SIMPLE
TREATMENT
COMPARISONS
.
96
5.3.1.1
DESIGN
CL
FOR
UNIFORM
REPLICATION
CONDITIONS
.
97
5.3.1.2
DESIGN
CL
FOR
NON-UNIFORM
REPLICATION
CONDITIONS
.
97
5.3.1.3
DESIGN
C2
FOR
MULTI-TREATMENT
COMPARISONS
.
98
5.3.2
SCREENING
DESIGNS
-
MULTIFACTOR
EXPERIMENTS
.
99
5.3.2.1
TWO-LEVEL
FACTORIAL
DESIGNS
.
99
5.3.2.2
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
DESIGNS
.
100
5.3.2.3
CALCULATING
THE
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS
.
101
5.3.2.4
REVIEWING
DESIGNS
SI
TO
SI
1
.
102
5.3.3
EXPLORATORY
DESIGNS
-
MULTIFACTOR
EXPERIMENTS
.
103
5.3.4
EVALUATING
THE
STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS
.
104
5.3.4.1
EVALUATING
STANDARD
ERRORS
FOR
EFFECT
COEFFICIENTS:
SCREENING
DESIGNS
.
.
104
5.3.4.2
FOUR
FACTOR
SCREENING
DESIGN:
AN
EXAMPLE
.
105
REFERENCES
.
110
APPENDIX
.
ILL
6
ELASTOMER
SELECTION
.
125
6.1
OVERVIEW
.
125
6.1.1
COMMODITY
AND
GENERAL
PURPOSE
ELASTOMERS
.
125
6.1.1.1
NATURAL
RUBBER
(NR)
.
126
6.1.1.2
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(SBR)
.
127
X
CONTENTS
6.1.1.3
POLYBUTADIENE
RUBBER
(BR)
.
129
6.1.2
HIGH
VOLUME
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
.
130
6.1.2.1
POLYISOPRENE
(IR)
.
130
6.1.2.2
NITRILE
RUBBER
(NBR)
.
131
6.1.2.3
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE
(EPDM)
.
132
6.1.2.4
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(CR)
.
132
6.1.2.5
BUTYL
AND
HALOGENATED
BUTYL
ELASTOMERS
.
133
6.1.2.6
CHLORINATED
AND
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
.
135
6.1.3
LOW
VOLUME
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
.
135
6.1.3.1
FLUOROELASTOMERS
.
135
6.1.3.2
SILICONE
AND
FLUOROSILICONE
RUBBER
.
136
6.1.3.3
POLYURETHANE
RUBBER
.
137
6.1.3.4
ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC
RUBBER
.
137
6.1.3.5
POLYACRYLATE
RUBBER
.
138
6.1.3.6
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
RUBBER
.
138
6.1.3.7
POLYOLEFIN
ELASTOMERS
.
138
6.1.3.8
POLYSULFIDE
RUBBER
.
139
6.1.4
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
.
139
REFERENCES
.
140
7
GENERAL
PURPOSE
ELASTOMERS
AND
BLENDS
.
141
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
141
7.2
NATURAL
RUBBER
AND
POLYISOPRENE
.
141
7.3
POLYBUTADIENE
.
144
7.4
COPOLYMERS
AND
TERPOLYMERS
OF
STYRENE,
BUTADIENE,
AND
ISOPRENE
.
147
7.5
COMPOUNDING
WITH
GENERAL
PURPOSE
POLYMERS
.
150
7.5.1
POLYMER
CHARACTERIZATION
AND
EFFECT
ON
MIXING
.
151
7.5.2
POLYMER
EFFECT
ON
CURE
RATE
.
153
7.5.3
POLYMER
EFFECT
ON
STRESS-STRAIN
.
156
7.5.4
HYSTERESIS
.
157
7.5.5
COMPATIBILITY
WITH
SIR
10
.
165
7.5.6
FATIGUE
PROPERTIES
.
169
7.5.7
COMPRESSION
SET
.
170
7.6
CONCLUSION
.
171
REFERENCES
.
171
8
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
.
173
8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
173
8.2
BUTYL
RUBBER
.
173
8.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
173
8.2.2
BUTYL
RUBBER
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
.
174
8.2.3
BUTYL
RUBBER
PROPERTIES,
VULCANIZATION, AND
APPLICATIONS
.
174
8.2.4
GAS
PERMEABILITY
.
175
8.2.5
OZONE
AND
WEATHERING
RESISTANCE
.
176
8.2.6
BUTYL
RUBBER
VULCANIZATION
.
176
8.2.6.1
ACCELERATED
SULFUR
VULCANIZATION
.
177
8.2.6.2
THE
DIOXIME
CURE
.
177
8.2.6.3
THE
RESIN
CURE
.
177
8.3
HALOGENATED
BUTYL
RUBBER
.
178
8.3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
178
8.3.2
COMPOUNDING
HALOBUTYL
AND
STAR-BRANCHED
HALOBUTYL
RUBBERS
.
179
8.3.2.1
CARBON
BLACK
.
179
8.3.2.2
MINERAL
FILLERS
.
180
8.3.2.2
PLASTICIZERS
.
180
8.3.2.3
PROCESSING
AIDS
.
180
CONTENTS
XI
8.3.3
PROCESSING
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
.
181
8.3.3.1
MIXING
.
181
8.3.3.2
CALENDERING
.
181
8.3.3.3
EXTRUSION
.
182
8.3.3.4
MOLDING
.
182
8.3.4
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
VULCANIZATION
AND
APPLICATIONS
.
182
8.3.4.1
STRAIGHT
SULFUR
CURE
.
183
8.3.4.2
ZINC
OXIDE
CURE
AND
MODIFICATIONS
.
183
8.3.4.3
ZINC-FREE
CURES
.
183
8.3.4.4
PEROXIDE
CURES
.
183
8.3.4.5
VULCANIZATION
THROUGH
BIS-ALKYLATION
.
184
8.3.4.6
RESIN
CURE
.
184
8.3.4.7
SCORCH
CONTROL
.
184
8.3.4.8
STABILITY
OF
HALOBUTYL
CROSSLINKS
.
185
8.3.5
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
GENERAL
APPLICATIONS
.
185
8.3.6
CURED
PROPERTIES
.
186
8.3.6.1
PERMEABILITY
.
186
8.3.6.2
HEAT
RESISTANCE
.
186
8.3.6.3
RESISTANCE
TO
CHEMICALS
AND
SOLVENTS
.
186
8.3.7
FLEX
RESISTANCE/DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
.
186
8.3.8
COMPATIBILITY
WITH
OTHER
ELASTOMERS
.
187
8.3.9
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
COMPOUND
APPLICATIONS
.
187
8.3.9.1
TIRE
INNERLINERS
.
187
8.3.9.2
PHARMACEUTICAL
CLOSURES
.
187
8.3.9.3
HEAT
RESISTANT
CONVEYOR
BELT
.
188
REFERENCES
.
189
8.4
EPM/EPDM
.
190
8.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
190
8.4.2
ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE
CONTENT
.
190
8.4.3
DIENE
CONTENT
.
191
8.4.4
RHEOLOGY
.
192
REFERENCE
.
193
8.5
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
.
193
8.5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
193
8.5.2
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
-
RELATING
TO
APPLICATION
.
193
8.5.2.1
ACRYLONITRILE
CONTENT
(ACN)
.
194
8.5.2.2
MOONEY
VISCOSITY
.
194
8.5.2.3
EMULSIFIER
.
195
8.5.2.4
STABILIZER
.
195
8.5.2.4
COAGULATION
.
195
8.5.3
POLYMER
(ELASTOMER)
MICROSTRUCTURE
.
196
8.5.4
POLYMER
(ELASTOMER)
MACROSTRUCTURE
.
196
8.5.5
GEL
.
196
8.5.6
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
197
8.5.7
HOT
NBR
.
197
8.5.8
CROSSLINKED
HOT
NBR
.
198
8.5.9
COLD
NBR
.
198
8.5.10
CARBOXYLATED
NITRILE
(XNBR)
.
198
8.5.11
BOUND
ANTIOXIDANT
NBR
.
199
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.
200
REFERENCES
.
200
8.6
HYDROGENATED
NITRILE
BUTADIENE
ELASTOMERS
.
201
8.6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
201
8.6.2
APPLICATIONS
.
202
8.6.3
PROPERTIES
.
202
XII
CONTENTS
8.6.4
FORMULATING
.
202
8.6.5
PROCESSING
.
203
8.7
POLYACRYLATE
ELASTOMERS
.
203
8.7.1
POLYMER
COMPOSITION
.
203
8.7.2
BASIC
COMPOUNDING
OF
POLYACRYLATE
POLYMERS
.
205
8.7.3
PROCESSING
GUIDELINES
.
206
REFERENCES
.
207
8.8
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(NEOPRENE)
.
207
8.8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
207
8.8.2
BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
POLYCHLOROPRENE
.
208
8.8.3
FAMILIES
OF
NEOPRENE
.
208
8.8.4
NEOPRENE
'
G
'
FAMILY
.
208
8.8.5
NEOPRENE
*W
'
FAMILY
.
210
8.8.6
NEOPRENE
T
FAMILY
.
211
8.9
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CM)
.
211
8.9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
211
8.9.2
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
.
212
8.10
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
.
213
8.10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
213
8.10.2
GENERAL
PURPOSE
TYPES
OF
HYPALON
.
215
8.10.3
SPECIALTY
TYPES
OF
HYPALON
.
215
8.10.4
UNVULCANIZED
APPLICATIONS
.
216
8.11
POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN
ELASTOMER
.
216
8.11.1
INTRODUCTION
.
216
8.11.2
PROPERTIES
.
216
8.11.3
FORMULATING
.
217
8.11.4
NONLEAD
CURE
SYSTEMS
.
218
8.11.5
ADJUSTMENTS
.
218
8.11.6
PROCESSING
.
218
8.11.7
INTERNAL
MIXER
-
PROCEDURE
.
219
8.11.8
EXTRUSION
.
219
8.11.9
MOLDING
.
219
REFERENCE
.
221
8.12
ETHYLENE-ACRYLIC
ELASTOMERS
.
221
8.12.1
INTRODUCTION
.
221
8.12.2
POLYMER
COMPOSITION
AND
EFFECT
ON
PROPERTIES
.
222
8.12.3
POLYMER
SELECTION
.
223
8.13
POLYNORBOMENE
.
224
8.13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
224
8.13.2
APPLICATIONS
.
224
8.13.3
COMPOUNDING
.
225
8.13.4
FILLERS
.
225
8.13.5
OILS/PLASTICIZERS
.
225
8.13.6
CURE
SYSTEM
.
225
8.13.7
REBOUND/RESILIENCE
.
226
8.13.8
VIBRATION
DAMPING
.
226
8.13.9
BLENDS
.
226
8.13.10
MIXING
AND
PROCESSING
.
226
8.13.10.1
MILL
MIXING
.
226
8.13.10.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
.
227
8.13.11
CALENDERING
.
227
8.13.12
EXTRUSION
.
227
8.13.13
MOLDING
.
229
8.13.14
SUMMARY
.
229
REFERENCE
.
229
CONTENTS
XIII
8.14
FLUOROELASTOMER
(FKM)
.
229
8.14.1
INTRODUCTION
.
229
8.14.2
BACKGROUND
.
229
8.14.3
APPLICATIONS
.
231
8.14.4
VITON
TYPES
.
231
8.15
SILICONE
ELASTOMERS
.
235
8.15.1
INTRODUCTION
.
235
8.15.2
SELECTION
.
235
8.15.3
FILLERS
.
235
8.15.4
ANTISTRUCTURING
AGENTS
.
236
8.15.5
HEAT
STABILIZERS
.
236
8.15.6
PEROXIDE
CURES
.
236
8.15.7
PLATINUM
CURES
.
237
8.15.8
RTV
CURES
.
237
9
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMERS
.
238
9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
238
9.2
POLYURETHANE
CHEMISTRY
AND
MORPHOLOGY
.
238
9.3
POLYURETHANE
PRODUCTS
.
241
9.4
CAST
POLYURETHANE
PROCESSING
OVERVIEW
.
242
9.5
MOLDING
METHODS
.
244
9.5.1
OPEN
CASTING
.
244
9.5.2
CENTRIFUGAL
MOLDING
.
245
9.5.3
VACUUM
CASTING
.
245
9.5.4
COMPRESSION
MOLDING
.
245
9.5.5
TRANSFER
MOLDING
.
245
9.5.6
LIQUID
INJECTION
MOLDING
(LIM)
.
246
9.5.7
SPRAYING
.
246
9.5.8
MOLDLESS
ROTATIONAL
CASTING
.
246
9.6
HOW
TO
SELECT
A
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMER
.
246
9.6.1
TYPES
OF
PREPOLYMERS
.
247
9.6.2
TYPES
OF
CURATIVES
.
249
9.6.3
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
.
250
9.6.4
ADDITIVES
.
252
9.7
COMPARISON
OF
POLYURETHANES
WITH
OTHER
ELASTOMERS
.
253
9.7.1
LIMITATIONS
OF
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMERS
.
255
9.8
POLYURETHANE
SELECTION
GUIDELINES
.
257
9.8.1
SELECTING
A
POLYURETHANE
ELASTOMER
FOR
A
NEW
APPLICATION
.
260
9.9
MILLABLE
GUMS
.
261
9.10
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANES
.
262
REFERENCES
.
262
GENERAL
REFERENCES
.
263
10
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
.
264
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
264
10.2
POSITION
IN
SPECTRUM
OF
POLYMERIC
MATERIALS
.
264
10.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
TPES
.
265
10.3.1
CHEMISTRY
AND
MORPHOLOGY
.
.
265
10.3.2
STYRENIC
BLOCK
COPOLYMERS
.
268
10.3.3
COPOLYESTERS
.
270
10.3.4
THERMOPLASTIC
POLYURETHANES
.
271
10.3.5
POLYAMIDES
.
272
10.3.6
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERIC
OLEFINS
.
273
10.3.7
THERMOPLASTIC
VULCANIZATES
.
274
XIV
CONTENTS
10.4
TPES
AND
THERMOSET
RUBBERS
.
276
10.5
FABRICATION
OF
TPES
.
278
10.5.1
ECONOMY
OF
THERMOPLASTICS
PROCESSING
.
278
10.5.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
278
10.5.3
EXTRUSION
.
278
10.5.4
BLOW
MOLDING
.
280
10.5.5
OTHER
PROCESSING
METHODS
.
281
10.6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
281
REFERENCES
.
281
11
RECYCLED
RUBBER
.
284
11.1
INTRODUCTION
.
284
11.1.1
TIRE
DERIVED
FUEL
.
284
11.1.2
AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
'
S
RECYCLING
EFFORTS
.
285
11.2
RECYCLING
METHODS
.
286
11.2.1
RECLAIMING
.
286
11.2.2
AMBIENT
GROUND
RUBBER
.
287
11.2.3
CRYOGENIC
GROUND
RUBBER
.
288
11.2.4
WET
GROUND
RUBBER
.
292
11.2.5
SURFACE
TREATMENT
AND
ADDITIVES
FOR
PRODUCING
RECYCLED
RUBBER
.
292
11.3
TESTING,
STORAGE,
AND
CHARACTERIZATION
.
292
11.3.1
TESTING
STANDARDS
.
292
11.3.2
MATERIAL
STORAGE
.
293
11.3.3
MOISTURE
CONTENT
.
293
11.3.4
BULK
DENSITY
.
293
11.3.5
CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
AND
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATIONS
.
293
11.3.6
PARTICLE
SIZE
AND
DISTRIBUTION
.
294
REFERENCES
.
296
12
COMPOUNDING
WITH
CARBON
BLACK
AND
OIL
.
297
12.1
INTRODUCTION:
CARBON
BLACK
AFFECTS
EVERYTHING
.
297
12.2
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
CARBON
BLACK
.
297
12.2.1
THE
PARTICLE,
THE
AGGREGATE,
AND
THE
AGGLOMERATE
.
298
12.2.2
SURFACE
AREA,
STRUCTURE,
AND
SURFACE
ACTIVITY
.
298
12.2.3
CONSTITUENTS
OTHER
THAN
CARBON
(IMPURITIES)
.
300
12.2.4
PELLETS
.
301
12.2.5
ASTM
NOMENCLATURE
.
301
12.3
HANDLING
CARBON
BLACK
.
303
12.4
MIXING
CARBON
BLACK
.
303
12.4.1
PELLET
PROPERTIES
AND
ANALYTICALS
(ALSO
CALLED
COLLOIDAL
PROPERTIES)
.
303
12.4.2
EFFECT
OF
ANALYTICALS
ON
DISPERSION
.
303
12.4.3
THE
MIXING
PROCESS
.
304
12.5
SUBSEQUENT
PROCESSABILITY
OF
THE
COMPOUND
.
306
12.6
COMPOUNDING
CARBON
BLACK
.
306
12.6.1
OPTIMUM
LOADING
.
306
12.6.2
IMPORTANCE
OF
DISPERSION
.
309
12.6.3
CARBON
BLACK
COMPOUNDING
TIPS
.
310
12.6.3.1
HARDNESS
.
310
12.6.3.2
PROCESSING
OIL
.
311
12.6.3.3
OTHER
VULCANIZATE
PROPERTIES
.
312
12.6.3.4
VULCANIZATE
HYSTERESIS
.
312
12.6.4
THE
TIRE
INDUSTRY
'
S
TRADEOFFS
.
314
12.7
HYSTERESIS
REDUCING
TIPS
.
316
12.7.1
"
RADICAL COMPOUNDING
"
.
316
12.7.2
LOWER
LOADINGS
OF
HIGH
STRUCTURE
CARBON
BLACKS
.
317
CONTENTS
XV
12.7.3
CARBON-SILICA
DUAL
PHASE
FILLERS
.
318
12.8
PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS:
TIRE
EXAMPLES
.
318
12.8.1
OE
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
.
318
12.8.2
REPLACEMENT
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
.
318
12.8.3
HP
PASSENGER-TIRE
TREADS
.
319
12.8.4
MEDIUM
RADIAL
TRUCK
TREADS
.
319
12.8.5
WIRE
COAT
OR
SKIM
STOCKS
.
319
12.8.6
INNERLINER
COMPOUNDING
.
319
12.9
MAJOR
TRADEOFFS
FOR
INDUSTRIAL
RUBBER
PRODUCTS
.
320
12.9.1
LOADING/REINFORCEMENT/COST
.
320
12.10
COMPOUNDING
TIPS:
INDUSTRIAL
RUBBER
PRODUCTS
.
320
12.10.1
EXTRUSION
PROFILES
AND
PRODUCTS
.
320
12.10.2
MOLDED
PRODUCTS
.
321
12.10.3
HOSE
APPLICATIONS
.
321
12.11
BASICS
OF
CARBON
BLACK
MANUFACTURE
.
322
12.11.1
HISTORY
.
322
12.11.2
THE
OIL-FURNACE
PROCESS
.
322
REFERENCES
.
324
13
PRECIPITATED
SILICA
AND
NON-BLACK
FILLERS
.
325
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
325
13.2
MINERAL
FILLERS
.
325
13.2.1
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
.
326
13.2.2
BARYTE
.
326
13.2.3
GROUND
CRYSTALLINE
SILICA
.
326
13.2.4
BIOGENIC
SILICA
.
327
13.2.5
KAOLIN
CLAY
.
327
13.2.6
TALC
.
328
13.2.7
ALUMINA
TRIHYDRATE
.
328
13.3
SYNTHETIC
FILLERS
.
328
13.3.1
PRECIPITATED
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
.
329
13.3.2
METAL
OXIDES
.
329
13.3.3
PRECIPITATED
SILICA
.
329
13.3.4
SILICATES
.
331
13.4
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
331
13.5
COMPOUND
APPLICATIONS
.
332
13.5.1
GENERAL
COMPOUNDING
PRINCIPLES
.
333
13.5.2
WHITE
SIDEWALL
.
334
13.5.3
BLACK
SIDEWALL
.
336
13.5.4
WIRE
COAT
.
336
13.5.5
INNERLINER
.
339
13.5.6
TREAD
.
340
13.5.7
SPECIALTY
APPLICATIONS
.
341
REFERENCES
.
342
14
ESTER
PLASTICIZERS
AND
PROCESSING
ADDITIVES
.
344
14.1
ESTER
PLASTICIZERS
FOR
ELASTOMERS
.
344
14.1.1
DERIVATION
.
344
14.1.2
PHILOSOPHICAL
.
347
14.1.3
APPLICATIONS
.
348
14.1.3.1
LOW-ACN
CONTENT
NBR
.
349
14.1.3.2
NEOPRENE
BLEND
GN
88/WHV
12
.
350
14.1.3.3
DIFFERENT
ELASTOMERS
WITH
THE
SAME
PLASTICIZER
.
351
14.1.3.4
MEDIUM
ACRYLONITRILE-CONTENT
NBR
.
352
XVI
CONTENTS
14.1.3.5
MEDIUM
ACN
NBR
.
352
14.1.3.6
MEDIUM-HIGH
ACN-CONTENT
NBR
.
355
14.1.3.7
NBR/PVC
POLYBLENDS
.
356
14.1.3.8
ETHYLENE
ACRYLIC
AND
POLYACRYLATE
ELASTOMERS
.
357
14.1.3.9
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
.
358
14.1.3.10
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CPE)
.
358
14.1.4
APPLICATION
TRENDS
.
360
14.2
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
.
363
14.2.1
CONTROL
OF
VISCOSITY
.
364
14.2.1.1
VISCOSITY
CONTROL
OF
NATURAL
RUBBER
.
364
14.2.1.2
VISCOSITY
CONTROL
OF
SYNTHETIC
RUBBER
.
367
14.2.2
MODE
OF
ACTION
OF
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
.
369
14.2.2.1
SURFACE
LUBRICANTS
.
371
14.2.2.2
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
FOR
HOMOGENIZING
AND
IMPROVING
FILLER
DISPERSION
.
.
372
14.2.3
APPLICATION
OF
PROCESS
ADDITIVES
.
373
REFERENCES
.
376
15
SULFUR
CURE
SYSTEMS
.
380
15.1
INTRODUCTION
AND
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.
380
15.2
VULCANIZING
AGENTS
.
381
15.3
ACTIVATORS
.
382
15.4
ACCELERATORS
.
383
15.5
CONVENTIONAL,
SEMI-EFFICIENT
AND
EFFICIENT
CURES
.
386
15.6
RETARDERS
AND
INHIBITORS
.
387
15.7
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
.
389
REFERENCES
.
394
16
CURES
FOR
SPECIALTY
ELASTOMERS
.
395
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
395
16.2
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
EPDM
.
395
16.3
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
NITRILE
.
397
16.4
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
POLYCHLOROPRENE
.
400
16.5
CURE
SYSTEMS
FOR
BUTYL
AND
HALOBUTYL
RUBBER
.
402
REFERENCES
.
410
17
PEROXIDE
CURE
SYSTEMS
.
411
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
411
17.1.1
WHAT
IS
AN
ORGANIC
PEROXIDE?
.
411
17.1.2
CLASSES
OF
ORGANIC
PEROXIDES
.
411
17.1.3
GENERAL
PEROXIDE
SELECTION
GUIDELINES
.
412
17.1.3.1
HALF-LIFE
.
413
17.1.3.2
MINIMUM
CURE
TIME
.
413
17.1.3.3
SADT
(SELF
ACCELERATING
DECOMPOSITION
TEMPERATURE)
.
414
17.1.3.4
MAXIMUM
STORAGE
TEMPERATURE
(MST)
.
414
17.1.3.5
ENERGY
OF
PEROXIDE
FREE
RADICALS
.
414
17.1.3.6
PEROXIDE
POLYMER
MASTERBATCHES
.
417
17.1.3.7
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
(HP)
PEROXIDE
FORMULATIONS
FOR
IMPROVED
PRODUCTIVITY
418
17.2
PEROXIDES
USED
IN
CROSSLINKING
.
420
17.2.1
DIACYL
PEROXIDES
.
421
17.2.2
PEROXYESTER
AND
MONOPEROXYCARBONATE
PEROXIDES
.
422
17.2.3
PEROXYKETAL
AND
DIALKYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
.
422
17.2.4
PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
DIALKYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
.
426
17.2.5
T-AMYL
AND
T-BUTYL
TYPE
PEROXIDES
.
428
17.2.6
EFFECT
OF
ADDITIVES
WHEN
CROSSLINKING
WITH
PEROXIDES
.
430
CONTENTS
XVII
17.3
ROLE
OF
MONOMERIC
COAGENTS
IN
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
.
430
17.3.1
CROSSLINKING
PE
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
.
432
17.3.2
CROSSLINKING
EPDM
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
.
433
17.3.3
CROSSLINKING
HNBR
WITH
COAGENTS
AND
PEROXIDES
.
434
17.4
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
PEROXIDE
CROSSLINKING
VERSUS
SULFUR
VULCANIZATION
.
434
REFERENCES
.
436
18
TACKIFYING,
CURING,
AND
REINFORCING
RESINS
.
438
18.1
INTRODUCTION
.
438
18.2
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESINS
.
438
18.2.1
TYPES
OF
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE
RESINS
.
439
18.2.1.1
REINFORCING
RESINS
.
439
18.2.1.2
TACKIFYING
RESINS
.
443
18.2.1.3
CURING
RESINS
.
443
18.3
METHYLENE
DONOR
RESINS
.
445
18.4
RESORCINOL-BASED
RESINS
.
446
18.5
HIGH
STYRENE
RESINS
.
446
18.6
PETROLEUM-DERIVED
RESINS
.
446
18.7
WOOD-DERIVED
RESINS
.
446
REFERENCES
.
447
ABBREVIATIONS
.
447
19
ANTIDEGRADANTS
.
448
19.1
INTRODUCTION
.
448
19.2
PROPERTIES
OF
ANTIDEGRADANTS
.
449
19.2.1
DISCOLORATION
AND
STAINING
.
449
19.2.2
VOLATILITY
.
449
19.2.3
SOLUBILITY
AND
MIGRATION
.
449
19.2.4
CHEMICAL
STABILITY
.
450
19.2.5
PHYSICAL
FORM
.
451
19.2.6
ANTIDEGRADANT
CONCENTRATION
.
451
19.3
ANTIDEGRADANT
TYPES
.
451
19.3.1
NON-STAINING,
NON-DISCOLORING
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
452
19.3.1.1
HINDERED
PHENOLS
.
452
19.3.1.2
HINDERED
"
BIS
"
PHENOLS
.
452
19.3.1.3
SUBSTITUTED
HYDROQUINONES
.
452
19.3.1.4
PHOSPHITES
.
453
19.3.1.5
ORGANIC
SULFUR
COMPOUNDS
.
453
19.3.1.6
HINDERED
AMINE
AND
NITROXYL
COMPOUNDS
.
453
19.3.2
STAINING/DISCOLORING
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
454
19.3.2.1
PHENYLNAPHTHYLAMINES
.
454
19.3.2.2
DIHYDROQUINOLINES
.
454
19.3.2.3
DIPHENYLAMINE
DERIVATIVES
.
455
19.3.2.4
SUBSTITUTED
PARAPHENYLENEDIAMINES
(PPDS)
.
455
19.3.2.5
AMINE-BASED,
"
BOUND-IN
"
OR
"
POLYMER
BOUND
"
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
455
19.3.3
ANTIOZONANTS
.
456
19.3.3.1
PETROLEUM
WAXES
.
456
19.3.3.2
NICKEL
DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
(NBC)
.
457
19.3.3.3
6-ETHOXY-2,2,4-TRIMETHYL-L,2-DIHYDROQUINOLINE
(ETMQ)
.
457
19.3.3.4
SUBSTITUTED
PARAPHYENYLENEDIAMINES
(PPDS)
.
457
19.4
EXAMPLES
OF
ANTIDEGRADANT
ACTIVITY
.
458
19.4.1
OXIDATION
RESISTANCE
.
458
19.4.2
EFFECT
OF
ANTIDEGRADANTS
ON
FATIGUE
LIFE
.
458
19.4.3
COMBINATIONS
OF
ANTIOZONANTS
AND
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
460
XVIII
CONTENTS
19.4.4
RESISTANCE
TO
METAL
POISONING
.
461
REFERENCES
.
462
ABBREVIATIONS
.
463
20
COMPOUNDING
FOR
BRASS
WIRE
ADHESION
.
464
20.1
INTRODUCTION
.
464
20.2 WIRE
BONDING
SYSTEMS
.
464
20.2.1
COBALT
.
465
20.2.2
RF
RESIN-COBALT
.
465
20.3
THE
ADHESION
MECHANISM
.
466
20.4
COMPOUND
INGREDIENT
EFFECTS
.
466
20.4.1
MIXING
.
467
20.4.2
TESTING
.
467
20.4.3
REGRESSION
PLOTS
.
468
20.4.3.1
CARBON
BLACK
.
468
20.4.3.2
ZINC
OXIDE/STEARIC
ACID
.
469
20.4.3.3
SULFUR/DCBS
.
469
20.4.3.4
COBALT
.
470
20.4.3.5
RF
RESIN/HMMM
.
471
20.4.3.6
CARBON
BLACK/SILICA
.
472
20.4.3.7
SUMMARY
OF
TEST
RESULTS
.
472
20.5
MODEL
NR
PLY
COMPOUNDS
.
473
20.5.1
BLACK
CONTROL
COMPOUND
.
473
20.5.2
BLACK/COBALT
COMPOUND
.
473
20.5.3
BLACK/COBALT/RF
RESIN
.
474
20.5.4
BLACK/SILICA/COBALT/RF
RESIN
.
474
20.6
SUMMARY
.
474
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
474
REFERENCES
.
474
21
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
476
21.1
INTRODUCTION
.
476
21.2
TERMINOLOGY
.
476
21.2.1
OPEN
CELL
STRUCTURE
.
477
21.2.2
CLOSED
CELL
STRUCTURE
.
477
21.3
INORGANIC
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
478
21.4
ORGANIC
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
478
21.4.1
AZODICARBONAMIDE
(ADC)
.
479
21.4.1.1
PROPERTIES
.
480
21.4.1.2
ACTIVATION
.
480
21.4.1.3
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE
.
480
21.4.1.4
EFFECT
OF
PARTICLE
SIZE
.
481
21.4.1.5
EFFECT
OF
TEMPERATURE
.
483
21.4.1.6
ADC
ACTIVATION
AND
CELL
SIZE
.
483
21.4.2
SULFONYL
HYDRAZIDES
.
484
21.4.2.1
PROPERTIES
.
484
21.4.2.2
ACTIVATION
.
484
21.4.2.3
APPLICATIONS
.
484
21.4.3
DINITROSOPENTAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
(DNPT)
.
484
21.4.3.1
PROPERTIES
.
485
21.4.3.2
ACTIVATION
.
485
21.5
METHODS
OF
EXPANSION
.
486
21.5.1
LOW
PRESSURE
MOLDING
PROCESS
.
486
21.5.2
HIGH
PRESSURE
MOLDING
PROCESS
.
486
CONTENTS
XIX
21.5.2.1
PRECURE
STAGE
.
486
21.5.2.2
FINAL
CURE
STAGE
.
487
21.5.3
CONTINUOUS
VULCANIZATION
(CV)
.
487
REFERENCES
.
487
22
FLAME
RETARDANTS
.
489
22.1
INTRODUCTION
.
489
22.2
FIRE
STANDARDS,
TESTING,
AND
APPLICATIONS
.
489
22.3
COMMONLY
USED
FLAME
RETARDANTS
IN
ELASTOMERS
.
491
22.3.1
ALIPHATIC
AND
ALICYCLIC
HALOGEN
SOURCES
.
491
22.3.2 AROMATIC
HALOGEN
SOURCES
.
491
22.3.3
SYNERGISTS
OF
HALOGEN
SOURCES
.
491
22.3.3.1
ANTIMONY
OXIDE
.
491
22.3.3.2
ZINC
BORATE
.
492
22.3.3.3
PHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS
.
492
22.3.4
FLAME
RETARDANT
FILLERS
.
492
22.3.4.1
ALUMINA
TRIHYDRATE
(ATH)
.
492
22.3.4.2
MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE
.
492
22.3.4.3
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
.
493
22.3.4.4
CLAY,
TALC,
AND
SILICA
.
493
22.3.4.5
CARBON
BLACK
.
493
22.4
COMPOUNDING
AND
DISPERSION
CONSIDERATIONS
.
493
22.4.1
POLYCHLOROPRENE
(CR)
.
494
22.4.2
CHLORINATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CM)
.
495
22.4.3
CHLOROSULFONATED
POLYETHYLENE
(CSM)
.
496
22.4.4
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE-MONOMER
(EPDM)
.
496
22.4.5
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
(SBR)
.
499
22.4.6
NITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(NBR)
AND
HYDROGENATED-NITRILE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
(HNBR)
499
22.4.7
SILICONE
ELASTOMER
.
500
22.4.8
ETHYLENE-VINYL
ACETATE
(EVM)
.
501
22.4.9
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
ELASTOMER
(EPR)
.
502
22.4.10 THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
(TPE)
.
502
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
502
REFERENCES
.
502
23
RUBBER
MIXING
.
504
23.1
INTRODUCTION
.
504
23.2
HISTORY
.
504
23.3
EQUIPMENT
.
505
23.3.1
MILLS
.
505
23.3.2
INTERNAL
MIXERS
.
505
23.3.2.1
TANGENTIAL
ROTOR
TYPE
.
506
23.3.2.2
INTERMESHING
ROTOR
TYPE
.
506
23.3.2.3
VARIABLE
INTERNAL
CLEARANCE
MIXER
.
507
23.3.2.4
CONTINUOUS
MIXERS
.
508
23.3.2.5
EXTRUDERS
.
508
23.4
MIXING
.
510
23.4.1
MILL
MIXING
.
510
23.4.2
INTERNAL
MIXER
.
511
23.4.2.1
BATCH
SIZE
.
511
23.4.2.2
BATCH
CONVERSION
FACTOR
.
512
23.4.2.3
DENSITY
AND
COST
CALCULATIONS
.
512
23.4.2.4
MIXING
PROCEDURES
.
513
23.4.2.5
MIXING
TEMPERATURES
.
514
XX
CONTENTS
23.5
MIXING
METHODS
.
514
23.5.1
NATURAL
RUBBER
MASTICATION
.
514
23.5.2
MASTERBATCH
MIXING
.
515
23.5.3
PHASE
MIXING
.
515
23.5.4 SINGLE-STAGE
MIX
.
517
23.5.5
SINGLE-CYCLE
MIX
.
517
23.5.6
TWO-STAGE
MIX
.
517
23.5.7
TANDEM
MIXING
.
517
23.5.8
THREE-STAGE
MIX
.
518
23.5.9
UPSIDE
DOWN
MIX
.
518
23.5.10
VARIABLE
SPEED
MIXING
.
518
23.5.11
FINAL
MIX
.
519
23.5.12
CONTINUOUS
MIXING
.
520
23.5.13
E-SBR
CARBON
BLACK
MASTERBATCH
.
520
23.5.14
ENERGY
MIXING
.
521
REFERENCES
.
522
INDEX
.
523 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013728444 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TS1890 |
| callnumber-raw | TS1890 |
| callnumber-search | TS1890 |
| callnumber-sort | TS 41890 |
| callnumber-subject | TS - Manufactures |
| classification_rvk | UV 9150 |
| classification_tum | CIT 760f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248580844 (DE-599)BVBBV013728444 |
| dewey-full | 678/.2 |
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| dewey-ones | 678 - Elastomers and elastomer products |
| dewey-raw | 678/.2 |
| dewey-search | 678/.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3678 12 |
| dewey-tens | 670 - Manufacturing |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013728444 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-22T17:21:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446191860 156990278X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009382775 |
| oclc_num | 248580844 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-210 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-29T DE-Er8 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-210 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-29T DE-Er8 DE-634 |
| physical | XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. : 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance ed. by John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... Munich Hanser [u.a.] 2001 XXIII, 567 S. graph. Darst. : 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd rswk-swf Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd rswk-swf Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd rswk-swf Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd rswk-swf Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 s Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 s 1\p DE-604 Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 s Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 s 2\p DE-604 Dick, John S. Sonstige oth Annicelli, Ralph A. Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009382775&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4030108-4 (DE-588)4163521-8 (DE-588)4022538-0 (DE-588)4278968-0 |
| title | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_auth | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_exact_search | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_full | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance ed. by John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_fullStr | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance ed. by John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rubber technology compounding and testing for performance ed. by John S. Dick. With contributions from R. A. Annicelli ... |
| title_short | Rubber technology |
| title_sort | rubber technology compounding and testing for performance |
| title_sub | compounding and testing for performance |
| topic | Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Kautschuk (DE-588)4030108-4 gnd Kautschukverarbeitung (DE-588)4163521-8 gnd Gummi (DE-588)4022538-0 gnd Gummiverarbeitung (DE-588)4278968-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rubber chemistry Rubber industry and trade Rubber Testing Kautschuk Kautschukverarbeitung Gummi Gummiverarbeitung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009382775&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dickjohns rubbertechnologycompoundingandtestingforperformance AT annicelliralpha rubbertechnologycompoundingandtestingforperformance |