New ideas about old age security: toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
The World Bank
2001
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 493 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0821348221 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a New ideas about old age security |b toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |c ed. by Robert Holzmann ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC |b The World Bank |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 493 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Asistencia a la vejez | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jubilaciones y pensiones | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Seguridad económica | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Alter |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Rente |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Rentenversicherung |2 fes | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Soziale Sicherheit |2 fes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic security | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Old age assistance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Old age pensions | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Older people |x Economic conditions | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Retirement income | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128473360367616 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
List of Contributors xiii
Introduction 1
Robert Holzmann and Joseph E. Stiglitz
I.) Rethinking Pension Reform: Ten Myths about Social Security
Systems 17
Peter R. Orszag and Joseph E. Stiglitz
2.J) Comments on Rethinking Pension Reform: Ten Myths about Social
Security Systems 57
Robert Holzmann, Estelle James, Axel Borsch Supan, Peter
Diamond, and Salvador Valdes Prieto
3. New Approaches to Multipillar Pension Systems: What in the
World Is Going On? 90
Louise Fox and Edward Palmer
4. The Political Economy of Structural Pension Reform 133
Estelle James and Sarah Brooks
5. Improving the Regulation and Supervision of Pension Funds: Are
There Lessons from the Banking Sector? 171
Roberto Rocha, Richard Hinz, and Joaauin Gutierrez
6. Managing Public Pension Reserves: Evidence from the International
Experience 213
Augusto Iglesias and Robert J. Palacios
7. Administrative Costs and the Organization of Individual Account
Systems: A Comparative Perspective 254
Estelle James, James Smalhout, and Dimitri Vittas
iv New Ideas about Old Age Security
8. Administrative Costs under a Decentralized Approach to
Individual Accounts: Lessons from the United Kingdom 308
Mamta Murthi,}. Michael Orszag, and Peter R. Orszag
9. The Relevance of Index Funds for Pension Investment in
Equities 336
Ajay Shah and Kshama Fernandes
10. Regulation of Withdrawals in Individual Account Systems 367
Jan Walliser
11. Personal Pension Plans and Stock Market Volatility 391
Max Alier and Dimitri Vittas
12. Gender Dimensions of Pension Reform in the Former Soviet
Union 424
Paulette Castel and Louise Fox
13. Extending Coverage in Multipillar Pension Systems:
Constraints and Hypotheses, Preliminary Evidence, and Future
Research Agenda 452
Robert Holzmann, Truman Packard, and Jose Cuesta
List of Boxes
Box 5.1. Stages of Evolution in Bank Supervision 1^4
Box 6.1. Cameroon: No Safe Haven for Public Pension Funds 228
Box 12.1. What Is a Notional Defined Contribution Pay as You Go
Scheme? 428
List of Figures
Figure 4.1. Diffusion of Structural Reform around the World,
1980 2000 135
Figure 4.2. Public Private Mix of Pension Benefits (Replacement Rate
for Average Worker) ^
Figure 4.3a. Relationship between Spending Based IPD and Private
Share of Benefits in Reformed Pension Systems 1*0
Figure 4.3b. Relationship between Age Based IPD and Private Share
of Benefits in Reformed Pension Systems ^ j
Figure 5.1. Pension Fund Returns in Selected OECD Countries . • 180
Figure 5.2. Annual Real Returns in OECD l9
Figure 6.1. Role of Government in Management of Pension
Resprvp* ... 21°
Contents v
Figure 6.2. Directed Investment of Publicly Managed Pension
Funds 225
Figure 6.3. Distribution of Countries by Financial Sector Depth . .226
Figure 6.4. Distribution of Countries by Financial Sector Depth . .227
Figure 6.5. Annual Compounded Real Returns and Volatility in 22
Publicly Managed Pension Funds 232
Figure 6.6. Difference between Annual Compounded Real Publicly
Managed Pension Fund Returns and Bank Deposit Rates
in 20 Countries 233
Figure 6.7. Difference between Real Annual Compounded Publicly
Managed Pension Fund Returns and Real Income Per
Capita Growth in Selected Countries 235
Figure 6.8. Difference between Real Annual Private Pension Fund
Returns and the Real Income per Capita Growth in
Selected Countries 237
Figure 6.9. Predicted Normalized Returns for Different Levels of
Governance for Privately and Publicly Managed Schemes
Based on Regression Results 239
Figure 7.1. Costs of Chilean AFP System, 1982 1998: Relation
between Fee as a Percentage of Assets and Average
Account Size 265
Figure 7.2. Costs of Latin American AFP Systems, 1998: Relation
between Cost as a Percentage of Assets and Average
Account Size 266
Figure 7.3. Average Fees Paid by Worker and Kept by Fund in
Swedish System 293
Figure 8.1. Persistency of Regular Premium Personal Pensions .. .321
Figure 10.1. Consumption Paths with and without Annuities
Markets 371
Figure 10.2. Percentage Increase in Annuity Prices for Males and
Females over Actuarially Fair Prices (Load Factor)
Generated by a Life Cycle Model 375
Figure 10.3. Annuitized and Bequeathable Wealth in a Life Cycle
Model with Bequest Motives 377
Figure 12.1. Ratios of Replacement Rates: Full Work History, Men and
Women 439
Figure 12.2. Differences in Implicit Rates of Return: Full Work
History, Men and Women 440
Figure 12.3. Ratios of Replacement Rates: Observed Labor Market
Outcomes 441
Figure 12.4. Differences in Rates of Return: Observed Labor Market
Outcomes 442
Figure 12.5. Differences in Net Wealth: Observed Labor Market
Outcomes 443
/i New Ideas about Old Age Security
Figure 12.6. Kazakhstan: Replacement Rates 446
Figure 12.7. Kyrgyz Republic: Replacement Rates 446
Figure 12.8. Moldova: Replacement Rates 446
Figure 12.9. Latvia: Replacement Rates 446
Figure 13.1. Relation Between Coverage and Income per Capita in
1990s 454
Figure 13.2. Informal Sector in Latin America: Percentage of
Economically Active Population 456
Figure 13.3. Chile: Sector Allocations of Economically Active
Population, 1980 97 460
Figure 13.4. Affiliates and Contributors in Chile and Argentina .. .462
Figure 13.5. Chile: Participation Increases with Income Contribution
bylncome Decile, 1997 464
Figure 13.6 Argentina: Participation Increases with Income
Contribution by Income Decile, 1997 465
List of Tables
Table 1.1. The Simplified Pay as You Go System 25
Table 1.2. Average Real Annual Rate of Return on U.S. Social
Security by Cohort 29
Table 1.3. Ex Post Real Returns 41
Table 2.1. Charges per Member and per Contributor, 1999 85
Table 3.1. National Pension System Architecture, 1994 and 1999 . .93
Table 3.2. Projected Share of the Population over 60, by Country
Group 96
Table 4.1. Characteristics of Pension System for Average Worker
after Structural Reform 138
Table 4.2. Means of Independent Variables for Reformers and
Nonreformers 145
Table 4.3. Implicit Pension Debt (IPD) and Pension Reform 147
Table 4.4. Ordinary Least Squares, Predicting Percentage
Private 149
Table 4.5. Probit, Predicting Probability of Structural Pension
Reform 149
Table 4.6a. Impact of IPD on Probability of Reform 152
Table 4.6b. Impact of PREPLAN and SPANISH on Probability of
Reform 152
Table 4.7. Predicted versus Actual Reform 153
Table 5.1. Charges of Different Private Pension Plans in Selected
Countries 181
Table 5.2. Number of Banks, Pension Funds, and Asset Managers in
Selected Countries 205
Contents vii
Table 6.1. Publicly Mandated Pension Fund Reserves in Selected
Countries, by Type of Funding 216
Table 6.2. Prescribed Investment Limits for Employee Provident
Fund in India, 1998 222
Table 6.3. Publicly Managed Pension Fund Portfolios in 34
Countries, 1980s and 1990s 229
Table A6.1. Compounded Real Annual Pension Fund Returns,
Standard Deviation and Sharpe Ratio 250
Table A6.2. Compounded Real Annual Bank Deposit Rates and
Standard Deviation 251
Table A6.3. Compounded Real Annual Income per Capita Growth
and Standard Deviation 252
Table A6.4 Governance Index for Sample of Countries 253
Table 7.1. Administrative Costs over Time as a Percentage of Assets
and Dollars per Account (Hypothetical System) 258
Table 7.2. Administrative Fees in Latin American IA Systems,
1999 262
Table 7.3. Assets, Accounts, and Costs in Latin America, 1998 .. .263
Table 7.4. Assets, Fees, and Expenditures in Chile through
Time 264
Table 7.5a. Regression Analysis: Determinants of Costs and Fees,
Chile, 1982 98: Aggregate Analysis 267
Table 7.5b. Fixed Effects Regression for Chile: Disaggregated by AFP
and Year 268
Table 7.6. Annual Asset Based Fee Equivalent to 15.6 Percent Fee on
New Contributions in Chile 270
Table 7.7. Composition of Mutual Fund Expenses, 1997 273
Table 7.8. Determinants of Expense Ratios of Mutual Funds in the
United States, 1997 274
Table 7.9. Determinants of Expense Ratios of Mutual Funds, United
States, 1992 97 275
Table 7.10. Marketing Expenses in U.S. Mutual Funds 277
Table 7.11. Institutional versus Retail, Passive versus Active Mutual
Funds 278
Table 7.12. Marginal and Average Asset Management Fees for
Institutional Investors: How They Vary with Amount of
Investment 282
Table 7.13. Administrative Costs of Thrift Saving Plan, 1988 98 .. .290
Table 7.14. Fee Ceilings in Swedish IA System 292
Table 7.15. Average Annual Fees as Percentage of Assets for
Alternative IA Systems 295
Table 8.1. Simulated Impact of Fees on Accumulation Ratio over
40 Years 318
viii New Ideas about Old Age Security
Table 8.2. Management Fees and Accumulation Ratio, Unweighted
Average over Providers, 1989 1998 319
Table 8.3. Percent of Lapsed Individual Accounts 320
Table 8.4. Lapses by Cause of Lapse 321
Table 8.5. Illustrative 40 Year Paid Up with New Contribution Ratio
for Various Scenarios 323
Table 8.6. Life Office Expenses (Selected Years) 328
Table 9.1. The Size of the Indexation Industry 337
Table 9.2. Costs and Expenses of Equity Funds 338
Table 9.3. The Coefficient of the Index Fund Dummy in
Regressions That Explain the Expense Ratio 339
Table 9.4. A Performance Comparison: Evidence from the United
States over 1976 97 340
Table 9.5. Mutual Funds That Were Outperformed by Their
Respective Indexes 340
Table 9.6. Performance of the Median Active Manager When
Compared with Indexes 341
Table 9.7. Impact Cost in Portfolio Trades for Alternative Stock
Market Indexes in India 345
Table 9.8. Trading Costs on Spot Market for Some Market
Indexes 345
Table 9.9. Tracking Error for Synthetic Index Funds 346
Table 9.10. Abnormal Price Fluctuations Owing to Inclusion/
Exclusion in the S P 500 Index 352
Table 9.11. The Value Added by Active Management 357
Table 9.12. The Coefficient of the Index Fund Dummy in Cross
Sectional Regressions Explaining Fund Returns 359
Table 10.1. Welfare Gains from Perfect Annuities Markets 371
Table 11.1. Real Total Returns on Alternative Investments, Geometric
Average, 1871 1995 3
Table 11.2. Real Total Returns on Alternative Investments,
Arithmetic Average, 1871 1995 400
Table 11.3. Real Total Returns on Alternative Investments, Standard
Deviation, 1871 1995 400
Table 11.4. Real Total Returns on Alternative Investments,
Correlations, 1871 1995 401
Table 11.5. Real Earnings Growth Rate, 1871 1995 402
Table 11.6. Capital Accumulation Ratio for Alternative Portfolios,
2.5 Percent Real Annuities, Summary Statistics 4^4
Table 11.7. Replacement Rates for Alternative Portfolios, 2.5 Percent
Real Annuities, Summary Statistics 4
Table 11.8. Distribution of Replacement Rates, 2.5 Percent Real
Annuities, Summary Statistics 4
Contents ix
Table 11.9. Portfolio Compositions for the Gradual and Progressive
Shift to Bonds, Last Five Working Years 406
Table 11.10. Capital Accumulation Ratios, Switching to Bonds,
2.5 Percent Real Annuities, Summary Statistics 406
Table 11.11. Replacement Rates, Switching to Bonds, 2.5 Percent Real
Annuities, Summary Statistics 407
Table 11.12. Distribution of Replacement Rates, Switching to Bonds,
2.5 Percent Real Annuities, Summary Statistics 407
Table 11.13. Replacement Rates, Gradual Purchase of Annuities,
2.5 Percent Real Annuities, Summary Statistics 408
Table 11.14. Distribution of Replacement Rates, Gradual Purchase of
Annuities, 2.5 Percent Real Annuities, Summary
Statistics 409
Table 11.15. Average Replacement Rates for All Equity and Phased
Withdrawal Strategies, 2.5 Percent Real Annuities,
Summary Statistics 410
Table 11.16. Distribution of Replacement Rates for All Equity and
Phased Withdrawal Strategies, 2.5 Percent Real
Annuities, Summary Statistics 410
Table 11.17. Nominal Yields and Inflation, 1871 1995 412
Table 11.18. First Replacement Rates for Alternative Portfolio
Strategies, Nominal Annuities, Summary Statistics .. .413
Table 11.19. Average Replacement Rates for Alternative Portfolio
Strategies, Nominal Annuities, Summary Statistics .. .413
Table 11.20. First Replacement Rates, Switching to Bonds, Nominal
Annuities, Summary Statistics 414
Table 11.21. Average Replacement Rates, Switching to Bonds,
Nominal Annuities, Summary Statistics 414
Table 11.22. First Replacement Rates, Gradual Purchase of Annuities,
Nominal Annuities, Summary Statistics 414
Table 11.23. Average Replacement Rates, Gradual Purchase of
Annuities, Nominal Annuities, Summary Statistics .. .415
Table 11.24. First Replacement Rates for All Equity and Phased
Withdrawal Strategies, Nominal Annuities, Summary
Statistics 415
Table 11.25. Average Replacement Rates for All Equity and Phased
Withdrawal Strategies, Nominal Annuities, Summary
Statistics 415
Table 11.26. Average Returns on Stock over Different Time
Spans 416
Table 12.1. Features of the New Pension System Affecting
Women 431
Table 12.2. Labor Market Characteristics 434
x New Ideas about Old Age Security
Table 12.3. Average Length of Service 435
Table 12.4. Life Expectancy 435
Table 12.5. Contribution Rate Estimates 437
Table 12.6. Effects of Variations in Financial Rate of Return
(Observed Labor Market Outcomes) 444
Table 12.7. Old Age Pension Minimum Benefits Provisions 444
Table 13.1. Features of Reformed Pension Systems That May
Influence the Decision to Participate 459
Table A13.1. Chile: Results from Probits on CASEN 1996 Data 487
Table A13.2. Argentina: Results from Probits on EDS 1997 Data ... .488
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| spelling | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century ed. by Robert Holzmann ... Washington, DC The World Bank 2001 XVIII, 493 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Asistencia a la vejez Jubilaciones y pensiones Seguridad económica Alter fes Rente fes Rentenversicherung fes Soziale Sicherheit fes Wirtschaft Economic security Old age assistance Old age pensions Older people Economic conditions Retirement income Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1999 Washington DC gnd-content Entwicklungsländer (DE-588)4014954-7 g Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 s DE-604 Holzmann, Robert 1949- Sonstige (DE-588)10846329X oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009334875&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century Asistencia a la vejez Jubilaciones y pensiones Seguridad económica Alter fes Rente fes Rentenversicherung fes Soziale Sicherheit fes Wirtschaft Economic security Old age assistance Old age pensions Older people Economic conditions Retirement income Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001479-4 (DE-588)4014954-7 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |
| title_auth | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |
| title_exact_search | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |
| title_full | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century ed. by Robert Holzmann ... |
| title_fullStr | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century ed. by Robert Holzmann ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | New ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century ed. by Robert Holzmann ... |
| title_short | New ideas about old age security |
| title_sort | new ideas about old age security toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |
| title_sub | toward sustainable pension systems in the 21st century |
| topic | Asistencia a la vejez Jubilaciones y pensiones Seguridad económica Alter fes Rente fes Rentenversicherung fes Soziale Sicherheit fes Wirtschaft Economic security Old age assistance Old age pensions Older people Economic conditions Retirement income Altersversorgung (DE-588)4001479-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Asistencia a la vejez Jubilaciones y pensiones Seguridad económica Alter Rente Rentenversicherung Soziale Sicherheit Wirtschaft Economic security Old age assistance Old age pensions Older people Economic conditions Retirement income Altersversorgung Entwicklungsländer Konferenzschrift 1999 Washington DC |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009334875&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT holzmannrobert newideasaboutoldagesecuritytowardsustainablepensionsystemsinthe21stcentury |