Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Srpska Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti
1994
|
Schriftenreihe: | Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja
629 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | PST: Byzantine and Serbian Serres in XIV century. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. |
Beschreibung: | XII, 148 S. |
ISBN: | 8670251973 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću |c Božidar Ferjančić |
264 | 1 | |a Beograd |b Srpska Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti |c 1994 | |
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500 | |a PST: Byzantine and Serbian Serres in XIV century. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. | ||
648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1308-1383 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
651 | 4 | |a Serres | |
651 | 4 | |a Serrai (Greece) |x History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804128469198569472 |
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adam_text | САДРЖАЈ
Скраћенице
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
IX
Vnna
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ 1
Д ЈЈ^Ј^
——
~_
v—
~—
- — — — — «■· ·—— —— —
^ ~м«
—
^ в_
._ —■
^^ ^
1.
Византијски
Сер
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6
2.
Српска
власт
у Серу
— — — — — — — — — — — — — 63
3.
Сер поново
под
влашћу
цара
Ромеја
— — — — — — — — — 113
Закључак
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 128
Summary
— ■— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 135
Регистар
имена
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 143
ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΕ
AND SERBIAN
SERRES (SERRAI)
IN
XIV
CENTURY
Summary
The last years of the
XIII
and the dawn of the
XIV
century
represent the fateful period in the life of the remaining parts of
the once vast Byzantine Empire, at that moment already reduced
only to the European (parts of its territory. At that time the long
lasting struggle with Turks for rich and spacious regions of Asia
Minor, that for centuries represented the very core of the Empire
of the Late Romans approached its inevitable end. That struggle,
which began after the battle at Mantzikert (August
19, 1071),
gradually
wiped out Byzantine possessions in those regions, of which at the
beginning of the
XIV
century there remained only some towns
in the northwest Asia Minor. It is certain that this course of
events gave a special significance to the Europeain parts of the
Later Roman Empire, first of all Thrace and Macedonia, where the
rule of the
basileus
still existed. But at the time |we deal with,
those regions also were hit by heavy destructions, since the Catalans,
mercenaries from the far West of Europe, within a couple of years
(1305—1307)
completely devastated the fertile Thrace, and through
Macedonia and Thessalia, proceeded towards the regions of Middle
Greece (Beothia and Attica), where they finally settled down and
founded their own state
(1311).
The devastation of Thrace mentioned
above, gave an exceptional significance to the remaining Byzantine
possessions in the Balkan Peninsula, above all to the regions bf
Macedonia which stretched west of the river Nestos, and the town of
Christopolis (Kavala); in those regions one of the most important
towns was
Serres,
located in the fertile plain of the lower part
of the river Strymon with widely opened communications towards
the northern shores of the Aegean Sea. It should not be forgotten
also that the town of
Serres
was located alongside the ancient road
called Via Egnatia which connected the capital of Constantinople
136
Byzantine
and Serbian
Serres
in
XIV
Century
with the Albanian coast and the town of Dyrrachium.
Serres
at that
time belonged among the more important, remaining towns of Later
Romans, and in all probability had approximately
15,000
inhabitants.
The importance that
Serres
gained through the changes mentioned
above continued during almost the entire
XIV
century, filled with
many changes in the life of Byzantium and the neighbouring countries
in the south-eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, until its fall
under the Turkish rule (September
19, 1383),
under which
Serres
remained for several centuries. The importance of
Serres
is also
witnessed by the fact that contemporary Byzantine sources often
call it by the classical term of
πόλις
(polis),
that term being used
only when large and important towns were in question.
At the very beginning of the period we are treating here the
town of
Serres
was the target of attacks and robberies of by wild
Catalans
(1308),
but those warriors from the West quickly passed
through the valey of the lower Strymon, and went further south-west,
towards the regions of Middle Greece. It is certain that
Serres,
together with the entire surrounding area, shared the fate of the
remaining parts of the Late Roman Empire, affected by the waves
of the long-lasting civil war
(1321—1328),
waged between aged Emperor
Andronicus II Palaeologus and his rebellious grandson Andronicus III,
around whom a group of young noblemen, offering new concepts
on the future policy of the Empire, gathered. During the first stage
of that long struggle for the imperial throne
Serres
somehow
remained aside from the scene of clashes taking place in Thrace
between the warring sides; after the first agreement between the
grandfather and his grandson in the region (at the beginning of
June
1321),
the town, with the entire area, found itself under the
rule of old Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus. During the final
stage of the civil war
(1327—1328),
Serres,
with its surroundings,
found itself in the maelstrom of clashes between the warring sides.
Towards the end of
1327,
followers of the old Emperor Andronicus II
Palaeologus, headed by his son Demetrius, the Despot, who was
forced to leave Thessalonica under the pressure of followers of
the young Emperor Andronicus III, were gathered at
Serres.
Serbian
nobleman Chrelja commanding an auxiliary army corps of the Serbian
King Stephen
Dečanski,
an ally of Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus
was also at
Serres
at that time. But when Emperor Andronicus
III Palaeologus entered Thessalonica at the beginning of
1328,
the
balance of power of the warring sides changed entirely in the
hinterland of that town, where the town of
Serres
was also situated.
There too the followers of the young Emperor Aindronicus III
Palaeologus took over power and captured the followers of his
grandfather, assembled around the Despot Demetrius Palaeologus,
seizing their property and handing them over to Emperor Andronicus
III Palaeologus.
The rule of Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus
(1328—1341)
was marked by progress and stabilization of conditions in the
Empire. That was reflected upon the life of
Serres
and its surroundings.
The prosperity of
Serres
and the entire area is illustrated well
Summary
Ј37
by data obtained from contemporary documents on possessions owned
by distinguished families of the Empire in the town itself and in
its surroundings. Those were some very outstanding families, such
as Cantacuzenos
—
Grand Domestic John and his mother Theodora
—
who were not by origin from
Serres,
and also other families who
lived in that town (Dyplovatatzes, Laskarids, Synadenoi and others).
The character of their possessions in
Serres
was entirely in accordance
with the type of a Byzantine town from the period of the Palaeologi.
There they possessed ground-floor buildings, multistory buildings,
workshops for various purposes, gardens, vineyards and some mills.
AH that nicely fits into the image of a late Byzantine town as given
by the more recent papers of researchers, particularly by Lj. Maksimo-
vić.
It is quite natural that possessions in
Serres
of that time were
owned also by some prominent Byzantine monasteries, first of
all, the monastic family of St. John the Prodrome at the nearby
Menekaion Hill, whose fate was always connected with the neighbouring
town of
Serres.
The vicinity of that large and prosperous town was
by all means to the advantage of the Manechese monks, but sometimes
it was also the cause of great troubles. In the town of
Serres,
the
monks of St. John the Prodrome possessed many properties (houses,
workshops, gardens, vineyards, mills), as well as some monasteries
as metochia (an appendage given to a large monastery), e.g., the
one consecrated to St. John the Prodrome. There is also the important
fact that at that time the monastery at the Menekaion Hill was under
the formal protection
—
donoship of distinguished personalities: first,
the Serbian Queen
Simonida,
the only daughter of Byzantine Emperor
Andronicus II Palaeologus, and then, the great chamberlain and future
Emperor John Cantacuzenos. It is also quite natural that some other
prominent monasteries, first of all those from the Mt.
Athos
(Chilandar,
Philotheus, Iberon, Vatopedi, the Great
Lavra
of St. Athanasius)
possessed numerous properties at
Serres
and in its neighbourhood,
and also
some
monasteries that belonged to them as methochs. They
also possessed ground-floor and multistory buildings, workshops,
gardens, vineyards and mills at
Serres.
The monasteries held many
possessions in villages around
Serres.
It is
naturaj
fact that the large
and important town of
Serres
occupied an important place in the
administrative system of the Byzantine Empire during the first half
of the
XIV
century. It was the center of the katepanikion, the
administrative agglomeration in the Palaeologi period, headed by the
kephalai an official with various competences. One of the more
important regents of
Serres
and the regions around it was
Guy de
Lousigiian, who left the town during the early years of a new civil
war
(1341—1354).
It is worth while mentioning that documents from
that period contain data on some other officials at
Serres,
characteristic
of the administrative system of the Palaeologi. Since
Serres
was a
large and important town, it also occupied an important position in
the church administration during the first half of the
XIV
century.
The pastor of the town acted in the rank of the
métropolitain,
while
besides him, as in any eparchy, there were employees performing
important duties, connected with the life of the eparchy and the entire
138
Byzantine
and Serbian
Serres
in
XIV
Century
town. Among them ¡there were members of prominent families of
Serres
(Kouvaras,
Modenoi, Synadenoi and others) who occupied their
positions for long periods.
The new civil war, which began in the autumn of
1341
by the
struggle for power between the Grand Domestic John Gantacuzenos
and the regency that ruled in Constantinople in the name of Emperor
John V Palaeologus who was still
under
age, drove the town of
Serres
and the entire area directly into the whirlpool of conflicts
between the warring sides. At the beginning the party opposing
John Cantacuzenos, and led by
Constantine
Palaeologus,
Guy de
Lousignan, and Macarius, the metropolitan of
Serres,
prevailed there.
In the town and its vicinity, the property of John Cantaouzene was
seized and the same was done with the property of his followers,
who were thrown into jail. When John Cantacuzene with the allied
Serbian army arrived at
Serres
din the early autumn
lof
1342,
his
opponents who were in the town, rejected any idea of isurrendering,
so that John, together with the Serbian army twice retreated
f
rom
the
town. From the middle of
1343
John Cantacuzenos moved his struggle
against the regency of Anne of Savoy, the Empress-Mother, to the
regions of Thrace, thus neglecting
Serres,
which was besieged by
Stephen
Dušan,
the Serbian King, who devasted the entire region
and brought jhe citizens of
Serres
to the edge of famine. It is
interesting to observe that at that time in
Serres
there appeared
a group of influential and eminent people who were ready to open the
gates of
Serres
to the Serbian King, who as a reward promised them
the positions of
archontes
of
Serres.
In the summer of
1345,
John
Cantacuzene tried to help the threatened town of
Serres,
whose
citizens sent emissaries to him, requesting his pardon and offering him
their obedience; John Cantacuzenos demanded from Stephen
Dušan
to retreat from
Serres
immediately, but apparently everything was
too late. Thanks to the above mentioned group, King Stephen
Dušan
occupied the twon of
Serres on
September
24, 1345,
which represented
one of his greatest conquests, since in addition to that important town,
the entire south-eastern Macedonia, as far as the passes of Christopolis
in the East, and the Chalkidike Peninsula with Mt.
Athos,
fell under
the Serbian rule.
The town of
Serres
and the surrounding region remained under
the Serbian rule for almost three decades, until the autumn of
1371.
That period can be divided into two distinct parts.
During the years from the Serbian conquest
tili
the death of
Emperor Stephen
Dušan
(December
20, 1355),
Serres
was only one
of the important towns within the boundaries of the Serbian Empire,
while afterwards the fate of that town proceeded along quite different
paths. After the death of the first Serbian Emperor, the town
tof
Serres
became the capital of a state that gradually withdrew from
the boundaries of the Serbian Empire of
Dušan s
successor
Uroš
(1355—1371).
The so-called state of
Serres
was ruled first by
Dušan s
widow Helena called Elisabeth in the monastery, and then, from the
autumn of
1365,
by the powerful Despot John
Uglješa,
until his death
in action during the battle on the river Maritsa (September
26, 1371).
Summary
Speaking about the first period of the Serbian rale in
Serres,
it
should be emphasized that Stephen
Dušan
attached great importance
to that noteworthy town, and stayed there very frequently. This can
be proved by many documents issued precisely in
Serres.
Stephen
Dušan
proclaimed himself Emperor of Serbs and Greeks in
Serres
towards the end of
1345.
The Serbian King and Emperor paid special
attention to the monastery of St. John the
Pródromos
on the Menekaion
Hill, as evidenced, above all, by his extensive affirmative chrysobull,
assued in October
1345.
There are documents allowing some important conclusions about
the foundations upon which the new Serbian rule in
Serres
and its
surroundings rested. It is quite certain that Emperor Stephen
Dušan
retained some institutions as well as some functionaries of the
Byzantine provincial administration in the newly conquered Greek
areas, and in
Serres,
too; those were, first of all, kephalai ¡regents of
large and small administrative units. During the early years of the
Serbian rule in
Serres
there appeared kephalai as governors of the
town and its vicinity. It is interesting to note that at the beginning
they were Greeks, and that the first kephale was, in all probability,
the one whom the Serbs found in the town, occupying the same
position under the Byzantine rule. However, kephalai were not the
only remnants of the Byzantine rule who continued their life under
the new Serbian rule in
Serres
and its vicinity. Documents testify
that some other important institutions also continued to exist
there, first of all a mixed tribunal, composed of secular and church
officials, in the work of which an important role was played by the
kephale of
Serres.
An important segment in the new Serbian rule dn
Serres
was the church organization, about which King and Emperor
Stephen
Dušan
took special care. This is evidenced by the fact that
all prominent metropolitans of
Serres
during the Serbian rule were
Serbs, beginning with Jacob,
Dušan s
confidential man, who became
the pastor of
Serres
immediately after the fall of
Serres
under the
Serbian rule (September
1345).
But, on the other hand, all officials of
the
metropoly
of
Serres
were almost exclusively Greeks, some of them
originating from families of
Serres
who constituted the metropolitan s
clergy during the Byzantine times. If we could state that some
prominent citizens of
Serres
just before September
1345
were ready
to accpet the rule of the ¡Serbian King, and to open the gates of the
town to him under the promises of certain privileges and positions,
then the documents show that in their hopes they were not deceived.
Members of eminent families of
Serres
came over to the new Serbian
rule, and, under its protection, retained their previous possessions or
gained some new ones, as well as positions in the secular and church
administrations.
As has already been said, an essential change in the life of the
Serbian
Serres
took place after the sudden death of Emperor Stephen
Dušan
(December
20, 1355),
when the rule in
Serres
and in the entire
area around it was taken over by his widow Helena, (known in the
monastery under the name of Elisabeth. Sometime in the autumn
of
1365,
Serres
state came under the rule of a powerful nobleman,
140
Byzantine and
Serbdan
Serres
in XIV
Centov
the
Despot John
ÍUglješa,
He remained in power until his death in the
battle against the Turks on the river Maritsa (September
26, 1371).
Thus, during one decade and a half,
1356
to
1371,
the town of
Serres
was the capital of a separate state. During the early years of the
rale of Empress Helena, the town was directly threatened by revengeful
plans
of the Late Romans, since in the summer of
1357
Matthew
Cantacuzenos together with his allies, the Turks, went against
Serres
and even found among the citizens of
Serres
some adherents who
were ready to open the gates of the town to them. But the town,
helped by the army of Emperor
Uros,
resisted that attack, and Matthew
Cantacuzene was captured near the town of Phillipi, and handed over
to Emperor John V Palaeologus. It is significant that in the summer
of
1363
the ecumenical Patriarch
Callistas
arrived in
Serres
in order
to negotiate in the name of Emperor John V Palaeologus with Empress
Helena about reconciliation and joint struggle against ,the Turks.
The mission did not produce any results, since Patriarch
Callistas
suddenly fell ill and died in
Serres,
where he was buried with the
highest honours. The change of the status and position of
Serres
after the end of
1355
was also reflected upon the life of the important
town, now the capital of a separate state. Thus, in
Serres
there
appeared some new institutions, characteristic of large Byzantine
cities of the
XIV
century. Those were, first of all, the Senate, as
well as an institution of basilic judges set up in the empire of
Late Romans, by the reform of Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus
(1328—1341).
The mixed tribunal, composed of eminent secular and
church archonts, continued its activities in the town of
Serres, but
in its operations Despot John
Uglješa
gained prevailing dominance.
Data from contemporary documents clearly testify that an important
role in the life of
Serres,
as the capital of the separatesstate, continued
to be played by Greeks who occupied important and responsible
positions in the secular and church administrations. Secular
archontes,
according to still valid laws of the Late Roman Empire, were courtiers
(οικείοι)
and servants
(δοΰλοι),
first of Empress Helena or Elisabeth as
she was known after becoming a nun, and then of Despot John
Uglješa.
During the long Serbian rule at
Serres,
prominent and large
monasteries also had possessions in the town, but it must be said
that original sources about that fact are much more modest than
those referring to the previous Byzantine period.
The fate of the town of
Serres
was abruptly changed by the
battle on the river Maritsa (September
26, 1371),
in which the Serbian
ruler, Despot John
Uglješa,
and his brother, King
Vu¡kasin,
were both
killed in action. Although the Turks were the absolute winners in
that crucial battle, they did not occupy
Serres
and the regions of
south-east Macedonia at that time. That was done in November
1371,
by Manuel, the son of Emperor John V Palaeologus, who ruled over
Thessalonica and its surroundings. The restoration of the Late Roman
rule in
Serres
was experienced as a return of light after years of
total darkness brought in by the Serbian rule in those areas. Although
in reference books there appeared assumptions that in
1372
the Turks
temporarily occupied
Serres
which the Late Romans shortly afterward
Summary
141
re-occupied, such suggestions must be abandoned because data from
contemporary sources clearly give evidence about uninterrupted By¬
zantine rule at
Serres
from November
1371
until September
19, 1383,
when the town was definitely conquered by the Turks. It is important
to note that the restored Byzantine rule at
Serres
was considerably
tolerant towards officials of the former Serbian rule whom the restora¬
tion found at their positions. The restored Byzantine rule accepted
some of them who were ready to cooperate, but above all it
åt
is
interesting that the metropolitan thome was retained by the Serbian
metropolitan Theodosius, who took up that position certainly before
September
1371.
But
Serres
did not enjoy the benefits of the restored
rule of the Late Romans for a long time, since the Turks who in
their irresistible assault towards Thessalonica and its background,
conquered
Serres
on September
19, 1383.
That victory marked the
beginning of the Turkish rule over that important town of south-east
Macedonia lasting for many centuries to come.
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Ferjančić, Božidar |
author_facet | Ferjančić, Božidar |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Ferjančić, Božidar |
author_variant | b f bf |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV013657769 |
callnumber-first | A - General Works |
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callnumber-search | AS346 DF951.S3 |
callnumber-sort | AS 3346 |
callnumber-subject | AS - Academies |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)469144922 (DE-599)BVBBV013657769 |
dewey-full | 949.565 |
dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
dewey-ones | 949 - Other parts of Europe |
dewey-raw | 949.565 |
dewey-search | 949.565 |
dewey-sort | 3949.565 |
dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
discipline | Geschichte |
era | Geschichte 1308-1383 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1308-1383 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Serres Serrai (Greece) History Serres (DE-588)4107644-8 gnd |
geographic_facet | Serres Serrai (Greece) History |
id | DE-604.BV013657769 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:49:44Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 8670251973 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009332011 |
oclc_num | 469144922 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-20 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
owner_facet | DE-20 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
physical | XII, 148 S. |
publishDate | 1994 |
publishDateSearch | 1994 |
publishDateSort | 1994 |
publisher | Srpska Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti |
record_format | marc |
series | Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja |
series2 | Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: [Posebna izdanja / Odeljenje Istorijskih Nauka] |
spelling | Ferjančić, Božidar Verfasser aut Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću Božidar Ferjančić Beograd Srpska Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti 1994 XII, 148 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja 629 Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: [Posebna izdanja / Odeljenje Istorijskih Nauka] 21 PST: Byzantine and Serbian Serres in XIV century. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - In kyrill. Schr., serb. Geschichte 1308-1383 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Serres Serrai (Greece) History Serres (DE-588)4107644-8 gnd rswk-swf Serres (DE-588)4107644-8 g Geschichte 1308-1383 z DE-604 Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja 629 (DE-604)BV008003924 629 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009332011&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009332011&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Ferjančić, Božidar Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti <Beograd>: Posebna izdanja Geschichte |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4107644-8 |
title | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću |
title_auth | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću |
title_exact_search | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću |
title_full | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću Božidar Ferjančić |
title_fullStr | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću Božidar Ferjančić |
title_full_unstemmed | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću Božidar Ferjančić |
title_short | Vizantijski i srpski Ser u XIV stoleću |
title_sort | vizantijski i srpski ser u xiv stolecu |
topic | Geschichte |
topic_facet | Geschichte Serres Serrai (Greece) History |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009332011&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009332011&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV008003924 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT ferjancicbozidar vizantijskiisrpskiseruxivstolecu |