Remote sensing and climate change: role of earth observation
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Springer [u.a.]
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Springer-Praxis books in geophysical sciences
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXII, 301 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1852333219 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Remote sensing and climate change |b role of earth observation |c Arthur P. Cracknell |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Springer [u.a.] |c 2001 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Remote sensing and climate change
Autor: Cracknell, Arthur P
Jahr: 2001
Contents
Preface..........................................................................................xi
Abbreviations and satellites................................................................xv
List of participants..........................................................................xxv
1 Background (A, P. Cracknel!)......................................................1
1.1 Introduction......................................................................1
1.1.1 Why is climatology important?..................................1
1.1.2 Global warming......................................................2
1.1.3 The importance of climate studies..............................3
1.2 Scale in time and space......................................................4
1.3 Causes of climate change....................................................4
1.3.1 Events that occur outside the Earth............................5
1.3.2 Natural events on the Earth......................................5
1.3.3 Human activities......................................................5
1.4 Principles of climate modelling..............................................8
1.4.1 Weather forecast models............................................9
1.4.2 Climate forecasting and chaos theory..........................10
1.4.3 Climate forecast models............................................11
1.4.4 Feedback mechanisms..............................................16
1.5 Use of general circulation models..........................................17
1.5.1 Introduction............................................................17
1.5.2 Model outputs........................................................19
1.5.3 IPCC reports..........................................................20
1.6 Predicted consequences of climate change................................28
1.6.1 Sea-level rise..........................................................29
1.6.2 Freshwater resources................................................33
1.6.3 Desertification........................................................33
vi Contents
1.6.4 Agriculture and food supply......................................34
1.6.5 Natural ecosystems..................................................33
1.6.6 Impact on human health.....................
1.6.7 Costs....................................................................33
1.7 Consensus and validation....................................................36
2 Global climate change. Socio-economic aspects of the problem
(K. Ya. Kondratyev and A. P. Cracknell)........................................37
2.1 Introduction......................................................................3^
2.2 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)..........................37
2.3 Summarized results of the Second World Climate Conference . . 39
2.4 UNCED-2........................................................................43
2.4.1 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) ... 45
2.4.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)....................47
2.4.3 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
(RDED)................................................................49
2.4.4 Agenda 21..............................................................50
2.4.5 kNon-legally binding authoritative statement of principles
for a global consensus on the management, conservation
and sustainable development of all types of forest..........52
2.4.6 UNCED-2 conclusion..............................................54
2.5 Kyoto Protocol..................................................................55
2.6 Population growth..............................................................61
2.7 Sustainable development......................................................65
2.7.1 Need for sustainable development..............................65
2.7.2 What is sustainable development?................................68
2.7.3 How can development be sustainable?..........................70
2.7.4 Moral issue............................................................72
2.8 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)..............73
2.9 Ecological monitoring..........................................................74
2.10 Conclusion......................................................................78
3 Satellite climatology - current and future European systems
(R. A. Vaughan)............................................gj
3.1 Introduction........................................gj
3.2 Data requirements..................................g2
3.3 Current systems..............................g4
3.3.1 International programmes..............................84
3.3.2 European programme..........................86
3.4 Future systems......................................
3.5 ESA s Living Planet Programme....................92
3.6 Conclusions......................................
4 Atmospheric data assimilation (A. O Neill) 97
4.1 Introduction.......................................... yj
4.2 What is data assimilation?.........* *..............................97
Contents vii
4.3 What are the benefits of data assimilation?..............................99
4.4 How is data assimilation done?............................................100
4.4.1 A simple statistical algorithm....................................100
4.4.2 A generalized algorithm: multivariate case....................101
4.4.3 4DVAR................................................................103
4.4.4 Kalman filter..........................................................105
4.5 Concluding remarks............................................................105
4.6 Supplement: the (error) covariance matrix Sx..........................105
5 Land-cover datasets derived from Garth-observation systems for global
change science (A. S. Belward)....................................................107
5.1 Introduction......................................................................107
5.2 Land cover and the global climate agenda..............................107
5.2.1 Land-use change forestry and IPCC reporting..............109
5.2.2 Land-cover requirements of the International Geosphere-
Biosphere Programme..............................................110
5.3 Earth observation as an information source............................Ill
5.3.1 Land-cover mapping................................................Ill
5.3.2 Biophysical parameters..............................................112
5.3.3 Need for calibration and validation............................114
5.4 Conclusions......................................................................114
6 Calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(C. /?. Nagaraja Rao and J. T. Sullivan)........................................117
6.1 Introduction......................................................................117
6.2 AVHRR Pathfinder Program................................................120
6.3 Calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer . 121
6.3.1 Pre-launch calibration of the visible and near-infrared
channels................................................................122
6.3.2 Pre-launch and post-launch calibration of the thermal
infrared channels....................................................124
6.4 Post-launch calibration of the visible and near-infrared channels. 132
6.4.1 Determination of relative in-orbit degradation rates using
radiometrically stable calibration sites..........................132
6.4.2 Absolute radiometric calibration using congruent path
aircraft and satellite measurements of the upwelling
radiation................................................................134
6.4.3 Absolute calibration based on radiative model simulations
of the upwelling radiation at the top of the atmosphere . 134
6.4.4 Calibration based on intercomparison of sensors............137
6.5 Calibration of the AVHRRs on the NOAA-7, -9 and -11
spacecraft..........................................................................137
6.5.1 Relative degradation in orbit......................................137
6.5.2 Absolute calibration of the AVHRRs on NOAA-7, -9
and -11..................................................................141
viii Contents
6.5.3 Calibration of the AVHRR on NOAA-14..........
6.5.4 Propagation of calibration uncertainties in products. . . .
6.6 AVHRR as a calibration reference..........-.........
6.6.1 General.................................
6.6.2 Method.................................
6.6.3 Applications..............................
6.7 Concluding remarks..............................
7 Long-term global climate datasets from operational satellites (G. Ohring)
7.1 Physical basis for extracting information on climate variables from
the satellite measurements..........................
7.2 Physical basis of retrievals from reflected solar radiation......
7.3 Physical basis of retrievals from infrared emission measurements
7.4 Physical basis of atmospheric soundings to study temperature and
water vapour..................................
7.5 Physical basis of retrievals from microwave emission
measurements in atmospheric windows.................
7.6 Operational weather satellites........................
7.7 Global warming................................
7.8 Ocean temperature trends..........................
7.9 Atmospheric ozone trends..........................
7.10 Interannual climate variability - El Nino events...........
7.11 Cloudiness and aerosol trends.......................
7.12 Land-surface change.............................
7.13 Snow cover...................................
8 Validation of climate model outputs (J. P. Palutikof)............
8.1 Climate change and climate variability..................
8.2 Background to anthropogenic climate change.............
8.2.1 Present-day climage change: myth or reality?........
8.2.2 Future trends.........................
8.3 Three-dimensional climate models.....................
8.4 Downscaling.....................
9 Cooling off on global warming - the continuing debate (R. A. Vaughan)
9.1 Introduction................
9.2 Consensus over global warming
9.3 Measurement problems..............
9.4 Sea-level changes................
9.5 Role of greenhouse gases...........
9.6 Solar effects............
9.7 Political issues............
9.8 Conclusions.......
146
148
150
150
151
152
155
160
160
162
165
167
169
169
170
172
174
175
176
178
183
185
185
187
192
193
196
202
205
205
207
209
211
212
214
214
215
Contents ix
10 International co-operation - a prerequisite for global environmental
observations (A. S. Belward)........................................................217
10.1 Introduction......................................................................217
10.2 International co-operation in space........................................217
10.3 Research and climate studies................................................218
10.3.1 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)..............218
10.3.2 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) . 219
10.3.3 International Human Dimensions Programme on global
environmental change (IHDP)....................................219
10.4 Global-scale operational observations....................................220
10.4.1 Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)....................220
10.4.2 Global Climate Observing System..............................220
10.4.3 Global Terrestrial Observing System............................221
10.4.4 Global observing systems, Earth observation and the
Framework Convention on Climate Change..................221
10.5 Integrated global observing strategy......................................221
11 Global dataset creation - experience of the IGBP DISCover project
(A. S. Belward)........................................................................225
11.1 Introduction......................................................................225
11.2 Dataset development..........................................................225
11.3 DISCover classification scheme..............................................226
11.4 DISCover classification methodology......................................226
11.5 DISCover validation strategy................................................228
11.6 Sampling strategy..............................................................229
11.7 Validation results..............................................................230
11.8 Conclusions......................................................................230
12 A policy context for global environmental information systems
(A. S. Belward)........................................................................233
12.1 Introduction......................................................................233
12.2 Regional interests..............................................................233
12.3 Global interests..................................................................235
12.4 Role for Earth-observation systems........................................237
12.5 Global environmental-information systems..............................237
12.6 Conclusions......................................................................238
13 ENVISAT - the mission (R. A. Vaughatt and S. T. Wilson)..............241
13.1 Introduction......................................................................241
13.2 ERS programme................................................................242
13.3 Strategy............................................................................242
13.4 Envisat - the big platform....................................................243
13.5 Orbit and mission..............................................................245
13.6 Instrument details..............................................................245
13.6.1 ASAR..................................................................245
13.5.2 AATSR................................................................246
x Contents
13.6.3 RA-2....................................................................246
13.6.4 MERIS..................................................................246
13.6.5 MIPAS..................................................................247
13.6.6 GOMOS................................................................247
13.6.7 MWR....................................................................248
13.6.8 SCIAMACHY........................................................248
13.6.9 DORIS..................................................................248
13.7 Instrument synergies............................................................248
13.8 Envisat data policy............................................................251
13.9 Conclusions......................................................................252
14 Supercomputing for the masses — SETI@Home project (C. P. Cracknetl) 253
14.1 Introduction......................................................................253
14.2 Objective of the SETI@Home project....................................253
14.3 The SETl@Home project....................................................254
14.4 Motivation of users............................................................257
14.5 Possible relevance to remote sensing and climate change............258
15 Earth-observing systems and model-simulated datasets for climate study
(V. Djepa, R. A. Vaughan, M. Menenti)........................................261
15.1 Introduction......................................................................261
15.2 Basic principles of Earth-observation-retrieved climate datasets. . 262
15.2.1 Climate components and feedback..............................262
15.2.2 Ocean datasets for climate study................................269
15.2.3 Land-atmosphere interaction......................................271
15.3 Climate models and datasets................................................275
15.4 Conclusions......................................................................277
References..................................................................279
Index............................................................................................293
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| spelling | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation Arthur P. Cracknell London [u.a.] Springer [u.a.] 2001 XXXII, 301 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer-Praxis books in geophysical sciences Klimaänderung Climatic changes Remote sensing Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 s DE-604 Cracknell, Arthur P. 1940- Sonstige (DE-588)136048153 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009204972&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation Klimaänderung Climatic changes Remote sensing Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016796-3 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation |
| title_auth | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation |
| title_exact_search | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation |
| title_full | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation Arthur P. Cracknell |
| title_fullStr | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation Arthur P. Cracknell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation Arthur P. Cracknell |
| title_short | Remote sensing and climate change |
| title_sort | remote sensing and climate change role of earth observation |
| title_sub | role of earth observation |
| topic | Klimaänderung Climatic changes Remote sensing Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Climatic changes Remote sensing Fernerkundung Aufsatzsammlung |
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