Pleasure and instinct: a study in the psychology of human action
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Routledge
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | Repr. |
| Schriftenreihe: | The international library of psychology
154 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 336 S. |
| ISBN: | 0415210720 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128269256097792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PART I
FAGE
Introductory i
Summary of principal theories of pleasure and unpleasure
Questions of nomenclature.
PART II
SENSORY PLEASURE AND UNPLEASURE
Chapter I. The Question Stated 9
A conational psychology finds a difficulty in giving an
account of the sensory feelings consistent with that of other
feelings. Criticism of McDougall s views.
Chapter II. The Special Senses and the General Bodily
Process ......... 14
The theory is put forward that there exists in the sense
organs a craving for stimulation, and that the feelings be¬
longing to the separate senses are dependent on the fulfilment
of this. Similarly there is a conation towards the maintenance
of normal bodily activities and pleasure exists where this is
successful.
Chapter III. The Theory of Sensory Unpleasure . . 38
There is a difficulty in concluding that pleasure goes
simply with maintenance or enhancement, and unpleasure
with depression, of vital functions. Review in this connec¬
tion of previous experiments on the physical accompaniments
of the feelings. The conclusion is that, while pleasure goes
with maintenance or enhancement of function, unpleasure
goes, not with all depression, but only with that against which
there is organic resistance. There is a periodical need of the
organism for lower levels of activity which gives rise to a
conflict, constituting a special form of unpleasure.
Chapter IV. Summary of Results 60
Summary of a theory of the sensory feelings. An act of
primary acceptance or rejection is involved in sensory pleasure
and unpleasure. Further normal course of the affective
phenomenon, in which fear and anger act as safeguarding
reactions. Criticism of W. M. Marston s theory of the
feelings.
v
vi CONTENTS
PART m
PLEASURE AND UNPLEASUKE IN RELATION TO THE
MAIN INSTINCTS
Chapter I. Instincts of Nutrition and Bodily Maw *•»»
TENANCB ......... 71
The instinct of nutrition is a part of the general impulse
of bodily self maintenance.. Other bodily instincts show a
process of development; locomotion as an example.
Chapter II. Reproductive Instincts . . . .81
The reproductive impulse is a continuation of the process of
growth. Its reference to a perceived object of the other sex
and its connection with tender emotion. Sexual intercourse
normally a stage in the amative train of the reproductive
instinct. Its normal continuation is in the care of offspring.
A paternal instinct may be as primitive as the maternal.
Chapter III. Curiosity, or tse Impulse to Knowledge . 90
The effort of the mind is from the first away from uncer¬
tainty and bafflement and towards ease in the apprehension t
of objects. There is a primitive satisfaction in recogniz¬
ing. There is a mental need to isolate wholes for at¬
tention, and to relate such wholes to the rest of the field
of knowledge. The fitting of general names to objects is the
most important means of establishing an ordered system
of objects of knowledge. Children show a primitive pleasure
in finding names for things. The mental development leading
to formation of general concepts is described; it is in part an
original impulse towards ease and mastery in the apprehen¬
sion of the external world. Scientific curiosity in its most
important aspect is a continuation into later life of the ¦
same primitive need for mastering the external world in
thought. Summary of the chapter.
Chapter IV. The Impulse to Power . . . .116
The origin of the will to power is closely connected with
that of self consciousness. Both arise from relations of
opposition to the external world and in the main from that
of opposition to other living beings. The successful affirma¬
tion of the self against external force after a conflict is
accompanied by a rebound of elation, and this result, when
intellect develops, may come to be valued and sought for
itself. This is a natural outgrowth from the effort to self
maintenance. Relations to living beings other than that of
combat may be the occasion for self assertive pride, viz. (1) f
emulation in respect of valuable qualities, (2) recognition and
admiration on the part of others, in which case it takes f
the form of self display or desire for fame. Relations to I
: external inanimate objects also give occasion for self
: assertion, as does the relation to one s own body shown
i in the power to control it. The power consciousness enters
i as an element into the satisfaction of many other instincts;
for example, those of construction and acquisition. De
I
i
CONTENTS vii
FACE
scription of the development of self assertive pride in the
individual in normal life of society. There is no primitive
instinct of submission co ordinate with the impulse to
dominance. The question whether self assertion always
originates from experiences of inferiority.
Chapter V. Altruism and the Gregarious Instinct . 153
Early appearance of altruistic acts in children. Sentiments
of love towards persons or groups of persons appear in
order in the course of individual development, i.e. towards
parents, towards equals and comrades, towards the con¬
jugal partner and towards children. Devotion to the group
and to wider classes, e.g. humanity. Review of the theory
which regards all the forms of altruistic love as derived from
the parental instinct. Reasons for rejecting this theory.
Further consideration of the gregarious instinct. It involves a
satisfaction in the presence of comrades living and in normal
health; and thus, when intellect is sufficiently developed,
it must lead normally to the effort to maintain their lives
and assist them when in distress. Gregariousness appears
as a primitive instinct in man. Sympathy does not in itself
lead to altruistic action; the part it plays is to give addi¬
tional warmth and insight to the impulse towards assistance
of others, connected with gregariousness. The conclusion
is that there is in man a fundamental impulse to join nimgpif
as a member to a larger group and to forward the interests
of that group. This impulse shows itself also in the form of
the family affections. Such an impulse tends naturally to
expand into a devotion to the widest group of which a
man can consider himself a member. It is consistent with
the maintenance of the consciousness of separate person¬
ality. A likeness is found herein to mystical religious
experiences.
Chapter VI. Summary and Classification of the Human
Instincts 202
The conclusion is that the original instinctive equipment
of man consists in (1) the bodily self maintaining process,
including propagation, with a number of separate impulses
developed as subsidiary to it, (2) the two spiritual
impulses, of self maximation and self giving, (3) fear and
anger, as reactions safeguarding the other instincts.
Chapter VII. The Relation of Feeling to the Instincts 211
Pleasure does not lie only in the attainment of ends, the
striving towards which is essentially unpleasant. Life is
made up of conative trains which may be pleasant throughout,
if progressing normally towards their end points. Entirety
neutral states do not exist. TJnpleasure follows on frustration
of instinct, and is the result of conflict due to the persistence
of the thwarted instinct. Relaxation to a lower level of
activity is sometimes pleasant; the case of narcotics.
Chapter VIII. The ^Esthetic Experience. Play . . 224
The difficulty as to whether aesthetic satisfaction is depen¬
dent on the success of conation. Esthetic satisfaction is
viii CONTENTS
PAGE
complex, three main elements entering into it: (i) sensory
pleasure as already described, (2) the intellectual satisfac¬
tion attached to apprehension of form, which is essentially a
feeling of power, (3) a satisfaction afforded to the craving
for exercise on the part of normal instinctive impulses, taking
place for the most part through the so called Empathy.
This theory is applicable to music. The nature of the comic
discussed. Play in general gives exercise to instincts which
would not otherwise obtain it.
PART IV
The Psychological Nature of Pleasure and Unpleasure as
Compared with Sensation 239
The feelings are mental elements arising in dependence
on the form of the mental process, and appertaining to the
subjective side of the mental life. They consist in a warmth
.and value, positive or negative, attending on the success or
non success of conations. These conclusions substantiated
by the following considerations : (1) there is no occurrence
of affective states in complete independence of cognitive ,
elements, (2) the effect of attention to a feeling differs from
that of attention to a sensation in making it generally less
intense, (3) separate pleasures and unpleasures, at least in
their complete form, do not co exist; there is a tendency for
feelings of the same kind to fuse, and for those of opposite
kind to act as contradictories.
There may be a memory of affective states. In this
respect there is no definitely established difference from
the cognitive elements.
PART V
Pleasure and Desire. Other Corollaries. Ideo motor Ac¬
tion. The Relativity of Feelings . . . . 265
The conscious desire for pleasure is not primary. Desire
is primarily the emergence into consciousness of a latent
craving for some form of activity to which the organism
is predisposed. At a more advanced stage of intellect the
value of pleasure can become a subsidiary end. The learning
of the reactions appropriate to secure ends is not due to
mere associative connection. It can only be explained as the
result of activity itself purposive from the first.
The ideo motor form of action not original. No motive
force in ideas as such.
The relativity of feelings is explicable if we regard them
as dependent on conation.
r
PART VI
Other Kinds of Feeling. The Psychology of Values . 295
The question asked is whether there are feelings other than
pleasure and unpleasure, i.e. whether there are other elements
of value arising in dependence on the forms of the mental
CONTENTS ix
FACE
functioning. It is suggested that there are values attached :
(i) to the success or non success of conations, i.e. pleasure and
unpleasure, (2) to the degrees of mental activity and passivity,
in respect of which we feel ourselves more or less self directed,
(3) to the degrees of depth or intensity with which the self is
engaged in a reaction. There are two other forms of the
mental life, i.e. that which moves in the dimension between
tension and relaxation, and that of degrees of unity. But to
neither of these as such does felt value appear to be attached.
There are no mixed feelings in the sense of a blending of
positive and negative values. When feelings are simultaneous
there tends to be a summation of similar values, whether
positive or negative; and a relation of contradiction between
positive and negative values. It is admitted that in the above
the peculiar value attributed to self giving is not fully
explained. The relation of the other sorts of value to action
is similar to that already described for pleasure.
Index 335
|
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| author | Allen, A. H. Burlton |
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| dewey-search | 152.42 |
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| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| edition | Repr. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Allen, A. H. Burlton Verfasser aut Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action A. H. Burlton Allen Repr. London Routledge 1999 IX, 336 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier [The international library of psychology / Physiological psychology] 1 The international library of psychology 154 Instinct ram Plaisir ram Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd rswk-swf Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd rswk-swf Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 s Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 s 1\p DE-604 Physiological psychology] [<<The>> international library of psychology 1 (DE-604)BV013478571 1 The international library of psychology 154 (DE-604)BV013463615 154 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009198858&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Allen, A. H. Burlton Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action The international library of psychology Instinct ram Plaisir ram Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040364-6 (DE-588)4023277-3 |
| title | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action |
| title_auth | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action |
| title_exact_search | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action |
| title_full | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action A. H. Burlton Allen |
| title_fullStr | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action A. H. Burlton Allen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action A. H. Burlton Allen |
| title_short | Pleasure and instinct |
| title_sort | pleasure and instinct a study in the psychology of human action |
| title_sub | a study in the psychology of human action |
| topic | Instinct ram Plaisir ram Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Handlung (DE-588)4023277-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Instinct Plaisir Motivation Handlung |
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