Danish business law:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English Danish |
| Published: |
Copenhagen
DJØF Publ.
2000
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Aus dem Dän. übers. |
| Physical Description: | XXXIII, 538 S. |
| ISBN: | 8757403066 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Danish business law |c Bent Iversen ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Copenhagen |b DJØF Publ. |c 2000 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Unternehmen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Business enterprises |x Law and legislation |z Denmark | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Business law |z Denmark | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sales |z Denmark | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804128258312110080 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
THEME 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3
1. BUSINESS LAW AS A BRANCH OF LAW 3
2. THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL RULE 5
2.1. GENERAL SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT 5
2.2. THE LEGAL SYSTEM 7
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGAL RULE 8
3.1. INTRODUCTION .8
3.2. OBLIGATION RULES AND COMPETENCE RULES .8
3.3. WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAW 9
3.4. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES .9
3.5. DIRECTORY AND MANDATORY RULES 10
3.6. PRECISE AND IMPRECISE RULES 11
4. SOURCES OF LAW AND LAW SOURCE FACTORS 11
5. THE LEGAL DECISION 13
6. ON THE NEXT CHAPTERS 13
CHAPTER 2. NATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 15
1. INTRODUCTION 15
2. THE CONSTITUTION 15
3. LEGISLATION 16
3.1. THE STATUTORY PROCESS AND THE IMPORTANCE
OF LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF LAW 16
3.2. REFERENCE PLACES 17
3.3. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 18
4. MINISTERIAL ORDERS AND OTHER STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 18
4.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE AF LAW 19
4.2. REFERENCE PLACES 19
VII
5. CASE LAW *
5.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF LAW 19
5.2. REFERENCE PLACES 21
6. OTHER FORMS OF UNWRITTEN PRACTICE 21
6.1. LEGAL CUSTOMS AND USAGE 21
6.2. CODES AND PRACTICES OF SPECIFIC LINES OF TRADE ETC 22
6.3. ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE 23
6.4. PRACTICE FROM PRIVATE DISPUTE-SOLVING BOARDS 23
6.5. OMBUDSMAN S PRACTICE 24
7. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 24
7.1. GENERAL ON THE CONCEPT OF CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 24
7.2. THE POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 25
8. LEGISLATIVE INTERPRETATION 26
8.1. THE NEED TO INTERPRET LEGISLATION AND THE BASIS
OF INTERPRETATION 26
8.2. AIDS TO INTERPRETATION 28
8.2.1. INTRODUCTION 28
8.2.2. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS 28
8.2.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 28
8.2.4. THE OBJECT OF A LEGISLATIVE MEASURE 29
8.3. WHEN STATUTORY PROVISIONS ARE CONTRADICTORY 30
8.4. VARIOUS TYPES OF INTERPRETATION RESULTS 30
8.4.1. INTRODUCTION 30
8.4.2. NARROW INTERPRETATION 31
8.4.3. WIDE INTERPRETATION 31
8.4.4. CONTRARY INFERENCE 32
CHAPTER 3. INTERNATIONAL SOURCES OF LAW. EU LAW 33
1 THE GENERAL LEGAL BASIS. CHARACTER OF EU LAW 33
2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL EU LAW PRINCIPLES 35
? THE CENTRAL EU INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COMPETENCE 36
3.1. THE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS: GENERAL 36
3.2. THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL 36
3.3. THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION .....31
?4. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 37
** * THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 3G
*VFC. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 39
4- COMMUNITY LAW AS A SOURCE OF LAW FACTOR 40
4
1 * INTRODUCTION
N
4
-. WRITTEN SOURCES
AN
40
VIII
4.2.1. THE TREATY 40
4.2.2. REGULATIONS 40
4.2.3. DIRECTIVES 41
4.2.4. DECISIONS 42
4.2.5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPINIONS 42
4.2.6. OTHER TYPES 42
4.2.7. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES. THE LANGUAGE 42
4.3. UNWRITTEN SOURCES 43
4.3.1. DECISIONS BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE 43
4.3.2. OTHER UNWRITTEN SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 44
4.4. INTERPRETATION OF EU LAW 44
4.5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR EU LAW 45
4.6. THE SUPREMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW AND DIRECT EFFECT 45
4.6.1. THE CONCEPTS OF DIRECT APPLICABILITY
AND DIRECT EFFECT 45
4.6.2. WHICH EU RULES ARE DIRECTLY APPLICABLE? 46
4.6.3. WHICH PARTS OF COMMUNITY LAW HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS? . 46
4.6.4. SUPREMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW 47
4.6.5. THE DUTY TO APPLY EU INTERPRETATIONAL PRACTICE
TO NATIONAL LAW INTERPRETATION 48
5. CO-OPERATION OUTSIDE THE EU SCOPE 48
CHAPTER 4. OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 50
1. INTRODUCTION 50
2. ORDINARY PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 50
2.1. SUBJECT MATTER AND CHARACTER OF ORDINARY
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 50
2.2. THE INCORPORATION OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL RULES
IN DANISH LAW 52
2.3. SOURCE OF LAW IMPORTANCE OF NON-INCORPORATED
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 53
2.4. OTHER CONFLICTS BETWEEN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LAW 54
2.5. INTERPRETATION OF RULES OF A PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW-
BACKGROUND 54
3. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS 55
4. OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 57
4.1. FOREIGN COURT DECISIONS 57
4.2. NORDIC LEGISLATIVE CO-OPERATION 57
5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 58
IX
CHAPTER 5. SURVEY OF THE DANISH COURT SYSTEM 59
1. INTRODUCTION 59
2. ORGANISATION OF THE COURTS 59
3. PROCEDURE IN CIVIL CASES 61
3.1. PARTIES AND THEIR CLAIMS 61
3.2. PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES 61
3.3. THE QUESTION OF VENUE 62
3.4. PROCEDURAL STEPS IN FIRST INSTANCE CASES 63
4. APPEALS 64
5. LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND LEGAL AID (COURT REPRESENTATION) 65
6. ARBITRATION 67
7. COMPLAINTS BOARDS HEARINGS OF CONSUMER CASES 68
THEME 2. COMPENSATION AND INSURANCE
CHAPTER 6. COMPENSATION IN TORT LAW 73
1. INTRODUCTION 73
2. TORT DAMAGES 74
2.1. THE BASIS OF LIABILITY 74
2.1.1. FAULT LIABILITY (CULPA LIABILITY) 74
2.1.2. VICARIOUS LIABILITY 76
2.1.3. STRICT LIABILITY 77
2.1.4. PRESUMPTION LIABILITY 80
2.1.5. CHILDREN S LIABILITY AND MENTALLY DISORDERED
PERSONS LIABILITY 80
2.1.6. OBJECTIVE DEFENCES 81
2.2. THE INJURED PARTY S LOSS 81
2.2.1. WHICH LOSSES WILL BE RECOVERED? 82
2.2.2. LIMITATION OF PLAINTIFF GROUP 82
2.2.3. MAY THE INJURED PARTY RECOVER BOTH FROM
THE INSURANCE COMPANY AND FROM THE TORTFEASOR? 83
-*-* * CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE FROM INJURED PARTY 84
-**+. JOINT TORTFEASORS
85
2-5. CHOKE OF LAW ISSUE .... G
3 PRODUCT LIABILITY *-
3-^- THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DEVELOPED IN CASE LAW 87
-** ** 1 HE PRODUCT LIABILITY ACT
87
3-2.1. THE CONCEPT OF DAMAGE
8
G
3-2.2. THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCT
8G
X
3.2.3. THE CONCEPTS OF PRODUCER AND INTERMEDIARY 88
3.2.4. THE CONCEPT OF DEFECT 89
3.2.5. THE LIABILITY 89
3.2.5.1. PRODUCER S LIABILITY 89
3.2.5.2. INTERMEDIARIES LIABILITY 90
3.2.6. JOINT LIABILITY AND RECOURSE 91
3.2.7. LIMITATION 91
3.2.8. THE CHOICE OF LAW ISSUE 91
CHAPTER 7. INSURANCE 92
1. INTRODUCTION 92
2. WHAT IS INSURANCE? 92
3.VARIOUS TYPES OF INSURANCE
- TERMINOLOGY OF THE INSURANCE CONTRACTS ACT 92
4. THE CONTRACT OF INSURANCE 93
5. THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 94
5.1. THE DUTIES OF THE COMPANY 94
5.2. THE DUTIES OF THE INSURED AND OF THE BENEFICIARY 94
5.2.1. THE DUTY TO PAY PREMIUMS 94
5.2.2. THE DUTY OF DISCLOSURE AT THE TAKING OUT
OF INSURANCE 94
5.2.3. DUTY TO DISCLOSE INCREASED RISKS 96
5.2.4. THE DUTY TO OBSERVE SAFETY REGULATIONS 96
5.2.5. THE DUTY TO REFRAIN FROM CAUSING THE OCCURRENCE
OF THE INSURED EVENT 97
5.2.6. THE DUTY TO MITIGATE THE LOSS/AVERT THE DAMAGE 98
5.2.7. THE DUTY TO NOTIFY THE INSURED EVENT 98
6. THE INSURANCE COMPENSATION 98
6.1. THE MEASURE OF INSURANCE COMPENSATION 99
6.1.1. TOTAL LOSS 100
6.1.2. PARTIAL LOSS 100
6.2. OVER-INSURANCE 100
6.3. UNDER-INSURANCE 101
6.4. DOUBLE INSURANCE 101
6.5. OWN RISK 101
7. SPECIAL RULES IN RESPECT OF LIFE ASSURANCE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE ...
101
8. CHOICE OF LAW ISSUES 102
XI
THEME 3. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ETC.
CHAPTER 8. FORMATION OF CONTRACT 1
5
1. INTRODUCTION * *
2. FURTHER TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 109
2.1. THE MODEL OF THE CONTRACTS ACT FOR FORMATION OF CONTRACT .. 109
2.1.1. OFFER 1
9
2.1.2. ACCEPTANCE 110
2.1.2.1. WHAT IS AN ACCEPTANCE? HO
2.1.2.2. THE PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE HO
2.1.3. DELAYED ACCEPTANCE 112
2.1.2.4. REJECTION OF OFFER H2
2.1.2.5. NON-CONFORMING ACCEPTANCE 112
2.1.2.6. WHO IS CONTRACT PARTNER? 113
2.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT PATTERNS OTHER THAN THAT OF
THE CONTRACTS ACT H3
2.2.1. STANDARD CONTRACTS - THE ADOPTION PROBLEM 114
2.2.2. QUASI CONTRACT 115
2.2.3. WILL A PARTY BE BOUND BY PASSIVITY? 115
2.2.4. EDI 116
2.3. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 117
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 117
2.3.2. DISPUTE SOLVING THROUGH CONVENTIONS 118
2.3.3. SOLUTIONS VIA CHOICE OF LAW 120
3. INTERPRETATION AND GAP-FILLING IN CONTRACT 120
3.1. INTERPRETATION 121
3.1.1. INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS 121
3.1.2. PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 122
3.2. GAP-FILLING 123
4. INVALIDITY OF CONTRACT (PROMISES) 123
4.1. INTRODUCTION 123
4.2. OPERATIVE AND NON-OPERATIVE AVOIDANCE FACTORS 125
4.3. FORGERY AND FRAUD 125
4.4. INCAPACITY 126
45. MENTAL INCAPACITY - UNSOUNDNESS OF MIND 128
4-6. DURESS ^28
4-6.1. DURESS WITH PHYSICAL, OR THREATENED
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE AND MECHANICAL DURESS 128
4.6.2. OTHER CONSTRAINT 128
XII
4.8. UNDUE INFLUENCE 129
4.9. DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN THE WILL OF PROMISOR 129
AND THE DECLARATION GIVEN 129
4.9.1. THE RULE IN S. 32( 1) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 130
4.9.2. THE RULE IN S. 32(2) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 130
4.9.3. PROFORMA PROMISES -CONTRACTS ACT S. 34 130
4.10. BREACH OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS - THE GENERAL CLAUSE
IN S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 131
4.10.1. THE CONTRACTS ACT S. 33 131
4.10.2. S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT - THE GENERAL
CLAUSE OF CONTRACT LAW 132
4.11. INVALIDITY FOR CONTRACT CONTENTS
- SPECIAL NOTE ON THE SETTING ASIDE OF STANDARD TERMS 133
4.12. THE CONSUMER CONTRACTS ACT 134
4.13. COMPETITION CLAUSES 135
4.14. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE INVALIDITY 136
5. THIRD PARTY PROMISES 136
6. FORMATION OF CONTRACT VIA AGENTS 137
6.1. INTRODUCTION 137
6.2. AGENCY - GENERAL 137
6.2.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 138
6.2.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 138
6.2.3. THE AGENT S SCOPE OF AUTHORITY 139
6.2.3.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 140
6.2.3.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 140
6.2.4. REVOCATION OF AUTHORITY 141
6.2.5. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGENT
AND THIRD PARTY 141
6.2.6. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND AGENT .141
6.3. FACTORS 141
6.3.1. THE LEGAL POSITION TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES 142
6.3.1.1. WHO BECOMES LIABLE TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? 142
6.3.1.2. THE PROPERTY IN GOODS IN THE FACTOR S POSSESSION . .. 142
6.3.1.3. THE PROPERTY IN THE CLAIM AGAINST THE THIRD PARTY ... 143
6.3.1.4. THE PROPERTY IN THE MONEY PAID BY THE THIRD PARTY .. 143
6.3.1.5. THE FACTOR S UNAUTHORIZED RESALE OF
THE PRINCIPAL S GOODS 143
6.3.2. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL
AND THE FACTOR 144
6.4. COMMERCIAL AGENTS 145
XIII
6.4.1. INTRODUCTION 145
6.4.2. WILL A COMMERCIAL AGENT HAVE AUTHORITY? 146
6.4.3. THE PARTIES DUTY OF FIDELITY 146
6.4.4. THE COMMERCIAL AGENT S RIGHT TO COMMISSION 146
6.4.5. COMPETITION CLAUSES 147
6.4.6. TERMINATION OF THE AGENCY CONTRACT 147
6.4.7. HOW FAR MAY THE RULES OF THE COMMERCIAL
AGENTS ACT BE DEVIATED FROM? 147
6.4.8. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMMERCIAL
AGENT AND THE THIRD PARTY 148
6.5. COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS 148
6.6. OTHER INTERMEDIARIES 149
THEME 4. REALITY OF CONTRACT AND PERFORMANCE.
SALE OF GOODS AND SERVICES
CHAPTER 9. SALE OF GOODS 153
1. INTRODUCTION 153
1.1. THE RULES ON SALE 153
1.2. THE SALE OF GOODS ACT 154
1.2.1. NON-MANDATORY AND MANDATORY RULES 154
1.2.2. SALE OF SPECIFIC GOODS AND GENERIC GOODS 154
1.2.3. CONTRACTS FOR THE SUPPLY OF GOODS TO BE PRODUCED
OR MANUFACTURED UPON SPECIFICATION 155
1.2.4. COMMERCIAL SALE AND OTHER SALE 156
2. DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 156
2.1. DUTIES OF THE SELLER 156
2.1.1. PLACE OF DELIVERY 157
2.1.2. TRANSPORT TERMS 158
2.1.3. TIME OF DELIVERY 160
2.1.4. THE SELLER S PERFORMANCE 160
2.1.5. PASSING OF RISK 161
2.2. DUTIES OF THE BUYER 163
2.3. TEMPORAL CONTEXT BETWEEN THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 164
2.3.1. CASH SALES 164
2.3.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON DOCUMENTARY CREDITS 166
3 SELLER S BREACH
I67
3L
! !
3.1.1. AFFIRMING THE CONTRACT 168
XIV
3.1.2. AVOIDING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 168
3.1.3. THE REMEDY OF DAMAGES 169
3.1.4. THE BUYER S DUTY TO GIVE NOTICE 171
3.2. DEFECTS 172
3.2.1. PROPORTIONATE PRICE REDUCTION 173
3.2.2. THE REMEDY OF AVOIDING THE SALE 174
3.2.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM NON-DEFECTIVE PERFORMANCE 175
3.2.4. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 175
3.2.5. THE SELLER S RIGHT TO CURE A DEFECT 176
3.2.6. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 177
3.3. DEFECTIVE TITLE 179
4. BUYER S BREACH 179
4.1. DELAY 179
4.1.1. THE REMEDY OF AFFIRMING THE SALE 180
4.1.2. THE REMEDY OF CANCELLING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 180
4.1.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 181
4.2. BUYER S INABILITY TO PAY 181
4.2.1. RIGHT OF STOPPAGE 182
4.2.2. ANTICIPATORY LIEN 183
4.2.3. RETAINING POSSESSION 183
4.2.4. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 183
5. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE 183
5.1. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE BY SELLER 184
5.2. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE BY BUYER 184
6. SPECIAL NOTE ON AVOIDANCE 185
7. PAYMENT CARDS 186
8. THE PASSING OF PROPERTY 190
8.1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BUYER AND
THE SELLER S CREDITORS 191
8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELLER AND BUYER S CREDITORS 192
8.2.1. CASH SALES 192
8.2.2. SALES WITH RESERVATION OF TITLE 193
8.2.3. CONSIGNMENT 193
9. RESTITUTION IN SALE OF GOODS 193
9.1. WHERE POSSESSION IS NOT BASED ON CONTRACT 193
9.1.1. THEFT 193
9.1.2. LOSTPROPERTY 194
9.2. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VOID
OR VOIDABLE CONTRACT RELATIONSHIP 194
9.2.1. OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 194
XV
9.2.2. NON-OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 194
9.2.3. AGENCY
IY4
9.2.4. INVALIDATION IN BANKRUPTCY 194
9.3. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VALID CONTRACT
WITH CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL DUTY TO RETURN 194
9.3.1. BAILMENT
194
9.3.2. PLEDGE
194
9.3.3. FACTORING I
94
9.3.4. RESERVATION OF TITLE 19
5
9.3.5. CASH SALES I
95
9.4. DOUBLE TRANSFER 195
CHAPTER 10. INTERNATIONAL SALES I
96
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SPHERE OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 197
3. PART III OF THE CISG CONVENTION: SALE OF GOODS 198
3.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 199
3.2. THE SELLER S OBLIGATIONS 199
3.2.1. DELIVERY OF THE GOODS AND HANDING OVER
OF DOCUMENTS 200
3.2.2. DEFECTS AND THIRD PARTY CLAIMS 201
4. THE BUYER S REMEDIES IN THE EVENT
OF THE SELLER S BREACH OF CONTRACT 202
4.1. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 203
4.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT OF SALE 204
4.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 204
5. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER 205
5.1. PAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE 205
5.2. TAKING DELIVERY 206
6. THE SELLER S REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT BY THE BUYER 206
6.1. THE RIGHT TO AFFIRM THE CONTRACT 206
6.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT 207
7. PASSING OF RISK 207
8. COMMON RULES ON THE SELLER S AND THE BUYER S OBLIGATIONS 209
8.1. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND INSTALMENT CONTRACTS 209
8.2. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 210
8.3. INTEREST ... 211
8.4. EXEMPTION FROM LIABILITY 211
8.5. EFFECTS OF AVOIDANCE OF THE CONTRACT 213
86. THE PRESERVATION DUTY OF THE PARTIES 214
XVI
9. DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 215
9.1. THE CONCEPT 215
9.2. VARIOUS TYPES OF DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 217
9.2.1. REVOCABLE V. IRREVOCABLE CREDITS 217
9.2.2. CONFIRMED V. UNCONFIRMED CREDITS 217
9.2.3. PAYMENT DOCUMENTARY CREDIT V. NEGOTIATION CREDIT . . 217
9.2.4. SIGHT V. LONG-TERM CREDITS 218
9.3. THE CREDIT DOCUMENTS 218
10. EXPORT CREDIT SCHEMES 220
10.1. THE EXPORT CREDIT ACT 221
10.2. THE FUTURE SCHEME 222
11. INCOTERMS 222
11.1. INTRODUCTION 222
11.2. THE STRUCTURE OF INCOTERMS 223
11.2.1. E-TERMS 223
11.2.2. F-TERMS 224
11.2.3. C-TERMS 225
11.2.4. D-TERMS 226
12. INSURANCE OF GOODS IN INTERNATIONAL SALE 228
12.1. CHOICE OF INSURANCE FORM 228
12.2. INSURANCE TERMS 228
CHAPTER 11. CREDIT AGREEMENTS 230
1. THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE ACT 230
1.1. CREDITOR AND DEBTOR 230
1.2. EXEMPT CREDIT AGREEMENTS 231
1.3. OTHER CONCEPTS 231
1.4. THE MANDATORY CHARACTER OF THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT .... 232
2. INFORMATION DUTY IN CONSUMER RELATIONSHIPS 233
3. BAN AGAINST MORTGAGE 234
4. THE GENERAL CLAUSE IN S. 22 235
5. THE CONSUMER S PAYMENTS 235
5.1. PAYMENT INTO A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION 235
5.2. PAYMENT OF THE CLAIM BEFORE DUE DATE 236
5.3. WRITING OFF ON THE CLAIM 236
6. CONSUMER S DEFAULT 237
7. CHANGE OF CREDITOR 238
8. SALE WITH RESERVATION OF TITLE 239
8.1. VALIDITY OF RESERVATIONS OF TITLE 240
8.2. SATISFACTION OF THE CREDITOR 242
XVII
8.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOVERY 242
8.4. COMPUTATION OF THE CLAIM 242
8.5. EVALUATION OF THE GOODS SOLD 243
8.6. THE CONSUMER S REDEMPTION AND EXEMPTION RIGHTS 244
8.7. RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS 245
9. COMMERCIAL SALE 245
9.1. COMMON RULES: THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT S. 49 246
9.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON RESERVATION OF TITLE 246
9.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON S. 2 OF THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT
AND CREDIT CONSIGNMENT 247
CHAPTER 12. TRANSPORT 250
1. TRANSPORT LAW 250
1.1. MODES OF TRANSPORT 250
1.2. THE STATUTE LAW ON TRANSPORT 251
1.3. THE CARRIER AND THE TRANSPORT CUSTOMER 252
1.4. THE TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS 252
1.4.1. VARIOUS TYPES 252
1.4.2. FUNCTIONS OF THE TRANSPORT DOCUMENT 253
2. CARRIER S LIABILITY 255
2.1. LIABILITY FOR LOSS, DAMAGE AND DELAY 255
2.1.1. LIABILITY BASIS 255
2.1.2. LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY 257
2.2. LIABILITY FOR DELIVERY 258
2.3. LIABILITY FOR DESCRIPTION 259
CHAPTER 13. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 261
1. INTRODUCTION 261
2. COPYRIGHT 262
2.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 262
2.2. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 264
2.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 264
2.4. COPYRIGHT POWERS 266
2.4.1. GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE COPYRIGHT 266
2.4.2. EXHAUSTION OF COPYRIGHT 266
2.4.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON THE RIGHT OF PERFORMANCE 268
2.4.4. SPECIAL NOTE ON MORAL RIGHTS 269
2.5. OTHER LIMITATIONS OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 269
2.6. INFRINGEMENT OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT BY COPYING 271
-7. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 272
XVHI
2.8. RELATED RIGHTS 272
3. PATENTS 272
3.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 272
3.1.1. THE INVENTION CONCEPT 272
3.1.2. EXEMPT AREAS 273
3.1.3. THE REQUIREMENTS OF NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEP .... 274
3.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 274
3.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 275
3.4. PATENT RIGHTS 275
3.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF PATENTS 276
3.6. DURATION OF PATENTS 277
3.7. REVOCATION OF PATENTS 277
3.8. TRANSBOUNDARY PATENTS 278
4. DESIGN RIGHTS 279
5. UTILITY MODELS 280
5.1. DEFINITION 280
5.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 281
5.3. SCOPE OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 281
5.4. DURATION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 282
6. SEMICONDUCTORS 282
7. TRADE MARKS 283
7.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 283
7.1.1. THE TRADE MARK CONCEPT 283
7.1.2. THE DISTINCTIVE MARK REQUIREMENT, ETC 284
7.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 284
7.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 285
7.4. TRADE MARK RIGHTS 285
7.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 286
7.6. INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 287
7.7. DURATION 287
7.8. DETAILS ON EU TRADE MARKS, ETC 288
8. SPECIAL NOTE ON KNOW-HOW 289
9. REMEDIES FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT 289
CHAPTER 14. MARKETING AND COMPETITION LAW 291
1. INTRODUCTION 291
2. THE MARKETING PRACTICES ACT 292
2.1. SCOPE OF THE ACT 292
2.2. THE CONSUMER OMBUDSMAN 293
2.3. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. GENERAL PROVISIONS 294
XIX
2.4. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 295
2.4.1. DISLOYAL MARKET DISPLACEMENT 295
2.4.2. INDECENT, ETC. MARKETING MEANS 296
2.4.3. PYRAMID SELLING, ETC 297
7QR
2.4.4. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS *
LYO
2.5. MISLEADING, ETC
298
2.6. DUTY TO PROVIDE DIRECTIONS FOR USE ETC 300
2.7. WARRANTIES
301
2.8. TRADE MARKS
302
2.9. TRADE SECRETS 303
2.10. MARKETING PROHIBITION 304
2.10.1. PREMIUMS 304
2.10.2. QUANTITY AND CUSTOMER RESTRICTIONS 305
2.10.3. TRADE STAMPS, ETC 306
2.10.4. LOTTERIES AND PRIZE COMPETITIONS 307
2.11. LABELLING AND PACKAGING REGULATIONS 307
2.12. ENFORCEMENT 307
2.12.1. SANCTIONS 307
2.12.2. INJUNCTIONS AND ORDERS 308
2.12.3. DAMAGES. INVALIDITY. REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT 309
THE COMPETITION ACT 310
3.1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE OF THE ACT 310
3.2. SCOPE OF THE ACT 311
3.2.1. PRINCIPAL RULE ON ACTIVITIES COVERED 311
3.2.2. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF CERTAIN EFFECTS
OF PUBLIC REGULATION 312
3.2.3. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF PAY AND WORKING
CONDITIONS 314
3.2.4. DELIMITATION AS TOWARDS EU LAW 314
3.2.5. SPECIAL NOTE ON CORPORATE GROUPS 315
33. ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACT 316
3.3.1. THE COMPETITION COUNCIL AND THE
COMPETITION BOARD 316
3.3.2, APPEALS RALES AND JUDICIAL REVIEW 317
3.4. GENERAL MEANING AND CHARACTER OF THE DELIMITATION
OF MARKETS 317
3-5. PROHIBITION OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS, ETC 319
35.1. THE PRINCIPAL RULE CONTAINED IN S. 6 319
3.5.1.1. DEFINITION OF AGREEMENT, ETC 319
XX
3.5.1.2. THE RESTRICTION-OF-COMPETITION REQUIREMENT 320
3.5.1.3. EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED AGREEMENTS/TERMS 321
3.5.1.4. ORDERS 323
3.5.1.5. VITIATING FACTORS 323
3.5.2. THE LOWER THRESHOLDS CONTAINED IN S. 7 323
3.5.2.1. THE EXCLUSIONS IN S.7(L) 323
3.5.2.2. THE MODIFICATION IN S.7(2) 325
3.5.3. POSSIBLE EXEMPTIONS UNDER SS. 8 AND 10 326
3.5.3.1. INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION UNDER S. 8 326
3.5.3.2. GROUP EXEMPTION UNDER S. 10 328
3.5.4. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE UNDER S. 9 329
3.5.5. THE PRACTICAL ROUTE THROUGH THE SYSTEM 329
3.6. PROHIBITION OF ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 330
3.6.1. WHAT IS DOMINANT POSITION ? 330
3.6.2. WHEN IS A DOMINANT POSITION ABUSED ? 331
3.6.2.1. THE GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF ABUSE 331
3.6.2.2. EXAMPLES OF ABUSE 331
3.6.3. ORDERS. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE 332
3.7. SPECIAL NOTE ON MERGERS 332
3.8. ENFORCEMENT 333
3.8.1. ORDERS 333
3.8.2. DEFAULT FINES 334
3.8.3. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS 334
3.8.4. DAMAGES 334
4. THE EU COMPETITION RULES IN BRIEF 335
CHAPTER 15. BASIC ELEMENTS OF FINANCING LAW 339
1. SOURCES OF FINANCE 339
2. THE LAW ON CLAIMS 340
3. INDIVIDUAL ENFORCEMENT AND COLLECTIVE ENFORCEMENT 341
4. LIABILITY OF SEVERAL DEBTORS 342
5. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND COMPANIES 342
6. SECURITY OF CREDIT 344
7. CONSTITUTIVE ACTS 345
8. TOTAL INDEBTEDNESS CLAUSE 346
CHAPTER 16. MONEY CLAIMS - CONTENTS,
TERMINATION, AND ENFORCEMENT 347
1. INTRODUCTION 347
2. CONTENTS 348
XXI
348
2 1 THE DEBTOR S OBLIGATIONS
348
2.1.1. MEANS OF PAYMENT: LEGAL TENDER ... . . 348
2.1.2. TIME OF PAYMENT
349
2.1.3. PLACE OF PAYMENT
350
2.1.4. INTEREST ... 350
2
2
SF THE CREDITOR S RIGHT TO CLAIM PREMATURE PAYMENT ... 350
2.2.2. DAMAGES
351
2.3. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE
352
3. TERMINATION BY MEANS OTHER THAN PAYMENT *
352
3.1. WAIVER 353
3.2. SET-OFF 353
3.2.1. EQUALIZATION CAPABILITY
3.2.2. MATURITY
3.2.3. MUTUALITY
3.2.4. EXCLUSION OF SET-OFF
3.3. LIMITATION
3.3.1. DANISH CODE 5-14-4
3.3.2. THE LIMITATION ACT
3.3.3. OTHER LIMITATION RULES
3.4. BARRING OF CLAIMS UPON PRECLUSIVE NOTICE
4. ENFORCEMENT _,
Q
4.1. EXECUTION BASIS ,*
4.2. THE PROCEDURE *
4.3. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF EXECUTION
4.4. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE EXECUTION
4.5. COMPULSORY SALE
CHAPTER 17. TRANSFER OF CLAIMS
362
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE
3. ORDINARY CLAIMS ^
3.1. THE DEBTOR S DEFENCES 363
3.2. APPARENT PAYEE AUTHORITY 364
3.3. TRANSFER PROTECTION 365
3.4. INVOICE AND CONTRACTS DISCOUNTING 365
4. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 366
4.1. THE CONCEPT 366
4.2. THE DOCUMENT AS REPRESENTING THE CLAIM 367
4.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 367
XXII
4.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 368
4.5. RULES OF APPARENT AUTHORITY 369
4.6. TRANSFER PROTECTION 370
5. REGISTERED (ELECTRONIC) SECURITIES 370
5.1. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 370
5.2. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 371
5.2.1. TRANSFER PROTECTION 371
5.2.2. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 371
5.2.3. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 372
5.2.4. AUTHORITY 372
5.2.5. LIABILITY IN DAMAGES 372
6. CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 372
6.1. CONCEPTS, TERMINOLOGY AND APPLICATION 372
6.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND PAYEE 374
6.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND DRAWEE 375
6.4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAYEE AND DRAWEE 375
6.5. THE OBLIGATION IN CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 376
6.6. TRANSFER OF CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 377
6.6.1. THE NEGOTIABILITY BASIS 377
6.6.2. APPARENT AUTHORITY 377
6.6.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 378
6.6.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 378
6.6.5. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAPSE OF RIGHTS
AND LAPSE OF DEFENCES 379
6.7. RECOURSE AND PROTEST 379
CHAPTER 18. REAL ESTATE - SALE AND MORTGAGE 380
1. INTRODUCTION 380
2. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 380
2.1. SOURCES OF LAW 380
2.2. THE FORMAL RULES ON REGISTRATION 381
2.2.1. REGISTRATION AUTHORITY 381
2.2.2. REGISTRATION BASIS 381
2.2.3. THE REGISTER AND THE FILES 382
2.2.4. REGISTRATION PROCESS 382
2.3. THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 384
2.3.1. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 1 384
2.3.2. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 27 386
3. CONVEYANCING OF REAL PROPERTY 387
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 387
XXHI
3.2. CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 387
3.3. REAL ESTATE INTERMEDIARY BUSINESS 388
3.4. DEED OF CONVEYANCE - CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL
(CONCLUSIVE)
D0
3.5. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES 389
3.5.1. THE VENDOR S OBLIGATIONS 389
3.5.2. THE PURCHASER S OBLIGATIONS 390
4. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER REAL PROPERTY 391
4.1. FUNCTION 391
4.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 391
4.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESSIVELY CREATED
MORTGAGE RIGHTS 394
4.4. ADVANCEMENT RIGHT 394
4.5. THE EXTENT OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT 395
CHAPTER 19. SECURITY RIGHTS OVER CHATTELS 397
1. INTRODUCTION 397
2. PLEDGE 397
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLEDGOR AND PLEDGEE 398
2.3. CONSTITUTIVE ACT 398
2.4. APPLICATION 399
3. MORTGAGE 399
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 399
3.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 400
3.3. THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 401
3.4. IDENTIFICATION 402
3.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 402
3.6. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF A REGISTERED MORTGAGE RIGHT 403
4. EQUIPMENT MORTGAGE RIGHTS 403
4.1. CHARACTERISTICS 403
4.2. REQUIREMENTS OF LOCALISATION 404
4.3. THE EXTENT AND SUBSTANCE OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT
IN EQUIPMENT 405
4.4. THE AGRICULTURAL HOLDING RULE 405
4.5. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER EQUIPMENT V. SEPARATE RIGHTS 406
5. RETENTION OF TITLE 406
6
LEASIN
§ -** ^11 . . . .401
XXRV
CHAPTER 20. GUARANTEE 409
1. THE CONCEPT OF GUARANTEE 409
2. ESTABLISHMENT 410
3. REALITY OF THE GUARANTEE PROMISE 411
3.1. VALIDITY OF THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION 411
3.2. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF COMMITMENT 411
3.3. VARIOUS TYPES OF GUARANTEE 411
4. TERMINATION 412
4.1. TERMINATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION .... 412
4.2. INDEPENDENT TERMINATION OF THE GUARANTEE OBLIGATION 412
5. RIGHT OF RECOURSE 413
6. JOINT GUARANTORS 413
6.1. CO-GUARANTEE 413
6.2. SECONDARY GUARANTEE 414
CHAPTER 21. BUSINESS COLLAPSE
- LIQUIDATION OR RECONSTRUCTION 415
1. INTRODUCTION 415
2. SUSPENSION OF PAYMENTS 416
2.1. BANKRUPTCY OR COMPOSITION 416
2.2. THE DATE OF NOTICE 416
2.3. THE SUSPENSION OF PAYMENTS SYSTEM 417
2.4. DEBTOR S DISPOSITIONS 419
2.5. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 420
3. BANKRUPTCY 421
3.1. PURPOSE AND MAIN PRINCIPLES 421
3.2. THE BANKRUPTCY REQUIREMENTS 422
3.2.1. INSOLVENCY 422
3.2.2. BANKRUPTCY ON A CREDITOR S PETITION 422
3.2.3. BANKRUPTCY ON DEBTOR S PETITION 423
3.3. LEGAL EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY 423
3.4. THE ASSETS IN THE BANKRUPT ESTATE 424
3.4.1. THE DEBTOR S PROPERTY AT THE MOMENT OF BANKRUPTCY 424
3.4.2. DEBTOR S ACQUISITIONS DURING THE BANKRUPTCY 424
3.4.3. ASSETS EXEMPT FROM BANKRUPTCY 425
3.5. INVALIDATION 426
3.5.1. APPLICATION AND FUNCTION 426
3.5.2. INVALIDATION OF CREDITOR PREFERENCES 426
3.5.3. INVALIDATION OF EXECUTION 428
3.5.4. INVALIDATION OF IMPAIRING DISPOSITIONS 429
XXV
3 6 PRIORITY OF DEBTS - THE LIABILITIES OF THE ESTATE 430
3.6.1. PREFERENTIAL CLAIMS ^
3.6.2. SUSPENSION OF PAYMENTS CLAIMS 431
3.6.3. WAGE AND SALARY PRIVILEGE 431
3.6.4. SUPPLIERS PRIVILEGE * 1
3.6.5. THE ORDINARY CREDITORS
4
^
2
3.6.6. THE DEFERRED CLAIMS
432
3.7. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES
4
^
2
3.8. THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONCLUSION OF THE BANKRUPT ESTATE ... 433
4, COMPULSORY COMPOSITION
4.1. VOLUNTARY COMPOSITION OR COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 433
4.2. THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION PROCESS 434
4.3. TYPES OF COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 436
4.4. THE CLAIMS IN COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 43O
4.4.1. THE NON-AFFECTED CLAIMS 436
4.4.2. THE COMPOSITION CLAIMS ^
4.4.3. THE ELIMINATED CLAIMS 438
4.4.4. THE PARI PASSU PRINCIPLE 438
4.4.5. MINIMUM DIVIDEND 438
4.4.6. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES 438
4.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 439
5. DEBT RESCHEDULING 439
THEME 6. THE BUSINESS AND THE WORKFORCE
CHAPTER 22. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES 445
1 * THE EMPLOYMENT LAW AND ITS SOURCES 445
2. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS LAW 446
2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS 446
2.2. RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 447
2.2.1. THE LAWFUL MEANS IN INDUSTRIAL CONFLICTS 447
2.2.2. LEGAL DISPUTES AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 448
2.2.3. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS UNDER PREVAILING COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENTS 448
2.2.4. SANCTIONS AGAINST VIOLATION OF COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENTS 450
2.2.5. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS IN THE ABSENCE OF A COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENT .. 450
XXVI
3. THE LEGAL POSITION IN THE INDIVIDUAL CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 451
3.1. INTRODUCTION 451
3.2. FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 452
3.3. THE DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEE 453
3.3.1. THE PRINCIPAL DUTY 453
3.3.2. ANCILLARY DUTIES 454
3.4. THE RIGHTS OF THE EMPLOYEE 454
3.4.1. PAY AND OTHER REMUNERATION 454
3.4.2. HOLIDAY 456
3.4.3. LAWFUL ABSENCE, ETC 456
3.5. NORMAL TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 458
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION 458
3.5.2. THE REASON FOR TERMINATION 459
3.5.3. THE PERIOD OF NOTICE 460
3.5.4. OTHER FORMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST DISMISSAL 460
3.6. SUMMARY TERMINATION. DAMAGES 462
3.6.1. SUMMARY TERMINATION 462
3.6.2. DAMAGES 462
4. DIFFERENT KINDS OF COOPERATIVE RELATIONS WITHIN THE WORKPLACE 462
4.1. THE SHOP STEWARD ARRANGEMENT 462
4.2. WORKS COUNCILS 463
4.3. HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES 463
4.4. EMPLOYEE BOARD MEMBERS 463
CHAPTER 23. BUSINESS ORGANISATION. COMPANY LAW 465
1. INTRODUCTION 465
2. PARTNERSHIPS 466
2.1. INTRODUCTION 466
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARTNERS 466
2.2.1. CAPITAL INVESTMENT - SURPLUS AND DEFICITS 466
2.2.2. THE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP IN THE PARTNERSHIP 467
2.2.3. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTNERS 467
2.2.4. MANAGEMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP 467
2.2.5. NEW PARTNERS 468
2.3. THE RELATIONSHIP TO THIRD PARTIES 468
2.3.1. WHO MAY BIND THE PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS
THIRD PARTIES? 468
2.3.2. THE LIABILITY TOWARDS THE CREDITORS 468
2.3.2.1. TO THE PARTNERSHIP CREDITORS 468
XXVII
2.3.2.2. TO THE INDIVIDUAL PARTNER S CREDITORS
(SEPARATE CREDITORS)
4
2.4. DISSOLUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP 469
3. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS
4
9
4. JOINT OWNERSHIP SHIPPING COMPANIES
470
5. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES
6. FUNDS - INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS 471
7. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
7.1. INTRODUCTION
47
^
7.2. FORMATION 473
7.3. REGISTRATION 473
7.4. SHARES (SHARE CERTIFICATES)
4
7.5. INCREASE OF CAPITAL
7.6. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL - OWN SHARES - SHAREHOLDERS LOANS ... 475
7.6.1. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL 476
7.6.2. OWN SHARES
476
7.6.3. SHAREHOLDERS LOANS
476
7.7. COMPANY MANAGEMENT 477
7.7.1. INTERNAL MANAGEMENT
4
7.7.1.1. INTRODUCTION
477
7.7.1.2. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
477
7.7.1.3. THE MANAGEMENT
47
^
7.7.2. WHO MAY BIND THE COMPANY TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? .478
7.7.3. THE GENERAL MEETING
479
7.8. PROTECTION OF MINORITY INTERESTS
4
^
7.9. ANNUAL ACCOUNTS - DIVIDEND - AUDITORS 480
7.9.1. THE ANNUAL ACCOUNTS 480
7.9.2. DIVIDENDS 481
7.9.3. AUDITING 481
7.10. DISSOLUTION OF COMPANIES 482
7.10.1. LIQUIDATION 482
7.10.2. MERGER 483
7.10.3. SPLITTING UP 483
7.10.4. CONVERTING A PUBLIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY INTO
A PRIVATE COMPANY - OR VICE VERSA 484
8. GROUPS 484
XXVNI
THEME 7. INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE AND PROCEDURAL LAW
CHAPTER 24. INTERNATIONA] CHOICE OF LAW 489
1. INTRODUCTION 489
2. BACKGROUND AND RELEVANCE 489
3. SOURCES OF LAW 491
4. FORMATION OF CONTRACT 492
4.1. CAPACITY 492
4.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT AND VALIDITY 493
4.3. AGENCY 493
5. TORT DAMAGES 494
6. SALE OF GOODS 494
6.1. THE (UNIFORM LAWS ON) INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS ACT .. 494
6.2. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE ACT 495
6.2.1. WHICH CONTRACTS? 495
6.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 495
6.3. CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SALES ACT 496
6.3.1. PARTIES AUTONOMY 496
6.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 496
6.3.3. PROCEDURE IN EXAMINATION OF THE GOODS 497
7. OTHER CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS 497
7.1. THE CHOICE OF LAW CONVENTION 497
7.2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION 497
7.2.1. WHICH CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS? 497
7.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 498
7.3. THE CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE CONVENTION 498
7.3.1. PARTY AUTONOMY 498
7.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 499
7.3.3. CERTAIN CONSUMER CONTRACTS 500
7.3.4. INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 501
CHAPTER 25. INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 502
1. INTRODUCTION 502
2. THE INTERNATIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE COURTS 503
2.1. THE EU-CONVENTION ON JUDGMENTS 503
2.1.1. THE AREA OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 503
2.1.2. THE ORDINARY COMPETENCE RULE OF THE CONVENTION . . 505
2.1.3. COMPETENCE RULES IN ARTS. 5-15 506
2.1.4. EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION RULES IN ART. 16 507
2.1.5. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS 508
XXIX
2.1.6. SPECIAL NOTE ON PRELIMINARY REMEDIES
5
9
2.2. OUTSIDE THE AMBIT OF THE CONVENTION 51
2.2.1. THE MAIN RULE
2.2.2. EXCEPTIONAL JURISDICTION
2.2.3. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS
2.2.4. SOJOURN AND GOODS JURISDICTION 5
3. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
5
3.1. INTRODUCTION _
3.2. THE EU-AREA *
3.2.1. RECOGNITION
3.2.2. ENFORCEMENT
3.3. NORDIC DECISIONS
3.4. OTHER DECISIONS
514
4. INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
514
4.1. THE ARBITRATION CONCEPT. LEGAL BASIS
4.2. TERRITORIAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ARBITRATION:
514
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
4.3. THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
4.4. CHOICE OF LAW
516
4.5. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
ARBITRATION AWARDS
4.6. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
THEME 8. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
CHAPTER 26. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 521
1. THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AS AN AREA OF LEGAL REGULATION 521
2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT IN OUTLINE 523
2.1. PURPOSE AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 523
2.2. ADMINISTRATION 525
2.3. REGULATION TECHNIQUE 525
2.4. SCOPE OF THE ACT 526
25. SUBSTANCE OF THE REGULATION 527
2.6. SUPERVISION 528
2.7. APPEALS, ETC 529
2.8. ENFORCEMENT 530
2.8.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY 530
28.2. CIVIL LIABILITY 531
LNDEX
533
XXX
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| geographic | Dänemark Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dänemark |
| id | DE-604.BV013466716 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:46:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8757403066 |
| language | English Danish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009191697 |
| oclc_num | 45367911 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXIII, 538 S. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | DJØF Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Laerebog i dansk & international erhvervsret Danish business law Bent Iversen ... 2. ed. Copenhagen DJØF Publ. 2000 XXXIII, 538 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aus dem Dän. übers. Handelsrecht gtt Privaatrecht gtt Recht Unternehmen Business enterprises Law and legislation Denmark Business law Denmark Sales Denmark Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 g Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 s DE-604 Iversen, Bent Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009191697&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Danish business law Handelsrecht gtt Privaatrecht gtt Recht Unternehmen Business enterprises Law and legislation Denmark Business law Denmark Sales Denmark Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066510-0 (DE-588)4010877-6 |
| title | Danish business law |
| title_alt | Laerebog i dansk & international erhvervsret |
| title_auth | Danish business law |
| title_exact_search | Danish business law |
| title_full | Danish business law Bent Iversen ... |
| title_fullStr | Danish business law Bent Iversen ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Danish business law Bent Iversen ... |
| title_short | Danish business law |
| title_sort | danish business law |
| topic | Handelsrecht gtt Privaatrecht gtt Recht Unternehmen Business enterprises Law and legislation Denmark Business law Denmark Sales Denmark Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Handelsrecht Privaatrecht Recht Unternehmen Business enterprises Law and legislation Denmark Business law Denmark Sales Denmark Wirtschaftsrecht Dänemark |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009191697&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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