Cognitive psychology:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Fort Worth [u.a.]
Harcourt College Publ.
2001
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 633 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0155080571 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: Cognitive psychology
Autor: Medin, Douglas L.
Jahr: 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Part I Overview
v Part II Acquiring Information
45
1
Chapter 1 Possibilities, Information, and
Approaches to the Study
of the Mind 3
Introduction 4
Domain of Cognitive Psychology 4
Puzzles 5
Possibilities 7
A Framework 8
A Closer Look 9
Themes and Implications 11
Knowledge and Experience 11
Ways of Knowing 11
Experimentation 15
Cognitive Psychology and
Experimentation 16
Roots of Cognitive Psychology 17
Introspectionism 18
Behaviorism 18
Critique of Behaviorism 19
Cognitive Psychology 22
The Emergence of Cognitive Science 24
Cognitive Neuroscience Techniques 26
Event-Related Potentials 27
Positron Emission Tomography 27
Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging 28
Levels of Analysis 31
Marr s Three Levels 31
Recursive Decomposition 33
Diversity of Approaches 34
Degree of Formalism 34
Explicit Versus Implicit Structure 35
Connectionist Models 36
Ecological Validity 40
Summary 42
Key Terms 43
Recommended Readings 43
Chapter 2 Learning 47
Introduction 48
The Challenge of Learning 48
The Biological Backdrop of Learning 49
Fixed-Action Patterns and Releasers 50
Critical Periods and Imprinting 52
Constraints on Learning 57
Basic Learning 59
Habituation 59
Classical Conditioning 60
Trial-and-Error Learning or
Instrumental Learning 66
Paired-Associate Learning 68
Implications 71
The Learning-Performance Distinction 71
Contingency Learning and Illusory
Correlation 72
Content and Meaningful Learning 75
Summary 78
Key Terms 79
Recommended Readings 79
Chapter 3 Perception 80
The Problem of Perception 81
Visual Perception 82
Low-Level Vision 83
Localization 87
High-Level Vision 96
Feature Detection Theories 96
Structural Theories 99
Template Matching and Alignment 104
Face Recognition and Visual
Subsystems 105
Levels and the Integration of Information
in Perceptual Context Effects 108
The Word Superiority Effect 109
Summary 113
Key Terms 114
Recommended Readings 114
Contents
Chapter 4 Attention 115 Summary 194
Introduction 116 Key Terms 195
Initial Observations in Perceptual Recommended Readings 195
Attention 117
Sensory Stores 117 Chapter 6 Memory Systems and
Evidence for Capacity Limitations 118 Knowledge 196
Focused Attention 121 Introduction 197
Capacity and Attention 123 Semantic Knowledge 197
Bottleneck Theories 124 Characteristics of Semantic Memory 197
Late Selection 126 The Hierarchical Model 198
Capacity Theories 126 Evaluation of the Hierarchical Model 200
Feature Integration Theory 130 Episodic Memory 202
Attention in Complex Tasks 133 Are Episodic and Semantic Memory
Capacity and Automaticity 136 Distinct Memory Systems 202
Central Executive Functions 141 Procedural Memory 208
Dual-Task Interference 141 Implicit and Explicit Memory 210
Attention and the Brain 144 Spared Learning in Amnesia 211
Summary 147 Implicit and Explicit Memory with
Key Terms 147 Normal-Memory Adults 215
Recommended Readings 148 Evaluation of the Implicit-Explicit
Distinction 218
Part III Memory 149 Two Models of Memory 220
Introduction 220
Chapter 5 Memory: Remembering The ACT Theory 220
New Information 151 A Parallel Distributed Processing
Introduction 152 Model of Memory 229
Centrality of Memory 152 Summary 240
Uses of Memory 152 Key Terms 241
Short-Term Memory 154 Recommended Readings 241
Introduction 154 Appendix: Learning in a Parallel
Characteristics of Short-Term Distributed Processing
Memory 155 Model 243
Working Memory 158
Summary 164 Chapter 7 Remembering New Information:
Long-Term Memory 164 Beyond Basic Effects 248
Introduction 164 Introduction 249
Encoding 166 Schemas: Understanding and
Retrieval 170 Remembering Complex Situations 250
Encoding-Retrieval Interactions 171 Introduction and Motivation 250
Forgetting 181 Understanding 253
Summary 185 Schemas 254
Models of Memory for New Information 186 Scripts 257
General Approach 186 Schema Activation 261
Simple Association Models 187 Problems with Schemas 262
The SAM Model 189 Summary 262
Contents
XI
Reconstructive Memory 263 Memory for Faces 322
Encoding-Retrieval Interactions Summary 322
Revisited 263 Summary 322
Schemas and Stereotypes 265 Key Terms 324
Summary 267 Recommended Readings 324
Memory in the World 267
Introduction 267 Part IV Language and
Eyewitness Testimony 268 Understanding 325
Flashbulb Memories 273
Recovered Memories 278 Chapter 9 Language 327
Summary 282 Introduction 328
Knowing Your Memory 284 Language and Communication 328
Introduction 284 Principles of Communication 329
Strategies and Knowledge 284 The Given-New Strategy 330
Metamemory 287 Presupposition and Assertion 330
Summary 290 Conversational Maxims 331
Summary 290 Summary 332
Key Terms 291 The Productivity of Human Languages 333
Recommended Readings 291 Productivity and Novelty 333
Ambiguity 334
Chapter 8 Spatial Knowledge, Imagery, Phonology 335
and Visual Memory 293 Phonological Rules 335
Introduction 294 Speech Perception 339
Representations 295 Summary 343
Relations Between Representations Syntax 343
and Referents 295 The Need for Structure 343
Analog Representations 296 Structure 344
Summary 298 Phrase Structure 345
Spatial Knowledge 299 Transformations 347
Maps and Navigation 299 The Psychological Reality of Syntax 349
Spatial Representations From Summary 350
Descriptions 300 Understanding Language 350
Hierarchical Representations of Space 302 Heuristics and Strategies 351
The Brain and Spatial Cognition 305 Minimal Attachment 353
Spatial Representations and Text Comprehension 356
Development 305 The Brain and Language 360
Summary 305 Summary 362
Imagery 306 Key Terms 363
Evidence for Use of Visual Imagery 307 Recommended Readings 364
Representation of Images 310
Summary 314 Chapter 10 Concepts and Categories:
Visual Memory 315 Representation and Use 365
Remembering Details 315 Introduction 366
Memory for Pictures 316 Why Categorize 366
The Picture-Superiority Effect 319 Computational Complexity 366
XII
Contents
Functions of Concepts 367
Concepts and Misconceptions 369
Summary 371
Structure of Natural Object Categories 371
The Classical View 372
The Probabilistic View 373
Between-Category Structure 382
Does Similarity Explain
Categorization 386
Concepts as Organized by Theories 390
Putting Similarity in Its Place 391
Are There Kinds of Categories 393
Summary 395
Use of Categories in Reasoning 396
Goals and Ad Hoc Categories 396
Conceptual Combination 396
Categories and Induction 397
Summary 399
Key Terms 400
Recommended Readings 400
PartV Thinking
Chapter 11 Reasoning
Introduction
Logic and Reasoning
Validity and Truth
Deductive Versus Inductive
Reasoning
Summary
The Psychology of Deduction
Conditional Reasoning
403
405
406
406
408
409
410
410
411
Conditional Reasoning in Hypothesis
Testing: The Selection Task 414
Summary 418
The Psychology of Inductive Reasoning 419
Probabilistic Reasoning 420
Test Quality: A Case Study of
Base Rates 421
Base Rate Neglect 423
Confusing Conditional Probabilities 424
Argument Structure and Relevance 425
Summary 427
The Importance of Content 427
Analogy and Similarity 427
An Example of Mapping 431
A Return to Similarity 431
Summary 433
Mental Models and Intuitive Theories 434
Intuitive Theories 438
Hypothesis Testing and Scientific
Reasoning 441
Summary 444
Key Terms 445
Recommended Readings 445
Chapter 12 Problem Solving 446
Introduction 447
Problems, Problems, Problems 447
What Is a Problem 447
Types of Problems 448
Methods for Studying Problem
Solving 448
Summary 452
Problem Solving as Representation
and Search 452
Introduction 452
The Problem Space Analysis 453
Problem Solving as Search 456
Problem Solving as Representation 461
Summary of Problem Solving as
Representation and Search 469
Reliance on Specific Relevant Knowledge 470
Introduction 470
The Influence of Related Problems 470
Summary 478
Summary 479
Key Terms 479
Recommended Readings 480
Chapter 13 Expertise and Creativity 481
Introduction 482
Expertise 482
Introduction 482
Comparing Experts and Novices 482
Developing Expertise 492
Expert Systems 500
Adaptive Expertise 503
Summary 504
Contents
XIII
Creativity 505 Adaptive Decision Making 535
Introduction 505 Further Heuristics and Biases 536
The Traditional View 507 Availability Heuristic 537
Some Recent Views of Creativity 509 Representativeness Heuristic 540
Summary 514 Anchoring and Adjustment 541
Summary 516 Causal Schemas 541
Key Terms 516 Hindsight Bias 542
Recommended Readings 517 Overconfidence 542
Relativity of Judgment and
Chapter 14 Judgment and Decision Use of Norms 543
Making 518 Summary 544
Introduction 519 Are There Kinds of Decisions 545
Rational and Normative Models 520 Mental Accounting 545
Expected Value Theory 521 Summary 548
Expected Utility Theory 522 Key Terms 548
Limitations of Expected Utility and Recommended Readings 549
Alternatives to It 523
Violations of Expected Utility 523 Glossary 551
Prospect Theory 529 References 563
Regret Theory 531 Credits 613
Decision Making Over Time 532 Author Index 617
Summary 534 Subject Index 627
Dealing With Complexity 534
Strategies for Dealing With
Complexity 535
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| spelling | Medin, Douglas L. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)130586307 aut Cognitive psychology Douglas L. Medin ; Brian H. Ross ; Arthur B. Markman 3. ed. Fort Worth [u.a.] Harcourt College Publ. 2001 XIII, 633 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd rswk-swf Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 s DE-604 Ross, Brian H. Verfasser (DE-588)138016216 aut Markman, Arthur B. Verfasser (DE-588)138016348 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009143510&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Cognitive psychology |
| title_auth | Cognitive psychology |
| title_exact_search | Cognitive psychology |
| title_full | Cognitive psychology Douglas L. Medin ; Brian H. Ross ; Arthur B. Markman |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive psychology Douglas L. Medin ; Brian H. Ross ; Arthur B. Markman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive psychology Douglas L. Medin ; Brian H. Ross ; Arthur B. Markman |
| title_short | Cognitive psychology |
| title_sort | cognitive psychology |
| topic | Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cognitive psychology Kognitive Psychologie |
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