How to make injection molds:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English German |
| Published: |
Munich
Hanser [u.a.]
2001
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 612 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3446212566 1569902828 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Menges, Georg |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Anleitung für den Bau von Spritzgießwerkzeugen |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How to make injection molds |c Georg Menges ; Walter Michaeli ; Paul Mohren |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 612 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Moldeo de plásticos por inyección | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Injection molding of plastics | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Werkzeugbau |0 (DE-588)4189685-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Herstellung |0 (DE-588)4159653-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Spritzgießwerkzeug |0 (DE-588)4056563-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Spritzgießen |0 (DE-588)4056561-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Spritzgießwerkzeug |0 (DE-588)4056563-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Werkzeugbau |0 (DE-588)4189685-3 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Michaeli, Walter |d 1946- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)136514103 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mohren, Paul |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1807772757979561984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1
MATERIALS
FOR
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
1
1.1
STEELS
.
2
1.1.1
SUMMARY
.
2
1.1.2
CASE-HARDENING
STEELS
.
6
1.1.3
NITRIDING
STEELS
.
7
1.1.4
THROUGH-HARDENING
STEELS
.
7
1.1.5
HEAT-TREATED
STEELS
.
9
1.1.6
MARTENSITIC
STEELS
.
10
1.1.7
HARD
MOLD
ALLOYS
.
10
1.1.8
CORROSION-RESISTANT
STEELS
.
10
1.1.9
REFINED
STEELS
.
11
1.2
CAST
STEEL
.
12
1.3
NONFERROUS
METAFILES
.
12
1.3.1
COPPER
ALLOYS
.
12
1.3.1.1
BERYLLIUM-COPPER
ALLOYS
.
13
1.3.2
ZINC
AND
ITS
ALLOYS
.
14
1.3.3
ALUMINUM
ALLOYS
.
16
1.3.4
BISMUTH-TIN
ALLOYS
.
18
1.4
MATERIALS
FOR
ELECTROLYTIC
DEPOSITION
.
19
1.5
SURFACE
TREATMENT
OF
STEELS
FOR
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
20
1.5.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
.
20
1.5.2
HEAT
TREATMENT
OF
STEELS
.
21
1.5.3
THERMOCHEMICAL
TREATMENT
METHODS
.
21
1.5.3.1
CARBURIZING
.
21
1.5.3.2
NITRIDING
.
22
1.5.3.3
BONDING
.
22
1.5.4
ELECTROCHEMICAL
TREATMENTS
.
23
1.5.4.1
CHROME
PLATING
.
23
1.5.4.2
NICKEL
PLATING
.
23
1.5.4.3
NYE-CARD
PROCESS
.
24
1.5.4.4
HARD
ALLOY
COATING
.
24
1.5.5
COATING
AT
REDUCED
PRESSURE
.
24
1.5.5.1
CVD
PROCESS
.
24
1.5.5.2
PVD
PROCESS
.
25
1.6
LASER
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
26
1.6.1
LASER
HARDENING
AND
RE-MELTING
.
27
1.6.2
LASER
ALLOYING,
DISPERSING, AND
COATING
.
27
1.7
ELECTRON
BEAM
HARDENING
.
28
1.8
LAMCOAT
COATING
.
28
REFERENCES
.
28
VIII
CONTENTS
2
MOLD
MAKING
TECHNIQUES
.
31
2.1
PRODUCTION
OF
METALLIC
INJECTION
MOLDS
AND
MOLD
INSERTS
BY
CASTING
.
32
2.1.1
CASTING
METHODS
AND
CAST
ALLOYS
.
32
2.1.2
SANDCASTING
.
33
2.1.3
PRECISION
CASTING
TECHNIQUES
.
35
2.2
RAPID
TOOLING
FOR
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
35
2.2.1
STATE
OF
THE
ART
.
37
2.2.2
DIRECT
RAPID
TOOLING
.
39
2.2.2.1
DIRECT
FABRICATION
OF
METALLIC
MOLDS
.
39
2.2.2.1.1
GENERATIVE
METHODS
.
39
2.2.2.1.2
DIRECT
FABRICATION
OF
NONMETALLIC
MOLDS
.
42
2.2.3
INDIRECT
RAPID
TOOLING
(MULTISTAGE
PROCESS
CHAINS)
.
43
2.2.3.1
PROCESS
CHAINS
INVOLVING
A
POSITIVE
PATTERN
.
44
2.2.3.2
PROCESS
CHAINS
INVOLVING
A
NEGATIVE
PATTERN
.
46
2.2.4
OUTLOOK
.
50
2.3
HOBBING
.
50
2.4
MACHINING
AND
OTHER
MATERIAL
REMOVING
OPERATIONS
.
54
2.4.1
MACHINING
PRODUCTION
METHODS
.
54
2.4.2
SURFACE
TREATMENT
(FINISHING)
.
55
2.4.2.1
GRINDING
AND
POLISHING
(MANUAL
OR
ASSISTED)
.
55
2.4.2.2
VIBRATORY
GRINDING
.
56
2.4.2.3
SAND
BLASTING
(JET
LAPPING)
.
56
2.4.2.4
PRESSURE
LAPPING
.
57
2.4.2.5
ELECTROCHEMICAL
POLISHING
.
57
2.4.2.6
ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE
POLISHING
.
57
2.5
ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE
FORMING
PROCESSES
.
59
2.5.1
ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE
MACHINING
(EDM)
.
59
2.5.2
CUTTING
BY
SPARK
EROSION
WITH
TRAVELING-WIRE
ELECTRODES
.
62
2.6
ELECTROCHEMICAL
MACHINING
(ECM)
.
63
2.7
ELECTROCHEMICAL
MATERIAL
REMOVAL-ETCHING
.
63
2.8
SURFACES
PROCESSED
BY
SPARK
EROSION
OR
CHEMICAL
DISSOLUTION
(ETCHING).
65
2.9
LASER
CARVING
.
67
2.9.1
RAPID
TOOLING
WITH
LASERCAV
.
68
2.10
MOLDS
FOR
THE
FUSIBLE-CORE
TECHNIQUE
.
68
2.10.1
MOLDS
FOR
SHEATHING
THE
FUSIBLE
CORES
.
71
2.10.1.1
GATING
THE
MOLDING
.
74
2.10.1.2
THERMAL
CONSIDERATIONS
CONCERNING
MOLD
DESIGN
.
74
2.10.1.3
CORE
SHIFTING
.
75
2.10.1.4
VENTING
.
75
2.10.2
MOLDS
FOR
MAKING
THE
FUSIBLE
CORES
.
77
2.10.2.1
CORE
MATERIAL
.
78
2.10.2.2 CONSTRUCTION
OF
A
CASTING
MOLD
.
78
2.10.2.3
GATING
SYSTEMS
.
78
2.10.2.4
THERMAL
CONSIDERATIONS
CONCERNING
THE
CORE-CASTING
MOLD
.
80
2.10.2.5
DEMOLDING
CAST
FUSIBLE
CORES
.
81
REFERENCES
.
81
CONTENTS
IX
3
PROCEDURE
FOR
ESTIMATING
MOLD
COSTS
.
85
3.1
GENERAL
OUTLINE
.
85
3.2
PROCEDURES
FOR
ESTIMATING
MOLD
COSTS
.
85
3.3
COST
GROUP
I:
CAVITY
.
88
3.3.1
COMPUTATION
OF
WORKING
HOURS
FOR
CAVITIES
.
89
3.3.2
TIME
FACTOR FOR
MACHINING
PROCEDURE
.
90
3.3.3
MACHINE
TIME
FOR
CAVITY
DEPTH
.
90
3.3.4
TIME
CONSUMPTION
FOR
CAVITY
SURFACE
.
91
3.3.5
TIME
FACTOR
FOR
PARTING
LINE
.
92
3.3.6
TIME
FACTOR
FOR
SURFACE
QUALITY
.
92
3.3.7
MACHINING
TIME
FOR
FIXED
CORES
.
92
3.3.8
TIME
FACTOR
FOR
TOLERANCES
.
93
3.3.9
TIME
FACTOR
FOR
DEGREE
OF
DIFFICULTY
AND
MULTIFARIOUSNESS
.
93
3.3.10
TIME
FACTOR
FOR
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
94
3.3.11
COMPUTATION
OF
WORKING
HOURS
FOR
EDM
ELECTRODES
.
94
3.4
COST
GROUP
II:
BASIC
MOLDS
.
95
3.5
COST
GROUP
III:
BASIC
FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS
.
96
3.5.1
SPRUE
AND
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.
96
3.5.2
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.
98
3.5.3
HOT-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
98
3.5.4
HEAT-EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
.
98
3.5.5
EJECTOR
SYSTEM
.
99
3.6
COST
GROUP
IV:
SPECIAL
FUNCTIONS
.
99
3.7
OTHER
COST
CALCULATION
METHODS
.
100
3.7.1
COSTS
BASED
ON
SIMILARITY
CONSIDERATIONS
.
100
3.7.2
THE
PRINCIPLE
BEHIND
HIERARCHICAL
SIMILARITY
SEARCHING
.
103
REFERENCES
.
103
4
THE
INJECTION
MOLDING
PROCESS
.
105
4.1
CYCLE
SEQUENCE
IN
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
105
4.1.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
OF
THERMOPLASTICS
.
107
4.1.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
OF
CROSSLINKABLE
PLASTICS
.
107
4.1.2.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
108
4.1.2.2
INJECTION
MOLDING
OF
THERMOSETS
.
108
4.2
TERMS
USED
IN
CONNECTION
WITH
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
109
4.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
MOLDS
.
109
4.4
FUNCTIONS
OF
THE
INJECTION
MOLD
.
110
4.4.1
CRITERIA
FOR
CLASSIFICATION
OF
MOLDS
.
ILL
4.4.2
BASIC
PROCEDURE
FOR
MOLD
DESIGN
.
115
4.4.3
DETERMINATION
OF
MOLD
SIZE
.
115
4.4.3.1
MAXIMUM
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
115
4.4.3.2
CLAMPING
FORCE
.
121
4.4.3.3
MAXIMUM
CLAMPING
AREA
.
121
4.4.3.4
REQUIRED
OPENING
STROKE
.
121
4.4.4
THE
FLOW
LENGTH/WALL
THICKNESS
RATIO
.
122
4.4.5
COMPUTATION
OF
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
123
4.4.5.1
ALGORITHM
FOR
THE
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
TECHNICALLY
AND
ECONOMICALLY
OPTIMUM
NUMBER
OF
CAVITIES
.
127
X
CONTENTS
4.4.5.2
COSTS
FOR
SAMPLING,
SETUP,
AND
MAINTENANCE
.
136
4.5
CAVITY
LAYOUTS
.
138
4.5.1
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
138
4.5.2
PRESENTATION
OF
POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
.
139
4.5.3
EQUILIBRIUM
OF
FORCES
IN
A
MOLD
DURING
INJECTION
.
139
4.5.4
NUMBER
OF
PARTING
LINES
.
140
REFERENCES
.
141
5
DESIGN
OF
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
143
5.1
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
THE
COMPLETE
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.
143
5.2
CONCEPT
AND
DEFINITION
OF
VARIOUS
TYPES
OF
RUNNERS
.
144
5.2.1
STANDARD
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
144
5.2.2
HOT-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
144
5.2.3
COLD-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
144
5.3
DEMANDS
ON
THE
RUNNER
SYSTEM
.
145
5.4
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
146
5.5
THE
SPRUE
.
146
5.6
DESIGN
OF
RUNNERS
.
151
5.7
DESIGN
OF
GATES
.
152
5.7.1
POSITION
OF
THE
GATE
AT
THE
PART
.
156
5.8
RUNNERS
AND
GATES
FOR
REACTIVE
MATERIALS
.
161
5.8.1
ELASTOMERS
.
161
5.8.2
THERMOSETS
.
162
5.8.3
EFFECT
OF
GATE
POSITION
FOR
ELASTOMERS
.
162
5.8.4
RUNNERS
FOR
HIGHLY-FILLED
MELTS
.
163
5.9
QUALITATIVE
(FLOW
PATTERN)
AND
QUANTITATIVE
COMPUTATION
OF
THE
FILLING
PROCESS
OF
A
MOLD
(SIMULATION
MODELS)
.
164
5.9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
164
5.9.2
THE
FLOW
PATTERN
AND
ITS
SIGNIFICANCE
.
165
5.9.3
USING
THE
FLOW
PATTERN
FOR
PREPARING
A
SIMULATION
OF
THE
FILLING
PROCESS
.
166
5.9.4
THEORETICAL
BASIS
FOR
PRODUCING
A
FLOW
PATTERN
.
168
5.9.5
PRACTICAL
PROCEDURE
FOR
GRAPHICALLY
PRODUCING
A
FLOW
PATTERN
.
169
5.9.5.1
DRAWING
THE
FLOW
FRONTS
.
169
5.9.5.2
RADIUS
VECTORS
FOR
THE
PRESENTATION
OF
SHADOW
REGIONS
.
169
5.9.5.3
AREAS
WITH
DIFFERENCES
IN
THICKNESS
.
172
5.9.5.4 FLOW
PATTERNS
OF
RIBS
.
175
5.9.5.5
FLOW
PATTERNS
OF
BOX-SHAPED
MOLDINGS
.
176
5.9.5.6
ANALYSIS
OF
CRITICAL
AREAS
.
176
5.9.5.7
FINAL
COMMENTS
.
179
5.9.6
QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS
OF
FILLING
.
179
5.9.7
ANALYTICAL
DESIGN
OF
RUNNERS
AND
GATES
.
180
5.9.7.1
RHEOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
.
180
5.9.7.2
DETERMINING
VISCOUS
FLOW
BEHAVIOR
UNDER
SHEAR
WITH
THE
AID
OF
A
CAPILLARY
VISCOMETER
.
186
5.9.7.3
ELONGATIONAL
VISCOSITY
.
189
5.9.7.4
SIMPLE
EQUATIONS
FOR
CALCULATING
LOSS
OF
PRESSURE
IN
GATES
AND
RUNNERS
.
189
5.10
SPECIAL
PHENOMENA
ASSOCIATED
WITH
MULTIPLE
GATING
.
192
CONTENTS
XI
5.11
DESIGN
OF
GATES
AND
RUNNERS
FOR
CROSSLINKING
COMPOUNDS
.
194
5.11.1
ELASTOMERS
.
194
5.11.1.1
CALCULATION
OF
FILLING
PROCESS
.
194
5.11.1.2
EFFECT
OF
PROCESSING
CHARACTERISTICS
ON
THE
BASIS
OF
PROCESSING
WINDOWS
.
195
5.11.1.3
CRITICISM
AND
EXAMPLES
CONCERNING
THE
PROCESSING-WINDOW
MODEL
.
196
5.11.2
THERMOSETS
.
198
5.11.2.1
FLOW-CURING
BEHAVIOR
OF
THERMOSETS
.
198
REFERENCES
.
200
6
DESIGN
OF
GATES
.
205
6.1
THE
SPRUE
GATE
.
205
6.2
THE
EDGE
OR
FAN
GATE
.
206
6.3
THE
DISK
GATE
.
208
6.4
THE
RING
GATE
.
208
6.5
THE
TUNNEL
GATE
(SUBMARINE
GATE)
.
210
6.6
THE
PINPOINT
GATE
IN
THREE-PLATEN
MOLDS
.
212
6.7
REVERSED
SPRUE
WITH
PINPOINT
GATE
.
214
6.8
RUNNERLESS
MOLDING
.
215
6.9
MOLDS
WITH
INSULATED
RUNNERS
.
217
6.10
TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
-
HOT
RUNNERS
.
220
6.10.1
HOT-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
221
6.10.1.1
ECONOMIC
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
HOT-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
221
6.10.1.2
HOT
RUNNERS
FOR
VARIOUS
APPLICATIONS
AND
NEW
POSSIBILITIES
.
222
6.10.1.3
DESIGN
OF
A
HOT-RUNNER
SYSTEM
AND
ITS
COMPONENTS
.
223
6.10.1.3.1
SPRUE
BUSHING
.
227
6.10.1.3.2
MELT
FILTERS
.
228
6.10.1.3.3
MANIFOLD
BLOCKS
.
228
6.10.1.3.3.1
SINGLE
CAVITY
MOLDS
.
228
6.10.1.3.4
MANIFOLD
BEAMS
.
229
6.10.1.3.4.1
MULTI-CAVITY
MOLDS
.
229
6.10.1.4
NOZZLES
FOR
HOT-RUNNER
MOLDS
.
231
6.10.1.5
DATA
CONCERNING
THE
DESIGN
OF
HOT
RUNNER
MANIFOLDS
.
.
234
6.10.1.5.1
MANIFOLD
BEAMS
.
234
6.10.1.5.2
NOZZLE
DESIGN
.
237
6.10.1.5.3
NOTES
ON
OPERATING
HOT
RUNNERS
.
238
6.10.1.6
HEATING
OF
HOT
RUNNER
SYSTEMS
.
238
6.10.1.6.1
HEATING
OF
NOZZLES
.
238
6.10.1.6.2
HEATING
OF
MANIFOLDS
.
239
6.10.1.6.3
COMPUTING
OF
POWER
OUTPUT
.
240
6.10.1.6.4
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
IN
HOT
MANIFOLDS
.
241
6.10.1.6.5
PLACEMENT
OF
THERMOCOUPLES
.
241
6.10.2
COLD
RUNNERS
.
242
6.10.2.1
COLD-RUNNER
SYSTEMS
FOR
ELASTOMER
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
242
6.10.2.2
COLD-RUNNER
MOLDS
FOR
THERMOSETS
.
248
6.11
SPECIAL
MOLD
CONCEPTS
.
249
XII
CONTENTS
6.11.1
STACK
MOLDS
.
249
6.11.2
MOLDS
FOR
MULTICOMPONENT
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
252
6.11.2.1
COMBINATION
MOLDS
.
253
6.11.2.2
TWO-COMPONENT
SANDWICH
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
256
6.11.2.3
BI-INJECTION
MOLDS
.
256
REFERENCES
.
256
7
VENTING
OF
MOLDS
.
259
7.1
PASSIVE
VENTING
.
260
7.2
ACTIVE
VENTING
.
265
7.3
VENTING
OF
GAS
COUNTER-PRESSURE
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
266
REFERENCES
.
268
8
THE
HEAT
EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
.
271
8.1
COOLING
TIME
.
272
8.2
THERMAL
DIFFUSIVITY
OF
SEVERAL
IMPORTANT
MATERIALS
.
275
8.2.1
THERMAL
DIFFUSIVITY
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
276
8.2.2
THERMAL
DIFFUSIVITY
OF
THERMOSETS
.
276
8.3
COMPUTATION
OF
COOLING
TIME
OF
THERMOPLASTICS
.
277
8.3.1
ESTIMATION
.
277
8.3.2
COMPUTATION
OF
COOLING
TIME
WITH
NOMOGRAMS
.
277
8.3.3
COOLING
TIME
WITH
ASYMMETRICAL
WALL
TEMPERATURES
.
279
8.3.4
COOLING
TIME
FOR
OTHER
GEOMETRIES
.
280
8.4
HEAT
FLUX
AND
HEAT-EXCHANGE
CAPACITY
.
283
8.4.1
HEAT
FLUX
.
283
8.4.1.1
THERMOPLASTICS
.
283
8.4.1.2
REACTIVE
MATERIALS
.
287
8.4.1.2.1
THERMOSETS
.
287
8.5
ANALYTICAL,
THERMAL
CALCULATION
OF
THE
HEAT-EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
BASED
ON
THE
SPECIFIC
HEAT
FLUX
(OVERALL
DESIGN)
.
293
8.5.1
ANALYTICAL
THERMAL
CALCULATION
.
294
8.5.1.1
CALCULATING
THE
COOLING
TIME
.
296
8.5.1.2
HEAT
FLUX
BALANCE
.
296
8.5.1.3
COOLANT
THROUGHPUT
.
298
8.5.1.4 TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
COOLING
CHANNEL
.
300
8.5.1.5
POSITION
OF
THE
COOLING
CHANNELS
.
302
8.5.1.6
DESIGN
OF
COOLING
CIRCUIT
.
307
8.5.1.6.1
FLOW
RATE
OF
COOLANT
.
307
8.5.1.6.2
PRESSURE
DROP
.
308
8.6
NUMERICAL
COMPUTATION
FOR
THERMAL
DESIGN
OF
MOLDED
PARTS
.
308
8.6.1
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
COMPUTATION
.
309
8.6.2
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
COMPUTATION
.
309
8.6.3
SIMPLE
ESTIMATION
OF
THE
HEAT
FLOW
AT
CRITICAL
POINTS
.
310
8.6.4
EMPIRICAL
CORRECTION
FOR
COOLING
A
COMER
.
311
8.7
PRACTICAL
DESIGN
OF
COOLING
SYSTEMS
.
312
8.7.1
HEAT-EXCHANGE
SYSTEMS
FOR
CORES
AND
PARTS
WITH
CIRCULAR
CROSS-SECTION
.
312
8.7.2
COOLING
SYSTEMS
FOR
FLAT
PARTS
.
316
8.7.3
SEALING
OF
COOLING
SYSTEMS
.
318
CONTENTS
XIII
8.7.4
DYNAMIC
MOLD
COOLING
.
320
8.7.5
EMPIRICAL
COMPENSATION
OF
COMER
DISTORTION
IN
THERMOPLASTIC
PARTS
FROM
HEAT-FLUX
DIFFERENCES
.
322
8.7.5.1
COLD
CORE
AND
WARM
CAVITY
.
323
8.7.5.2
MODIFICATION
OF
COMER
CONFIGURATION
.
323
8.7.5.3
LOCAL
ADJUSTMENT
OF
HEAT
FLUXES
.
324
8.8
CALCULATION
FOR
HEATED
MOLDS
FOR
REACTIVE
MATERIALS
.
325
8.9
HEAT
EXCHANGE
IN
MOLDS
FOR
REACTIVE
MATERIALS
.
325
8.9.1
HEAT
BALANCE
.
325
8.9.2
TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION
.
328
8.10
PRACTICAL
DESIGN
OF
THE
ELECTRIC
HEATING
FOR
THERMOSET
MOLDS
.
329
REFERENCES
.
331
9
SHRINKAGE
.
335
9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
335
9.2
DEFINITION
OF
SHRINKAGE
.
335
9.3
TOLERANCES
.
337
9.4
CAUSES
OF
SHRINKAGE
.
342
9.5
CAUSES
OF
ANISOTROPIC
SHRINKAGE
.
343
9.6
CAUSES
OF
DISTORTION
.
345
9.7
EFFECT
OF
PROCESSING
ON
SHRINKAGE
.
346
9.8
SUPPLEMENTARY
MEANS
FOR
PREDICTING
SHRINKAGE
.
348
REFERENCES
.
349
10
MECHANICAL
DESIGN
OF
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
351
10.1
MOLD
DEFORMATION
.
351
10.2
ANALYSIS
AND
EVALUATION
OF
LOADS
AND
DEFORMATIONS
.
351
10.2.1
EVALUATION
OF
THE
ACTING
FORCES
.
352
10.3
BASIS
FOR
DESCRIBING
THE
DEFORMATION
.
353
10.3.1
SIMPLE
CALCULATION
FOR
ESTIMATING
GAP
FORMATION
.
353
10.3.2
MORE
ACCURATE
CALCULATION
FOR
ESTIMATING
GAP
FORMATION
AND
PREVENTING
FLASH
.
354
10.4
THE
SUPERIMPOSITION
PROCEDURE
.
355
10.4.1
COUPLED
SPRINGS
AS
EQUIVALENT
ELEMENTS
.
356
10.4.1.1
PARALLEL
COUPLING
OF
ELEMENTS
.
357
10.4.1.2
ELEMENTS
COUPLED
IN
SERIES
.
358
10.5
COMPUTATION
OF
THE
WALL
THICKNESS
OF
CAVITIES
AND
THEIR
DEFORMATION
.
358
10.5.1
PRESENTATION
OF
INDIVIDUAL
CASES
OF
LOADING
AND
THE
RESULTING
DEFORMATIONS
.
359
10.5.2
COMPUTING
THE
DIMENSIONS
OF
CYLINDRICAL
CAVITIES
.
360
10.5.3
COMPUTING
THE
DIMENSIONS
OF
NON-CIRCULAR
CAVITY
CONTOURS
.
.
.
362
10.5.4
COMPUTING
THE
DIMENSIONS
OF
MOLD
PLATES
.
363
10.6
PROCEDURE
FOR
COMPUTING
DIMENSIONS
OF
CAVITY
WALLS
UNDER
INTERNAL
PRESSURE
.
364
10.7
DEFORMATION
OF
SPLITS
AND
SLIDES
UNDER
CAVITY
PRESSURE
.
364
10.7.1
SPLIT
MOLDS
.
364
10.8
PREPARING
FOR
THE
DEFORMATION
CALCULATIONS
.
370
10.8.1
GEOMETRICAL
SIMPLIFICATIONS
.
372
XIV
CONTENTS
10.8.2
TIPS
ON
CHOOSING
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
.
374
10.9
SAMPLE
CALCULATIONS
.
376
10.10
OTHER
LOADS
.
385
10.10.1
ESTIMATING
ADDITIONAL
LOADING
.
385
REFERENCES
.
386
11
SHIFTING
OF
CORES
.
387
11.1
ESTIMATING
THE
MAXIMUM
SHIFTING
OF
A
CORE
.
387
11.2
SHIFTING
OF
CIRCULAR
CORES
WITH
LATERAL
PINPOINT
GATE
AT
THE
BASE
(RIGID
MOUNT)
.
388
11.3
SHIFTING
OF
CIRCULAR
CORES
WITH
DISK
GATES
(RIGID
MOUNT)
.
390
11.3.1
BASIC
EXAMINATION
OF
THE
PROBLEM
.
391
11.3.2
RESULTS
OF
THE
CALCULATIONS
.
392
11.4
SHIFTING
OF
CORES
WITH
VARIOUS
TYPES
OF
GATING
(RIGID
MOUNT)
.
394
11.5
SHIFTING
OF
INSERTS
.
395
11.5.1
ANALYTICAL
CALCULATION
OF
DEFORMATION
OF
METAL
INSERTS
USING
A
CYLINDRICAL
ROLL
SHELL
AS
AN
EXAMPLE
.
395
11.5.1.1
EVALUATION
OF
THE
DEFLECTION
LINE
FOR
DIFFERENT
PART
GEOMETRIES
.
396
11.6
DESIGN
EXAMPLES
FOR
CORE
MOUNTING
AND
ALIGNMENT
OF
DEEP
CAVITIES
.
.
399
REFERENCES
.
400
12
EJECTION
.
401
12.1
SUMMARY
OF
EJECTION
SYSTEMS
.
401
12.2
DESIGN
OF
THE
EJECTION
SYSTEM
-
EJECTION
AND
OPENING
FORCES
.
405
12.2.1
GENERAL
DISCUSSION
.
405
12.2.2
METHODS
FOR
COMPUTING
THE
RELEASE
FORCES
.
407
12.2.2.1
COEFFICIENTS
OF
STATIC
FRICTION
FOR
DETERMINING
DEMOLDING
AND
OPENING
FORCES
.
407
12.2.2.2
THE
ESTIMATION
METHOD
FOR
CYLINDRICAL
SLEEVES
.
410
12.2.2.3
RECTANGULAR
SLEEVES
.
413
12.2.2.4
TAPERED
SLEEVES
.
413
12.2.2.5
SUMMARY
OF
SOME
BASIC
CASES
.
413
12.2.3
THE
RELEASE
FORCES
FOR
COMPLEX
PARTS
EXEMPLIFIED
WITH
A
FAN.
.
.
414
12.2.4
NUMERICAL
COMPUTATION
OF
DEMOLDING
PROCESSES
(FOR
ELASTOMER
PARTS)
.
420
12.2.5
ESTIMATING
THE
OPENING
FORCES
.
424
12.2.5.1
CHANGES
OF
STATE
IN
A
P-V-T
DIAGRAM
FOR
MOLDS
WITH
DIFFERENT
RIGIDITIES
.
425
12.2.5.2
INDIRECT
OPENING
FORCES
.
426
12.2.5.3
TOTAL
OPENING
FORCE
.
426
12.3
TYPES
OF
EJECTORS
.
426
12.3.1
DESIGN
AND
DIMENSIONS
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
.
426
12.3.2
POINTS
OF
ACTION
OF
EJECTOR
PINS
AND
OTHER
ELEMENTS
OF
DEMOLDING
.
429
12.3.3
EJECTOR
ASSEMBLY
.
433
12.4
ACTUATION
OF
THE
EJECTOR
ASSEMBLY
.
434
12.4.1
MEANS
OF
ACTUATION
AND
SELECTION
OF
PLACES
OF
ACTION
.
434
12.4.2
MEANS
OF
ACTUATION
.
434
CONTENTS
XV
12.5
SPECIAL
RELEASE
SYSTEMS
.
437
12.5.1
DOUBLE-STAGE
EJECTION
.
437
12.5.2
COMBINED
EJECTION
.
437
12.5.3
THREE-PLATE
MOLDS
.
440
12.5.3.1
EJECTOR
MOVEMENT
BY
STRIPPER
BOLT
.
440
12.5.3.2
EJECTOR
MOVEMENT
BY
LATCH
.
440
12.5.3.3
REVERSED
EJECTION
FROM
THE
STATIONARY
SIDE
.
441
12.6
EJECTOR
RETURN
.
443
12.7
EJECTION
OF
PARTS
WITH
UNDERCUTS
.
446
12.7.1
DEMOLDING
OF
PARTS
WITH
UNDERCUTS
BY
PUSHING
THEM
OFF
.
446
12.7.2
PERMISSIBLE
DEPTH
OF
UNDERCUTS
FOR
SNAP
FITS
.
447
12.8
DEMOLDING
OF
THREADS
.
449
12.8.1
DEMOLDING
OF
PARTS
WITH
INTERNAL
THREADS
.
449
12.8.1.1
STRIPPER
MOLDS
.
449
12.8.1.2
COLLAPSIBLE
CORES
.
449
12.8.1.3
MOLDS
WITH
INTERCHANGEABLE
CORES
.
450
12.8.2
MOLDS
WITH
UNSCREWING
EQUIPMENT
.
451
12.8.2.1
SEMIAUTOMATIC
MOLDS
.
452
12.8.2.2
FULLY
AUTOMATIC
MOLDS
.
453
12.8.3
DEMOLDING
OF
PARTS
WITH
EXTERNAL
THREADS
.
460
12.9
UNDERCUTS
IN
NONCYLINDRICAL
PARTS
.
461
12.9.1
INTERNAL
UNDERCUTS
.
461
12.9.2
EXTERNAL
UNDERCUTS
.
461
12.9.2.1
SLIDE
MOLDS
.
462
12.9.2.2
SPLIT-CAVITY
MOLDS
.
467
12.9.3
MOLDS
WITH
CORE-PULLING
DEVICES
.
471
REFERENCES
.
472
13
ALIGNMENT
AND
CHANGING
OF
MOLDS
.
475
13.1
FUNCTION
OF
ALIGNMENT
.
475
13.2
ALIGNMENT
WITH
THE
AXIS
OF
THE
PLASTICATING
UNIT
.
475
13.3
INTERNAL
ALIGNMENT
AND
INTERLOCKING
.
476
13.4
ALIGNMENT
OF
LARGE
MOLDS
.
480
13.5
CHANGING
MOLDS
.
482
13.5.1
SYSTEMS
FOR
A
QUICK
CHANGE
OF
MOLDS
FOR
THERMOPLASTICS
.
482
13.5.2
MOLD
EXCHANGER
FOR
ELASTOMER
MOLDS
.
489
REFERENCES
.
490
14
COMPUTER-AIDED
MOLD
DESIGN
AND
THE
USE
OF
CAD
IN
MOLD
CONSTRUCTION
493
14.1
INTRODUCTION
.
493
14.1.1
THE
FLOW
PATTERN
METHOD
POINTED
THE
WAY
FORWARD
.
493
14.1.2
GEOMETRY
PROCESSING
MARKS
THE
KEY
TO
SUCCESS
.
494
14.1.3
COMPLEX
ALGORITHMS
MASTERED
.
495
14.1.4
SIMULATION
TECHNIQUES
STILL
USED
TOO
INFREQUENTLY
.
495
14.1.5
SIMPLER
AND
LESS
EXPENSIVE
.
495
14.1.6
THE
NEXT
STEPS
ALREADY
CARVED
OUT
.
496
14.2
CAD
USE
IN
MOLD
DESIGN
.
498
14.2.1
INTRODUCTION
.
498
XVI
CONTENTS
14.2.2
PRINCIPLES
OF
CAD
.
498
14.2.2.1
2D/3D
MODEL
REPRESENTATION
.
498
14.2.2.2
ENHANCING
THE
PERFORMANCE
OF
CAD
MODELS
BY
ASSOCIATIVITY,
PARAMETRICS,
AND
FEATURES
.
501
14.2.2.3
INTERFACES
AND
USE
OF
INTEGRATED
CAD
.
502
14.2.2.4
DATA
ADMINISTRATION
AND
FLOW
OF
INFORMATION
.
506
14.2.3
CAD
APPLICATION
IN
MOLD-MAKING
.
507
14.2.3.1
MODELING
.
507
14.2.3.2
INTEGRATED
FUNCTIONS
FOR
MOLD-MAKING
.
511
14.2.3.3
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC
FUNCTION
EXTENSION
.
514
14.2.3.4
POSSIBILITIES
AFFORDED
TO
CONCURRENT
ENGINEERING
THROUGH
THE
USE
OF
CAD
.
515
14.2.4
SELECTION
AND
INTRODUCTION
OF
CAD
SYSTEMS
.
517
14.2.4.1
PHASES
IN
SYSTEM
SELECTION
.
518
14.2.4.2
FORMULATING
THE
CAD
CONCEPT
.
520
14.2.4.3
BENCHMARKING
.
521
14.2.4.4
CAD
INTRODUCTION
.
522
REFERENCES
.
523
15
MAINTENANCE
OF
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
527
15.1
ADVANTAGES
OF
MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULES
.
529
15.2
SCHEDULING
MOLD
MAINTENANCE
.
530
15.2.1
DATA
ACQUISITION
.
530
15.2.2
DATA
EVALUATION
AND
WEAK-POINT
ANALYSIS
.
532
15.2.3
COMPUTER-BASED
SUPPORT
.
534
15.3
STORAGE
AND
CARE
OF
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
534
15.4
REPAIRS
AND
ALTERATIONS
OF
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
538
REFERENCES
.
541
16
MEASURING
IN
INJECTION
MOLDS
.
543
16.1
SENSORS
IN
MOLDS
.
543
16.2
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
.
543
16.2.1
MEASURING
MELT
TEMPERATURES
IN
MOLDS
USING
IR
SENSORS
.
543
16.3
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
.
544
16.3.1
PURPOSE
OF
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
.
544
16.3.2
SENSORS
FOR
MEASURING
MELT
PRESSURES
IN
MOLDS
.
544
16.3.2.1
DIRECT
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
.
545
16.3.2.2
INDIRECT
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
.
546
16.4
USE
OF
SENSOR-TRANSDUCER
PROBES
.
547
16.5
PROCESS
OPTIMIZATION
.
547
16.6
MONITORING
QUALITY
.
548
REFERENCES
.
550
17
MOLD
STANDARDS
.
553
REFERENCES
.
559
18
TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLERS
FOR
INJECTION
AND
COMPRESSION
MOLDS
.
560
18.1
FUNCTION,
METHOD,
CLASSIFICATION
.
560
CONTENTS
XVII
18.2
CONTROL
.
563
18.2.1
CONTROL
METHODS
.
563
18.2.2
PRECONDITIONS
FOR
GOOD
CONTROL
RESULTS
.
565
18.2.2.1
CONTROLLERS
.
565
18.2.2.2
HEATING,
COOLING,
AND
PUMP
CAPACITY
.
565
18.2.2.3
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
.
566
18.2.2.4
INSTALLATION
OF
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
IN
THE
MOLD
.
566
18.2.2.5
HEAT-EXCHANGE
SYSTEM
IN
THE
MOLD
.
567
18.2.2.6
KEEPING
THE
TEMPERATURE
AS
STABLE
AS
POSSIBLE
.
568
18.3
SELECTION
OF
EQUIPMENT
.
569
18.4
CONNECTION
OF
MOLD
AND
EQUIPMENT
-
SAFETY
MEASURES
.
569
18.5
HEAT
CARRIER
.
570
18.6
MAINTENANCE
AND
CLEANING
.
571
REFERENCES
.
571
19
STEPS
FOR
THE
CORRECTION
OF
MOLDING
DEFECTS
DURING
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
.
573
REFERENCES
.
576
20
SPECIAL
PROCESSES
-
SPECIAL
MOLDS
.
577
20.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
OF
MICROSTRUCTURES
.
577
20.1.1
MOLDING
TECHNOLOGY
AND
PROCESS
CONTROL
.
577
20.1.2
PRODUCTION
PROCESSES
FOR
MICROCAVITIES
.
579
20.1.2.1
SILICON
TECHNOLOGY
.
581
20.1.2.2
THE
LIGA
TECHNIQUE
.
583
20.1.2.3
LASER
LIGA
.
584
20.1.2.4
LASER
REMOVAL
.
584
20.1.2.5
ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE
REMOVAL
.
585
20.1.2.6
MICROMACHINING
.
587
20.2
IN-MOLD
DECORATION
.
587
20.3
PROCESSING
OF
LIQUID
SILICONE
.
591
20.3.1
EVACUATION
.
591
20.3.2
GATE
.
592
20.3.3
DEMOLDING
.
592
20.3.4
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
592
20.3.5
COLD-RUNNER
TECHNIQUE
.
593
20.4
INJECTION-COMPRESSION
MOLDING
.
593
REFERENCES
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596
INDEX
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601 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Menges, Georg Michaeli, Walter 1946- Mohren, Paul |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136514103 |
| author_facet | Menges, Georg Michaeli, Walter 1946- Mohren, Paul |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Menges, Georg |
| author_variant | g m gm w m wm p m pm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013366487 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP1150 |
| callnumber-raw | TP1150 |
| callnumber-search | TP1150 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 41150 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | ZM 8160 |
| classification_tum | CIT 735f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)44972257 (DE-599)BVBBV013366487 |
| dewey-full | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-search | 668.4/12 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.4 212 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013366487 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-19T00:14:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446212566 1569902828 |
| language | English German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009117528 |
| oclc_num | 44972257 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-210 DE-12 DE-29T DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-210 DE-12 DE-29T DE-634 |
| physical | XVII, 612 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Menges, Georg Verfasser aut Anleitung für den Bau von Spritzgießwerkzeugen How to make injection molds Georg Menges ; Walter Michaeli ; Paul Mohren 3. ed. Munich Hanser [u.a.] 2001 XVII, 612 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Moldeo de plásticos por inyección Injection molding of plastics Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Werkzeugbau (DE-588)4189685-3 gnd rswk-swf Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd rswk-swf Spritzgießwerkzeug (DE-588)4056563-4 gnd rswk-swf Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd rswk-swf Spritzgießwerkzeug (DE-588)4056563-4 s Werkzeugbau (DE-588)4189685-3 s DE-604 Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 s Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s 1\p DE-604 Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 s 2\p DE-604 Michaeli, Walter 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)136514103 aut Mohren, Paul Verfasser aut DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009117528&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Menges, Georg Michaeli, Walter 1946- Mohren, Paul How to make injection molds Moldeo de plásticos por inyección Injection molding of plastics Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Werkzeugbau (DE-588)4189685-3 gnd Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd Spritzgießwerkzeug (DE-588)4056563-4 gnd Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4189685-3 (DE-588)4159653-5 (DE-588)4056563-4 (DE-588)4056561-0 |
| title | How to make injection molds |
| title_alt | Anleitung für den Bau von Spritzgießwerkzeugen |
| title_auth | How to make injection molds |
| title_exact_search | How to make injection molds |
| title_full | How to make injection molds Georg Menges ; Walter Michaeli ; Paul Mohren |
| title_fullStr | How to make injection molds Georg Menges ; Walter Michaeli ; Paul Mohren |
| title_full_unstemmed | How to make injection molds Georg Menges ; Walter Michaeli ; Paul Mohren |
| title_short | How to make injection molds |
| title_sort | how to make injection molds |
| topic | Moldeo de plásticos por inyección Injection molding of plastics Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Werkzeugbau (DE-588)4189685-3 gnd Herstellung (DE-588)4159653-5 gnd Spritzgießwerkzeug (DE-588)4056563-4 gnd Spritzgießen (DE-588)4056561-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Moldeo de plásticos por inyección Injection molding of plastics Kunststoff Werkzeugbau Herstellung Spritzgießwerkzeug Spritzgießen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009117528&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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