Plastic wastes: management, control, recycling, and disposal
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Park Ridge, NJ
Noyes Data Corporation
1991
|
| Series: | Pollution technology review
201 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 479 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0815512651 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastic wastes |b management, control, recycling, and disposal |c by US Environmental Protection Agency. T. Randall Curlee ; Sujit Das |
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| adam_text | Contents and Subject Index
PARTI
WASTES IN THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE STREAM
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 2
Scope of the Report 2
Summary of Major Findings and Action Items 2
Production and Use of Plastics 2
Plastics in the Marine Environment 3
Combined Sewer Overflows 3
Stormwater Discharges 5
Vessels 5
Litter Prevention and Retrieval 5
Management of Plastic Wastes 6
Management of Plastics in a Landfill 6
Management of Plastics in an Incinerator 6
Methods for Reducing Impactsof Plastic Wastes 7
Source Reduction 7
Recycling 8
Degradable Plastics 10
1. INTRODUCTION 12
2. PRODUCTION, USE, AND DISPOSAL OF PLASTICS AND
PLASTIC PRODUCTS 14
2.1 Summary of Key Findings 14
2.2 Technological Overview 15
2.2.1 Manufacturing Resins 15
2.2.2 Incorporating Additives 23
2.2.3 Processing Resins into End Products 23
vii
viii Contents and Subject Index
2.3 Production and Consumption Statistics 24
2.3.1 Historical Overview 24
2.3.2 Domestic Production of Plastics 24
2.3.3 Import/Export and Domestic Consumption 25
2.3.4 Economic Profile of the Plastics Industry 25
2.3.4.1 Sector Characteristics 25
2.3.4.2 Market Conditions and Prices for Commodity
Resins 28
2.3.5 Forecasts of Market Growth 30
2.3.6 Characteristics of Major Resin Types 32
2.3.7 Characteristics of Major Additive Types 32
2.4 Major End Use Markets for Plastics 39
2.4.1 Packaging 39
2.4.2 Building and Construction 45
2.4.3 Consumer and Institutional Products 48
2.4.4 Electrical and Electronics 48
2.4.5 Furniture and Furnishings 51
2.4.6 Transportation 51
2.4.7 Adhesives, Inks, and Coatings 54
2.4.8 Other 54
2.5 Disposition of Plastics into the Solid Waste Stream 54
2.5.1 Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste 56
2.5.2 Plastics in Building and Construction Wastes 64
2.5.3 Plastics in Automobile Salvage Residue 64
2.5.4 Plastics in Litter 65
2.5.5 Plastics in Marine Debris 67
References 68
3. IMPACTS OF PLASTIC DEBRIS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. . . 70
3.1 Summary of Key Findings 70
3.2 Types and Sources of Plastic Debris 71
3.2.1 Land Based Sources 72
3.2.1.1 Plastic Manufacturing and Fabricating Facilities
and Related Transportation Activities 74
3.2.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Activities 79
3.2.1.3 Sewage Treatment Plants and Combined Sewer
Overf Iows 82
3.2.1.4 Stormwater Runoff/Nonpoint Sources 83
3.2.1.5 Beach Use and Resuspension of Beach Litter 85
3.2.2 Marine Sources 92
3.2.2.1 Merchant Marine Vessels 93
3.2.2.2 Fishing Vessels 95
3.2.2.3 Recreational Boats 96
3.2.2.4 Military and Other Government Vessels 98
3.2.2.5 Miscellaneous Vessels (Educational, Private
Research, and Industrial Vessels) 100
3.2.2.6 Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms 100
3.2.2.7 Recent Estimates of Plastic Wastes Disposed in
U.S. Waters by All Maritime Sectors 101
Contents and Subject Index ix
3.2.3 Illegal Disposal of Wastes into the Marine Environment 107
3.3 Fate of Persistent Marine Debris 110
3.3.1 Physical Fate and Transport Processes 110
3.3.2 Degradative Processes 113
3.4 Effects of Plastic Debris 115
3.4.1 Impactson Marine Wildlife 115
3.4.1.1 Entanglement 116
3.4.1.2 Ingestion 126
3.4.2 Aesthetic and Economic Effects 135
3.4.3 Effects on Human Health and Safety 137
3.5 Summary 137
References 139
4. IMPACTS OF POST CONSUMER PLASTICS WASTE ON THE
MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE 147
4.1 Summary of Key Findings 147
4.1.1 Landfilling 147
4.1.1.1 Management Issues 147
4.1.1.2 Environmental Releases 148
4.1.2 Incineration 148
4.1.2.1 Management Issues 148
4.1.2.2 Environmental Releases 148
4.1.3 Litter 149
4.2 Landfilling 149
4.2.1 Management Issues 151
4.2.1.1 Landfill Capacity 151
4.2.1.2 Landfill Integrity 156
4.2.1.3 Other Management Issues 157
4.2.2 Environmental Releases 158
4.2.2.1 Leaching of Plastic Polymers 158
4.2.2.2 Leaching of Plastics Additives 158
4.3 Incineration 175
4.3.1 Introduction 177
4.3.1.1 Number, Capacity, and Typesof Incinerators 178
4.3.1.2 Combustion Properties of Plastics 180
4.3.1.3 Plastics Combustion and Pollution Control 180
4.3.2 Incinerator Management Issues 185
4.3.2.1 Excessive Flame Temperature 185
4.3.2.2 Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs) 185
4.3.2.3 Formation of Slag 186
4.3.2.4 Formation of Corrosive Gases 186
4.3.3 Environmental Releases 187
4.3.3.1 Emissions from MSW Incinerators 190
4.3.3.2 Plastics Contribution to Incinerator Ash 195
4.4 Litter 197
4.4.1 Background 197
4.4.2 Analysis of Relative Impacts of Plastic and Other Litter 201
References 203
x Contents and Subject Index
5. OPTIONS TO REDUCE THE IMPACTS OF POST CONSUMER
PLASTICS WASTES 208
5.1 Summary of Key Findings 208
5.1.1 Source Reduction 208
5.1.2 Recycling 209
5.1.3 Degradable Plastics 210
5.1.4 Additional Efforts to Mitigate Impacts of Plastic Waste 210
5.2 Introduction to the Examination of Plastic Waste Management
Strategies 211
5.3 Source Reduction 214
5.3.1 Definitions and Scope of the Analysis 214
5.3.2 Opportunities for Volume Reduction of Gross Discards of
Waste 215
5.3.3 Opportunities for Toxicity Reduction 217
5.3.4 Systematic Analysis of Source Reduction Efforts 219
5.3.5 Current Initiatives for Source Reduction 228
5.3.5.1 State and Local Initiatives 228
5.3.5.2 Industry Initiatives 230
5.4 Recycling 231
5.4.1 Scope of the Analysis 232
5.4.2 Status and Outlook of Plastics Recycling Alternatives 232
5.4.2.1 Collecting Plastics for Recycling 236
5.4.2.2 Separation of Plastics by Resin Types 244
5.4.2.3 Processing and Manufacturing of Recycled Plastics . . . 251
5.4.2.4 Marketing of Recycled Plastics Products 255
5.4.2.5 Summary: Integration of Plastics Recycling
Alternatives 258
5.4.2.6 Current Government and Industry Plastics Recycling
Initiatives 261
5.4.3 Costs of Plastics Recycling 263
5.4.3.1 Costs of Curbside Collection Programs 263
5.4.3.2 Costs of Adding Plastics to Curbside Collection
Programs 274
5.4.3.3 Costs of Rural Recycling Programs 277
5.4.3.4 Costs of Container Deposit Legislation 278
5.4.4 Environmental, Human Health, Consumer, and Other
Social Costs and Benefits Generated by Recycling Plastics. . . . 281
5.4.4.1 Environmental Issues 281
5.4.4.2 Health and Consumer Issues 281
5.4.4.3 Other Social Costs and Benefits 282
5.5 Degradable Plastics 282
5.5.1 Scope of the Analysis 283
5.5.2 Types of Degradable Plastics and Degradation Processes 283
5.5.2.1 Photodegradation 284
5.5.2.2 Biodegradation 286
5.5.2.3 Other Degradation Processes 287
5.5.3 Environmental, Health, and Consumer Issues and Other
Costs and Benefits Generated by Use of Degradable Plastics. . . 288
Contents and Subject Index xi
5.5.3.1 Environmental Issues 288
5.5.3.2 Efficiency of Degradation Processes in the Marine
Environment 292
5.5.3.3 Human Health Issues 295
5.5.3.4 Consumer Issues 296
5.5.4 Cost of Degradable Plastics 297
5.5.5 Current Status of Efforts to Foster Manufacture and Use
of Degradable Plastics 297
5.5.5.1 Regulations Requiring Use of Degradable Plastics .... 297
5.5.5.2 Industry Initiatives on Degradable Plastics 299
5.6 Additional Programs to Mitigate the Effects of Plastic Waste 301
5.6.1 Efforts to Control Discharges of Land Generated Wastes
from Sanitary Sewers, Stormwater Sewers, and Nonpoint
Urban Runoff 301
5.6.2 Efforts to Implement the MARPOL Annex V Regulations. . . . 302
5.6.3 Efforts to Reduce Plastics Generated from Fishing
Operations 303
5.6.4 Efforts to Control Discharges of Plastic Pellets 303
5.6.5 EPA Programs to Control Environmental Emissions from
Incineration 305
5.6.6 EPA Programs to Control Environmental Hazards Arising
from the Landfilling of Plastic Wastes with Municipal Solid
Waste 305
References 307
6. OBJECTIVES AND ACTION ITEMS 313
6.1 Objectives for Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management 314
6.1.1 Source Reduction 314
6.1.2 Recycling 318
6.1.3 Landfilling and Incineration 321
6.2 Objectives for Handling Problems Outside the MSW Management
System 323
6.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Systems/Combined Sewer Overflows/
Stormwater Drainage Systems 323
6.2.1.1 Wastewater Treatment Systems 323
6.2.1.2 Combined Sewer Overflows 324
6.2.1.3 Stormwater Discharges 325
6.2.2 Other Sources of Marine Debris 326
6.2.2.1 Vessels 326
6.2.2.2 Plastic Manufacturers, Processors, and Transporters. . . 327
6.2.2.3 Garbage Barges 327
6.2.2.4 Land and Sea Originated Litter 328
6.2.3 Degradable Plastics 329
APPENDIX A STATUTORY AND REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
AVAILABLE TO EPA AND OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES 332
A.1 Summary of Findings 332
xii Contents and Subject Index
A.2 Legislation Controlling the Disposal of Plastic Wastes from
Vessels into Navigable Waters 334
A.2.1 The Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of
1987 334
A.2.2 Additional Legislation 335
A.3 Legislation Controlling the Disposal of Plastic Wastes from Land
Sources to Navigable Waters 336
A.3.1 The Ocean Dumping Act 337
A.3.2 The Clean Water Act 337
A.3.3 Shore Protection Act of 1988 338
A.3.4 Deepwater Port Act 338
A.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste from Any Source onto Land 338
A.4.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 338
A.4.2 Clean Air Act (CAA) 339
A.5 Other Legislation that Influences the Manufacture or Discard of
Plastic Materials 340
A.5.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 340
A.5.2 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 340
A.5.3 Fish and Wildlife Conservation Laws 341
A.5.4 Degradable Plastic Ring Carrier Law 342
A.5.5 National Environmental Policy Act 342
References 343
APPENDIX B STATE AND LOCAL RECYCLING EFFORTS 344
References 357
APPENDIX C SUBSTITUTES FOR LEAD AND CADMIUM
ADDITIVES FOR PLASTICS 358
C.1 Introduction 358
C.2 Substitute Colorants and Their Properties 358
C.2.1 Costs of Lead and Cadmium Based Pigments and Their
Substitutes 362
C.2.2 Other Factors Affecting Selection of Substitutes and
Substitute Costs 365
C.3 Substitute Stabilizers and Their Properties 367
C.3.1 Substitutes for Lead Containing Heat Stabilizers 367
C.3.2 Substitutes for Cadmium Containing Heat Stabilizers 371
C.3.3 Costs of Lead and Cadmium Based Heat Stabilizers and
Their Substitutes 371
C.3.4 Other Factors Affecting Selection of Substitutes and
Substitute Costs 375
References 376
PART II
RECYCLING IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 380
Contents and Subject Index xiii
1. INTRODUCTION 382
2. PLASTIC WASTE PROJECTIONS 384
2.1 Projected U.S. Resin Production and Use 384
2.1.1 Methodology 384
2.1.2 Results 384
2.2 Projections of Manufacturing Nuisance Plastics 393
2.2.1 Methodology 393
2.2.2 Results 394
2.3 Projections of Post Consumer Plastic Wastes 399
2.3.1 Methodology 399
2.3.2 Results 405
2.3.2.1 Projections for 1990 405
2.3.2.2 Projections for 1995 405
2.3.2.3 Projections for 2000 410
2.3.2.4 Summary 410
3. THE ENERGY CONTENT OF PLASTIC WASTES 417
3.1 The Energy Content of Plastics 417
3.2 The Aggregate Energy Content of Manufacturing and Post
Consumer Plastics 418
4. THE COST OF RECYCLING VERSUS DISPOSAL 422
4.1 Summary of Previous Assessment 422
4.2 Recent Estimates of the Cost of Disposal 423
4.3 Recent Estimates of the Cost of Recycling 423
4.3.1 The ET/1 Extruder 424
4.3.2 The Recyclingplas Process 426
4.3.3 The Bezner Systems Process 428
5. AN UPDATE OF RECENT INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES THAT
MAY PROMOTE RECYCLING 431
5.1 Industry Sponsored Groups 431
5.2 Public Sector Actions 433
6. RECENT LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY ACTIONS 434
6.1 Local and State Actions 434
6.2 Federal Actions 439
6.3 Implications for Plastics Recycling 441
7. THE POTENTIAL FOR DIVERTABLE PLASTIC WASTE 443
7.1 Scenario Development 443
7.1.1 Scenario 1 443
7.1.2 Scenario 2 444
7.1.3 Scenario 3 444
7.1.4 Scenario 4 444
7.1.5 Scenario 5 445
7.2 Estimated Quantities of DPW 445
xiv Contents and Subject Index
7.2.1 Scenario 1 445
7.2.2 Scenario 2 446
7.2.3 Scenario 3 447
7.2.4 Scenario 4 448
7.2.5 Scenario 5 449
7.3 Summary 450
8. PLASTICS RECYCLING FROM THE CURRENT INDUSTRY S
PERSPECTIVE 453
9. CONCLUSIONS 461
APPENDIX PLASTIC WASTE PROJECTIONS: METHODOLOGY
AND ASSUMPTIONS 465
A.I Introduction 465
A.2 Historical and Projected U.S. Resin Production and Use 465
A.3 Post Consumer Plastic Waste Projections 466
A.3.1 Transportation 466
A.3.2 Packaging 475
A.3.3 Building and Construction 476
A.3.4 Electrical and Electronic Goods 476
A.3.5 Furniture 476
A.3.6 Consumer and Institutional Goods 477
A.3.7 Industrial Machinery 477
A.3.8 Adhesives and Other Goods 477
REFERENCES 478
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:44:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0815512651 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIV, 479 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| publisher | Noyes Data Corporation |
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| series | Pollution technology review |
| series2 | Pollution technology review |
| spelling | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal by US Environmental Protection Agency. T. Randall Curlee ; Sujit Das Park Ridge, NJ Noyes Data Corporation 1991 XIV, 479 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pollution technology review 201 Matières plastiques - Déchets Plastic scrap Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 s DE-604 Curlee, T. Randall Sonstige oth Das, Sujit Sonstige oth Pollution technology review 201 (DE-604)BV001898897 201 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009107215&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal Pollution technology review Matières plastiques - Déchets Plastic scrap Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4166051-1 |
| title | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal |
| title_auth | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal |
| title_exact_search | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal |
| title_full | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal by US Environmental Protection Agency. T. Randall Curlee ; Sujit Das |
| title_fullStr | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal by US Environmental Protection Agency. T. Randall Curlee ; Sujit Das |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastic wastes management, control, recycling, and disposal by US Environmental Protection Agency. T. Randall Curlee ; Sujit Das |
| title_short | Plastic wastes |
| title_sort | plastic wastes management control recycling and disposal |
| title_sub | management, control, recycling, and disposal |
| topic | Matières plastiques - Déchets Plastic scrap Kunststoffabfall (DE-588)4166051-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Matières plastiques - Déchets Plastic scrap Kunststoffabfall |
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