People's participation in natural resource management: experiences from watershed management projects in India
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weikersheim
Margraf
1999
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| Series: | Kommunikation und Beratung
36 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 253 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3823613316 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Kommunikation und Beratung |v 36 | |
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1998 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Water resources development |z India | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Watershed management |z India |x Citizen participation | |
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: People s participation in natural resource management
Autor: Adolph, Barbara
Jahr: 1999
Overview of contents
1 Introduction...............................................................................................1
1.1 Background and justification of the study...............................................................1
1.2 Objectives and conceptual framework....................................................................2
1.3 Limitations of the study...........................................................................................3
2 Watershed management: A review of concepts and issues.................5
2.1 Sustainable development of natural resources........................................................5
2.2 Natural resource degradation and people (or: is erosion really a problem? A
scientific and political debate).................................................................................7
2.3 Indigenous knowledge for soil and water conservation........................................10
2.4 Soil and water conservation programs: Top-down to bottom-up..........................15
2.5 Watershed management: History, concept, definitions.........................................20
2.6 From the reduced to the communicative perspective of agricultural catchments:
Key elements and changing perspectives of the watershed management concept 25
2.7 Participation - the key to success? (A vision of the communicative catchment).. 59
2.8 Conclusion.............................................................................................................65
3 Linking process to impact: Methodological and analytical
framework................................................................................................67
3.1 Objectives of the study and hypotheses................................................................67
3.2 Conceptual framework..........................................................................................68
3.3 Identifying key factors of project success: VS1....................................................80
3.4 Identifying mechanisms at work: VS2..................................................................89
4 Watershed management in India (with Special reference to Anantapur
District of Andhra Pradesh).................................................................105
4.1 Emergence of the watershed management concept in India...............................105
4.2 Introducing the study region: Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh.................123
5 Results and discussion........................................................................138
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................138
5.2 Comparing project impact...................................................................................138
5.3 Key factors for project success............................................................................147
5.4 Distribution of costs and benefits from the project.............................................187
6 Where do we go from here? Conclusions and recommendations... 193
6.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................193
6.2 Participatory planning and implementation of watershed management
programs..............................................................................................................194
6.3 Local organisations..............................................................................................197
6.4 Financial support and impact of subsidies..........................................................200
6.5 Government / NGO collaboration.......................................................................206
6.6 Conclusions.........................................................................................................208
7 References.. ................................................................................209
8 Annexes______________________________________________~220
Table of contents
Preface of the Editors..........................................................................................................iii
Preface .................................................................................................................................
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................vii
Overview of contents..........................................................................................................ix
Table of contents.................................................................................................................xi
List of tables......................................................................................................................xvi
List of figures....................................................................................................................xvi
List of boxes......................................................................................................................xvi
List of maps.......................................................................................................................xvi
Acronyms..........................................................................................................................xvi
German Summary.............................................................................................................xix
Abstract xxii
1 Introduction...............................................................................................1
1.1 Background and justification of the study..............................................................1
1.2 Objectives and conceptual framework....................................................................2
1.3 Limitations of the study..........................................................................................3
2 Watershed management: A review of concepts and issues................5
2.1 Sustainable development of natural resources........................................................5
2.2 Natural resource degradation and people (or: Is erosion really a problem? A
scientific and political debate)................................................................................7
2.3 Indigenous knowledge for soil and water conservation........................................10
2.4 Soil and water conservation programs: Top-down to bottom-up.........................15
2.5 Watershed management: History, concept, definitions........................................20
2.6 From the reduced to the communicative perspective of agricultural
catchments: Key elements and changing perspectives of the watershed
management concept.............................................................................................25
2.6.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................25
2.6.2. The reduced catchment perspective: The technical dimension of the WSM
approach................................................................................................................26
2.6.3. The mechanistic catchment perspective: Economic aspects of watershed
management..........................................................................................................28
2.6.3.1. Economic evaluation of watershed management projects: The macro-
perspective.............................................................................................................30
2.6.3.2. Economics at the farm and household level: The micro-perspective...................32
2.6.3.3. Profitability of SWC measures at the farm level..................................................33
2.6.3.4. Who wins and who looses from watershed management? Factors influencing
the distribution of costs and benefits.....................................................................34
2.6.3.5. Replicability and economic incentives.................................................................38
2.6.4. The complex, evolving catchment: Social and institutional dimensions of
watershed management.........................................................................................42
2.6.4.1. Collective action and the need to negotiate..........................................................44
2.6.4.2. Local institutions and power relations..................................................................48
xi
2.6.5. The role of external institutions..........................................................................54
2.7 Participation - the key to success? (A vision of the communicative
catchment)...........................................................................................................59
2.7.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................59
2.7.2. Participation: History and definitions.................................................................61
2.8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................65
3 Linking process to impact: Methodological and analytical
framework..............................................................................................67
3.1 Objectives of the study and hypotheses..............................................................67
3.2 Conceptual framework........................................................................................68
3.2.1. Basic logic and sequencing of the study.............................................................68
3.2.2. Definition of key concepts and selection of indicators.......................................71
3.2.3. Peoples perception vs. hard data (or: Whose reality counts?).......................74
3.3 Identifying key factors of project success: VS1.................................................80
3.3.1. Objectives and methodological framework........................................................80
3.3.2. Site selection.......................................................................................................81
3.3.3. Data collection tools...........................................................................................84
3.3.4. Methods of analysis............................................................................................86
3.4 Identifying mechanisms at work: VS2................................................................89
3.4.1. Objectives and methodological framework........................................................89
3.4.2. Methods used for data collection........................................................................94
3.4.2.1. Overview and site selection................................................................................94
3.4.2.2. Secondary data from PIAs..................................................................................94
3.4.2.3. RRA exercises.....................................................................................................95
3.4.2.4. Questionnaire survey..........................................................................................96
3.4.2.5. Farmers workshop.............................................................................................96
3.4.3. Methods of analysis............................................................................................98
4 Watershed management in India (with special reference to
Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh)............................................105
4.1 Emergence of the watershed management concept in India.............................105
4.1.1. Constraints to agricultural production in India s semi-arid tropics..................105
4.1.2. From tank irrigation to watershed management...............................................107
4.1.3. Government programs and projects for watershed management in India........Ill
4.1.4. NGOsrole in watershed management..............................................................119
4.2 introducing the study region: Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh...............123
4.2.1. Biophysical environment..................................................................................123
4.2.2. Socio-cultural environment...............................................................................126
4.2.3. Economic environment.....................................................................................157
4.2.4. Rural development interventions......................................................................131
4.2.5. Overview of the study projects.........................................................................133
4.2.5.1. MYRADA Kadiri Participatory Development of Wastelands (KIPDOW)
Project...............................................................................................................133
4.2.5.2. DPAP Jesta Watershed.....................................................................................137
XII
5 Results and discussion....................................................................138
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................138
5.2 Comparing project impact..............................................................................138
5.2.1. VS1 case study villages..................................................................................139
5.2.2. DPAP Jesta watershed and MYRADA KflPDOW project.............................139
5.3 Key factors for project success.......................................................................147
5.3.1. Economic incentives versus beneficiaries contribution................................148
5.3.1.1. Introduction: Why contribution?....................................................................148
5.3.1.2. Beneficiaries contribution in the study villages............................................149
5.3.1.3. Beneficiaries contribution and project success.............................................152
5.3.2. Participation and the role of indigenous technologies....................................153
5.3.2.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................153
5.3.2.2. Deciding about priorities: People s participation in problem identification ..154
5.3.2.3. Selecting technologies: The role of participation in project planning............156
5.3.2.4. Getting the work done: Farmers participation during project
implementation...............................................................................................163
5.3.2.5. Assessing performance: People s participation in project evaluation............165
5.3.2.5.1. Introduction: Why participatory project evaluation?......................................165
5.3.2.5.2. Fanners evaluation workshop in Kadiri........................................................166
5.3.2.5.3. Conclusions.....................................................................................................170
5.3.2.6. Indigenous technologies and farmers own SWC activities...........................171
5.3.3. The role of local organizations.......................................................................174
5.3.3.1. Introduction: Local organizations in the study region....................................174
5.3.3.2. Organizational structure and functioning of project induced local
organizations...................................................................................................176
5.3.3.3. Local organizations functions in WSM........................................................179
5.3.3.4. Self-help and credit groups: linking the useful to the desirable (the
example of the KIPDOW project)..................................................................182
5.3.3.5. Local organizations, but no participation (the example of the DPAP Jesta
project)............................................................................................................185
5.4 Distribution of costs and benefits from the project........................................187
5.4.1. The role of equity in WSM.............................................................................187
5.4.2. Water harvesting structures............................................................................188
5.4.3. Soil conservation measures.............................................................................190
5.4.4. Plantations and biomass development............................................................191
5.4.5. Benefits for landless and women....................................................................192
6 Where do we go from here? Conclusions and
recommendations...______...__________......................................193
6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................193
6.2 Participatory planning and implementation of watershed management
programs.........................................................................................................194
6.3 Local organizations.........................................................................................197
6.4 Financial support and impact of subsidies......................................................200
6.5 Government/ NGO collaboration..................................................................206
xitt
6.6 Conclusions.....................................................................................................208
7 References.........................................................................................2°9
8 Annexes.............................................................................................22°
Annex 1 NGOs and government programs that collaborated during VS1 by
state................................................................................................................220
Annex 2 Checklist for information about WSM program to be obtained from
PIA(VSl)......................................................................................................221
Annex 3 Overview of the study villages in VS1: Kamataka.......................................224
Annex 4 Overview of the study villages in VS1: Maharashtra....................................229
Annex 5 Overview of the study villages in VS1: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu...............................................................................................................233
Annex 6 Indicators and their weights, VS1: Impact indicators....................................237
Annex 7 Indicators and their weights, VS1: Process indicators..................................239
Annex 8 Scores for weighted impact indicators, VS1 (n = 13 villages)......................241
Annex 9 Spearman correlation coefficient (impact and approach indicators,
VS1)...............................................................................................................242
Annex 10 Purpose and information gathered with RRA exercises during VS2............243
Annex 11 Background data from project villages, VS2.................................................246
Annex 12 SWC works done in project villages, VS2....................................................247
Annex 13 Details of SHGs / sanghas in the KIPDOW project (as of 9/1995)...............248
Annex 14 Wage rates for different types of work, VS2 (as of 1995)............................250
Annex 15 Relationship between being consulted about SC works and the
perceived impact of these works...................................................................251
Annex 16 Relationship between being consulted about SC works and removal /
repair / modification of structures.................................................................251
Annex 17 Relationship between opinion about design and location of SC works
and the perceived impact of these works......................................................252
Annex 18 Relationship between implementation pattern of SWC works and the
perceived impact of these works...................................................................253
List of tables
Table 1 Characteristics of indigenous and recommended SWC techniques................14
Table 2 Characteristics of soil and water conservation programs................................18
Table 3 Catchment perspectives...................................................................................25
Table 4 Strengths and weaknesses of NGOs and government agencies
intervening in watershed management............................................................57
Table 5 A typology of participation..............................................................................65
Table 6 Key research questions and working hypotheses............................................68
Table 7 Indicators for project impact and project approach (VS1)..............................72
Table 8 Overview of projects included in VS1.............................................................82
Table 9 Impact indicators in VS2 and their operationalisation....................................92
Table 10 Project approach indicators in VS2 and their operationalisation....................93
Table 11 Composition of questionnaire survey sample..................................................96
Table 12 Composition of fanners teams in the evaluation workshop (the
numbers indicate the number of fanners per team).........................................97
xiv
Table 13 Indicators to test for ceteris paribus conditions of case study sites................99
Table 14 Equity criteria used for analysis of questionnaire data..................................102
Table 15 Estimated area affected by soil degradation in India.....................................106
Table 16 Surface water utilisation vs. groundwater utilisation....................................110
Table 17 Area treated and expenditure for S WC of selected programs
implemented by government agencies in India.............................................114
Table 18 Current WSM programs conducted by the Indian Government....................117
Table 19 Some examples of watershed management through NGOs in India.............122
Table 20 Farm size categories in Anantapur District as of 1991..................................127
Table 21 Government WSM programs in Anantapur District of Andhra
Pradesh, 1994/95 to 1998/99.........................................................................131
Table 22 Factors associated with project success .....................................................148
Table 23 Degree of farmers contribution to SWC measures in VS1 projects.............150
Table 24 Wage work for project (VS2)........................................................................164
Table 25 Local organisations in WSM projects of VS1...............................................177
Table 26 SWC activities and degree of collaboration required for them.....................181
Table 27: Benefits and costs from water harvesting structures.....................................189
Table 28 Benefits and costs from soil conservation measures.....................................191
List of figures
Figure 1 Management according to the reduced catchment perspective.......................26
Figure 2 Management according to the mechanistic catchment perspective.................29
Figure 3 Management according to the complex, evolving catchment
perspective.......................................................................................................43
Figure 4 Levels of decision making and activity...........................................................49
Figure 5 Caring for the communicative catchment........................................................60
Figure 6 The research process........................................................................................70
Figure 7 Task division for discussions during VS1.......................................................85
Figure 8 Research process during VS2..........................................................................90
Figure 9 Annual rainfall in Kadiri and Nallamada Mandal, 1985 to 1993..................125
Figure 10 Normal monthly rainfall in Kadiri by month and season..............................125
Figure 11 Land use in Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Kadiri Mandal and
Nallamada Mandal.........................................................................................126
Figure 12 Area under main crops in Anantapur District as of 1992-93.........................129
Figure 13 Relationship between groundnut yield and rainfall, Anantapur District.......130
Figure 14 Weighted impact scores by study villages / projects (VS1)..........................139
Figure 15 Perceived improvements in the village as a whole, in the family, and
for women (number of changes mentioned per respondent).........................141
Figure 16 Perceived changes on plots where SC works was done................................142
Figure 17 Perceived changes due to water harvesting structures...................................145
Figure 18 Changes in the number of livestock between 1990 and 1995......................146
Figure 19 Awareness about project: When respondent got to know about the
project............................................................................................................155
Figure 20 Means how people got to know about the WSM project..............................156
Figure 21 Villagers contacts with PIA staff (by type of contact, project, and
project period)................................................................................................158
xv
Figure 22 Fanners opinion about design and location of soil conservation
measures.........................................................................................................159
Figure 23 Farmers opinion about design and location of water harvesting
structures........................................................................................................159
Figure 24 Farmers suggested changes in design and location of SC structures...........161
Figure 25 Farmers suggested changes in design and location of WH structures.........161
Figure 26 Relationship between being consulted about SWC works and impact.........162
Figure 27 Year-wise implementation of SWC works....................................................163
Figure 28 Farmers own bunds by construction period and WS....................................174
Figure 29 Topics discussed in sangha meetings, MYRADA KIPDOW project
(total: 1888 meetings of 23 sanghas).............................................................184
Figure 30 Topics discussed during sangha meetings, KIPDOW 1990 to 1995*...........185
Figure 31 Perceived changes in equity as a result of project activities..........................188
List of boxes
Box 1 Indigenous soil classification in Zambia and India.........................................12
Box 2 The changing rhetoric over participation and soil conservation......................19
Box 3 The basics of game theory: prisoner s dilemma and battle of the
sexes ...............................................................................................................45
Box 4 The role of brokers in development: An example from Maharashtra,
India.................................................................................................................55
Box 5 Definitions of participation..............................................................................64
Box 6 A framework for judging trustworthiness........................................................77
Box 7 Example for the use of SCSM: Scoring CO-OPERATION .............................87
Box 8 The importance of being involved: Analysing the impact of
participation on farmers perceived impact of soil conservation
measures.........................................................................................................101
Box 9 Mode of payment for SWC works in DPAP Jesta WS and KIPDOW
project............................................................................................................151
Box 10 The contractor system in DPAP watersheds..................................................152
Box 11 Natural Forest Regeneration (NFR) vs. plantation........................................182
List of maps
Map 1 Locationof study villages (VS1 and VS2)......................................................83
Map 2 MYRADA KIPDOW project, micro-watersheds A to F...............................135
Map 3 DPAP Jesta watershed...................................................................................136
Acronyms
AKIS Agricultural Knowledge and Information System
APAU Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
BMZ Bundesministerium fur wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, Germany
CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis
CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research
CPR Common Property Regimes
xvi
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Indien Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Indien |
| id | DE-604.BV013153095 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:39:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3823613316 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008961835 |
| oclc_num | 45898000 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | 253 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Margraf |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Kommunikation und Beratung |
| series2 | Kommunikation und Beratung |
| spelling | Adolph, Barbara 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)122360176 aut People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India Barbara Adolph Weikersheim Margraf 1999 253 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kommunikation und Beratung 36 Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 1998 Water resources development India Watershed management India Citizen participation Wasserwirtschaft (DE-588)4064821-7 gnd rswk-swf Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd rswk-swf Indien Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 g Wasserwirtschaft (DE-588)4064821-7 s Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 s DE-604 Kommunikation und Beratung 36 (DE-604)BV010181633 36 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008961835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Adolph, Barbara 1964- People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India Kommunikation und Beratung Water resources development India Watershed management India Citizen participation Wasserwirtschaft (DE-588)4064821-7 gnd Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064821-7 (DE-588)4075236-7 (DE-588)4026722-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India |
| title_auth | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India |
| title_exact_search | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India |
| title_full | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India Barbara Adolph |
| title_fullStr | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India Barbara Adolph |
| title_full_unstemmed | People's participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in India Barbara Adolph |
| title_short | People's participation in natural resource management |
| title_sort | people s participation in natural resource management experiences from watershed management projects in india |
| title_sub | experiences from watershed management projects in India |
| topic | Water resources development India Watershed management India Citizen participation Wasserwirtschaft (DE-588)4064821-7 gnd Natürliche Ressourcen (DE-588)4075236-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Water resources development India Watershed management India Citizen participation Wasserwirtschaft Natürliche Ressourcen Indien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008961835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010181633 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT adolphbarbara peoplesparticipationinnaturalresourcemanagementexperiencesfromwatershedmanagementprojectsinindia |