Microbiological examination of water and wastewater:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton u.a.
Lewis
1999
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 324 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1566701791 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Microbiological examination of water and wastewater |c Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton u.a. |b Lewis |c 1999 | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Microbiologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microbiologie sanitaire | |
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| _version_ | 1804127774383800320 |
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| adam_text | MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER MARIA CSUROS CSABA
CSUROS WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY KLARA VER LEWIS PUBLISHERS BOCA RATON
LONDON NEW YORK WASHINGTON, D.C. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY 1.1 MICROBES AND MICROBIOLOGY 1.1.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF
MICROBIOLOGY 1.1.2 SIZE OF MICROORGANISMS 1.1.3 UNICELLULAR AND
NONCELLULAR ORGANISMS 1.1.4 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS 2
1.1.5 INVESTIGATION OF MICROORGANISMS 2 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY 2 1.2.1 THE MICROSCOPE AND MICROBES 2 1.2.2 SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION VS. BIOGENESIS THEORY 2 1.2.3 ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES 5 1.3 THE
GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 5 1.3.1 FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION 6
1.3.2 THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE 6 1.3.3 VACCINATION 7 1.4 CHEMOTHERAPY
8 1.4.1 THE FIRST SYNTHETIC DRUGS 9 1.4.2 ANTIBIOTICS 9 1.5 MODERN
DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY 10 1.6 NAMING AND CLASSIFYING OF
MICROORGANISMS 10 1.6.1 NAMING OF MICROORGANISMS 10 1.7 THE DIVERSITY OF
MICROORGANISMS 11 1.7.1 BACTERIA 11 1.7.2 FUNGI 11 1.7.3 PROTOZOA 12
1.7.4 ALGAE 12 1.7.5 VIRUSES 12 1.7.6 MULTICELLULAR PARASITES 12 CHAPTER
2 PROCARYOTIC CELLS 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROCARYOTIC AND EUCARYOTIC
CELLS 15 2.2 THE PROCARYOTIC CELL 15 2.2.1 MORPHOLOGY OF THE BACTERIAL
CELL 15 2.2.1.1 SPIRAL BACTERIA 16 2.2.1.2 BACILLI 17 2.2.1.3 COCCI 17
2.3 STRUCTURES EXTERNAL TO THE CELL WALLS 18 2.3.1 GLYCOCALYX 18 2.3.2
FLAGELLA 19 2.3.3 PILI 19 2.4 THE CELL WALL 19 2.4.1 GRAM POSITIVE
BACTERIA 20 2.4.2 GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA 20 2.4.3 ATYPICAL CELL WALL 20
2.4.4 DAMAGE TO THE CELL WALL 21 2.5 STRUCTURES INTERNAL TO THE CELL
WALL 21 2.5.1 PLASMA OR INNER MEMBRANE 21 2.5.2 MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL
ACROSS MEMBRANES 22 2.5.2.1 DIFFUSION 22 2.5.2.2 TRANSPORT BY CARRIERS
23 2.5.2.3 ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS 23 2.5.3 CYTOPLASM 23 2.5.4
NUCLEAR AREA 24 2.5.5 RIBOSOMES 24 2.5.6 INCLUSION 25 2.5.6.1
METACHROMATIC GRANULES 25 2.5.6.2 POLYSACCHARIDE GRANULES 26 2.5.6.3
LIPID INCLUSIONS 26 2.5.6.4 SULFUR GRANULES 26 2.5.6.5 GAS VACUOLES 26
2.5.7 ENDOSPORES 26 2.5.7.1 SPORULATION 26 2.5.7.2 GERMINATION 26
CHAPTER 3 MICROBIAL METABOLISM 29 3.1 MEANING OF METABOLISM 29 3.1.1 THE
FIRST AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 29 3.1.1.1 THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS 30 3.1.1.2 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 30 3.1.2
ENERGY TRANSPORT THROUGH ADP AND ATP 30 3.2 METABOLIC PATHWAYS 30 3.3
ENZYMES 31 3.3.1 MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION 32 3.3.2 NAMING THE ENZYMES
32 3.3.3 TEMPERATURE AND PH EFFECT ON ENZYMES 32 3.3.4 INHIBITION OF
ENZYMES 33 3.3.4.1 COMPETITIVE INHIBITION OF ENZYMES 33 3.3.4.2
NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION OF ENZYMES 33 3.4 NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF ORGANISMS 34 3.4.1 ENERGY PRODUCTION 34 3.4.1.1 CARBON AND ENERGY
SOURCES 35 3.4.1.2 NITROGEN SOURCES 35 3.4.1.3 OTHER CHEMICAL
REQUIREMENTS 35 3.5 ENERGY PRODUCTION OF ORGANISMS 35 3.5.1
OXIDATION-REDUCTION 36 3.5.2 PHOSPHORYLATION AS ATP FORMATION IN A
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM 36 3.5.2.1 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION 36 3.5.2.2
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 36 3.5.2.3 PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION 36 3.5.3
FORMATION OF ATP DURING RESPIRATION 36 3.5.3.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION 37
3.5.3.2 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION 37 3.5.3.3 FERMENTATION 37 3.5.4 FORMATION
OF ATP DURING FERMENTATION 37 3.6 CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM 37 3.6.1
GLYCOLYSIS 38 3.6.2 ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF GLYCOLYSIS BY BACTERIA 38
3.6.3 TRANSITION REACTION 38 3.6.4 KREBS CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE 39
3.6.5 RESPIRATORY CHAIN OR ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OR CYTOCHROME
SYSTEM 41 3.6.6 AEROBIC RESPIRATION 42 3.6.7 FERMENTATION 43 CHAPTER 4
MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ITS CONTROL 45 4.1 MICROBIAL GROWTH 45 4.1.1 THE
LAG PHASE 45 4.1.2 THE LOG PHASE 45 4.1.3 THE STATIONARY PHASE 45 4.1.4
THE DEATH PHASE 45 4.2 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS 46 4.2.1 TEMPERATURE 46
4.2.1.1 COLD LOVING MICROBES: PSYCHROPHILES 46 4.2.1.2 MODERATE
TEMPERATURE LOVING MICROBES: MESOPHILES 46 4.2.1.3 HEAT LOVING MICROBES:
THERMOPHILES 47 4.2.2 PH AND BUFFERS 47 4.2.3 OSMOTIC PRESSURE 48 4.3
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS 48 4.3.1 CARBON 48 4.3.2 NITROGEN, SULFUR, AND
PHOSPHORUS 48 4.3.3 TRACE ELEMENTS 48 4.3.4 OXYGEN 49 4.3.5 ORGANIC
GROWTH FACTORS 49 4.4 CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 50 4.4.1 TERMS RELATED
TO DESTRUCTION OF ORGANISMS 51 4.4.1.1 STERILIZATION 51 4.4.1.2
DISINFECTION 51 4.4.1.3 PASTEURIZATION 51 4.4.1.4 GERMICIDE 51 4.4.1.5
ANTISEPTICS 51 4.4.1.6 ASEPSIS 51 4.4.1.7 DEGERMING 51 4.4.1.8
SANITIZATION 51 4.5 PHYSICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL CONTROL 52 4.5.1 HIGH
HEAT 52 4.5.1.1 MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION 52 4.5.1.2 DRY HEAT
STERILIZATION 52 4.5.2 FILTRATION 52 4.5.3 LOW TEMPERATURE 52 4.5.4
DESICCATION 53 4.5.5 RADIATION 53 4.5.5.1 IONIZING RADIATION 53 4.5.5.2
NONIONIZING RADIATION 53 4.6 CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL CONTROL 53
4.6.1 SURFACTANTS OR SURFACE ACTING AGENTS 53 4.6.1.1 SOAP 53 4.6.1.2
ACID-ANIONIC SURFACE ACTING STERILIZERS 53 4.6.1.3 QUATERNARY AMMONIUM
COMPOUNDS (QUATS) 54 4.6.2 ORGANIC ACIDS 54 4.6.3 ALDEHYDES 54 4.6.4
ETHYLENE OXIDE 54 4.6.5 OXIDIZING AGENTS 54 4.6.6 PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID)
55 4.6.7 HALOGENS 55 4.6.8 ALCOHOLS 55 4.6.9 HEAVY METALS 55 CHAPTER 5
MICROORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 57 5.1 BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES 57 5.1.1 THE
WATER CYCLE OR HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 57 5.1.2 THE CARBON CYCLE 58 5.1.2.1 THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT 59 5.1.3 THE NITROGEN CYCLE 59 5.1.3.1 NITROGEN-FIXING
BACTERIA 60 5.1.3.2 NITRIFYING BACTERIA 61 5.1.3.3 DENITRIFYING BACTERIA
62 5.1.4 THE SULFUR CYCLE 62 5.1.4.1 SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA 62
5.1.4.2 SULFUR REDUCING BACTERIA 62 5.1.4.3 SULFUR OXIDIZING BACTERIA 63
5.1.5 THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE 63 5.2 MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN AIR 63 5.2.1
SOURCES OF INDOOR POLLUTION 64 5.2.1.1 OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT 64 5.2.1.2
INDOOR CONTAMINATION 64 5.2.2 FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR MICROBIAL LEVELS
65 5.2.3 CONTROLLING MICROORGANISMS IN AIR 65 5.2.3.1 CHEMICAL AGENTS 65
5.2.3.2 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION 65 5.2.3.3 AIR FILTRATION 65 5.3
MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL 66 5.3.1 COMPONENTS OF SOIL 66 5.3.1.1 INORGANIC
COMPONENTS 66 5.3.1.2 ORGANIC MATTER 66 5.3.1.3 ROOT SYSTEMS 67 5.3.1.4
LIVING ORGANISMS 67 5.3.2 MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL 67 5.3.2.1 BACTERIA 67
5.3.2.2 ACTINOMYCETES 68 5.3.2.3 FUNGI 68 5.3.2.4 CYANOBACTERIA, ALGAE,
PROTISTA AND VIRUSES 69 5.3.3 ABIOTIC FACTORS INFLUENCE MICROORGANISMS
IN THE SOIL 69 5.3.3.1 WATER AND OXYGEN 69 5.3.3.2 SOIL PH 69 5.3.3.3
TEMPERATURE 69 5.3.4 IMPORTANCE OF DECOMPOSERS IN THE SOIL 69 5.3.5 SOIL
PATHOGENS 70 5.4 AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY 70 5.4.1 FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT 70
5.4.1.1 GROUND WATER 70 5.4.1.2 SURFACE WATER 70 5.4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING
MICROORGANISMS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS 71 5.4.2.1 TEMPERATURE 71 5.4.2.2
PH 71 5.4.2.3 NUTRIENTS 71 5.4.2.4 OXYGEN 71 5.4.2.5 DEPTH 71 5.4.3
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 71 5.4.3.1 TEMPERATURE 71 5.4.3.2 PH 72 5.4.3.3
SALINITY 72 5.4.3.4 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 72 5.4.3.5 SUNLIGHT AND OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION 72 5.4.3.6 NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS 72 5.4.4 WATER
POLLUTION 72 5.4.4.1 ORGANIC WASTES 73 5.4.4.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTES 73
5.4.4.3 SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS 73 5.4.4.4 RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 73 5.4.4.5
AGRICULTURAL, MINING, AND CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 73 5.4.4.6 HEAT 73
5.4.5 PATHOGENS IN WATER 73 5.5 WATER PURIFICATION 74 5.5.1 FLOCCULATION
74 5.5.2 FILTRATION 74 5.5.3 CHLORINATION 74 5.6 SEWAGE TREATMENT 75
5.6.1 PRIMARY TREATMENT 75 5.6.2 SECONDARY TREATMENT 75 5.6.2.1
TRICKLING FILTER SYSTEMS 76 5.6.2.2 ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS 76 , 5.6.3
TERTIARY TREATMENT 76 5.6.4 SEPTIC TANKS 77 CHAPTER 6 BIOREMEDIATION OF
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS 79 6.1 BIOREMEDIATION 79 6.1.1 THE OBJECTIVE OF
BIOREMEDIATION 79 6.1.2 ADVANTAGE OF BIOREMEDIATION 79 6.1.3
DISADVANTAGE OF BIOREMEDIATION 80 6.1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOREMEDIATION 80
6.1.5 BIOTRANSFORMATION BY SUBSURFACE MICROORGANISMS 80 6.2 APPLICATION
OF BIOREMEDIATION 80 6.2.1 WOOD PRESERVATIVE INDUSTRIES 81 6.2.2 SOIL
AND HAZARDOUS WASTE BIOREMEDIATION 81 6.2.2.1 BIOREACTORS 82 6.2.2.2
SOLID PHASE BIOREMEDIATION 82 6.2.2.3 SOIL HEAPING 82 6.2.2.4 COMPOSTING
82 6.2.3 DEGRADATION OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS IN SOIL 82 6.2.4 BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION 83 6.2.5 MODERN MICROBIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS AND POLLUTION CONTROL 84 CHAPTER 7 MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 85 7.1 MONITORING MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY 85 7.1.1
WATERBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS 85 7.1.1.1 SWIMMING ASSOCIATED OUTBREAKS 86
7.1.2 RECOVERY OF PATHOGENS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 87 7.1.3
INDICATOR BACTERIA 87 7.1.3.1 COLIFORM GROUP 87 7.1.3.2 FECAL COLIFORM
BACTERIA 87 7.1.4 STANDARDS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY 88 7.2
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS TO THE SANITARY QUALITY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES 88 7.2.1 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT (HPC) 88 7.2.2
COLIFORM BACTERIA GROUP 88 7.2.2.1 TOTAL COLIFORM GROUP 88 7.2.2.2 FECAL
COLIFORM, ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI) 88 7.2.2.3 FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS 89
7.2.3.4 KLEBSIELLA 89 7.3 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 89 7.3.1 PATHOGENIC
BACTERIA 89 7.3.1.1 SALMONELLA 90 7.3.1.2 SALMONELLA TYPHI 90 7.3.1.3
SHIGELLA 90 7.3.1.4 VIBRIO CHOLERA 90 7.3.1.5 ENTEROPATHOGENIC
ESCHERICHIA COLI 90 7.3.1.6 YERSINIA 90 7.3.1.7 CAMPYLOBACTER 91 7.3.1.8
LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA 91 7.3.1.9 CLOSTRIDIUM 91 7.3.2 VIRUSES 92
7.3.2.1 HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV) 93 7.3.2.2 NORWALKAGENT 93 7.3.3
PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA 93 7.3.3.1 GIARDIA LAMBLIA 93 7.3.3.2 ENTAMOEBA
HISTOLYTICA 94 7.4 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA 94 7.5 ACTINOMYCETES 96 7.6
FUNGI 96 7.6.1 ASPERGILLUS 96 7.6.2 CANDIDA ALBICANS 96 7.7 REGULATIONS
FOR DRINKING WATER QUALITY 96 7.7.1 MONITORING AGENCIES 97 7.7.1.1 WORLD
HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 97 7.7.1.2 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)
97 7.7.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) 97 7.7.2 MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS 98 7.7.3 MINIMUM COLIFORM MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 98 7.7.4
STANDARDS 99 7.7.5 DISINFECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL PUBLIC WATER
SUPPLIES 99 7.7.6 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT REGULATIONS 100 7.8
GROUNDWATER 100 7.8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GROUDWATER 100 7.8.2 GROUNDWATER
STANDARDS 101 7.9 SURFACE WATERS 101 7.9.1 SURFACE WATER CLASSIFICATION
101 7.9.2 SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE (SWTR) 102 7.9.3 SURFACE WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS 103 7.10 WASTEWATER 103 7.10.1 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
103 7.10.2 PERMIT FOR INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS 104
7.10.3 MINIMUM TREATMENT STANDARD OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS 104
7.10.3.1 EFFLUENTS FOR DIRECT SURFACE WATER DISPOSAL OR SURFACE WATER
DISPOSAL VIA OCEAN OUTFALL 104 7.10.3.2 DISCHARGING TO OPEN OCEAN WATER
104 7.10.3.3 EFFLUENT DISINFECTION 104 7.10.3.3.1 BASIC DISINFECTION 104
7.10.3.3.2 HIGH-LEVEL DISINFECTION 105 7.10.3.3.3 INTERMEDIATE
DISINFECTION 105 7.10.3.3.4 LOW-LEVEL DISINFECTION 105 7.11 SOIL AND
SEDIMENT 105 7.12 AIR 106 CHAPTER 8 SAFETY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
LABORATORY 107 8.1 LABORATORY FACILITIES 107 8.2 LABORATORY SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS 108 8.2.1 GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES 108 8.2.2
STANDARD SAFETY PRACTICES IN A MICROBIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 109 8.2.3
GENERAL HANDLING AND STORAGE OF CHEMICALS AND GASES ILL 8.2.4 ELECTRICAL
PRECAUTIONS ILL 8.3 SUMMARIZED SAFETY CHECK LIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORIES ILL 8.3.1 ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ILL
8.3.2 PERSONAL CONDUCT 114 8.3.3 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 114 8.3.4
DISINFECTION/STERILIZATION 115 8.3.5 BIOHAZARD CONTROL 115 8.3.6
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF CHEMICALS AND GASES 115 8.3.7 EMERGENCY
PRECAUTIONS 115 CHAPTER 9 LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY
CONTROL 117 9.1 INTRODUCTION : 117 9.1.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA) 117
9.1.2 QUALITY CONTROL (QC) 117 9.1.3 QUALITY ASSESSMENT 117 9.2
REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITIES AND PERSONNEL 117 9.2.1 VENTILATION 117
9.2.2 LABORATORY BENCH AREAS 117 9.2.3 WALLS AND FLOORS 118 9.2.4
LABORATORY CLEANLINESS 118 9.2.5 AIR MONITORING 118 9.2.5.1 RODAC PLATES
118 9.2.5.2 AIR DENSITY PLATES 118 9.2.6 PERSONNEL 119 9.3 QUALITY
CONTROL FOR LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 119 9.3.1
THERMOMETERS AND TEMPERATURE-RECORDING INSTRUMENTS 119 9.3.2 BALANCES
119 9.3.3 PH METER 120 9.3.4 WATER DEIONIZATION UNIT 120 9.3.5 UV
STERILIZER 121 9.3.6 MEMBRANE FILTER APPARATUS 123 9.3.7 CENTRIFUGE 123
9.3.8 HOT-AIR OVEN 125 9.3.9 AUTOCLAVE 125 9.3.10 REFRIGERATORS AND
FREEZERS 126 9.3.11 INCUBATORS 126 9.3.12 WATER BATH 126 9.3.13 SAFETY
HOOD 126 9.3.14 MICROSCOPE 127 9.3.15 SPECTROPHOTOMETER 127 9.4 QUALITY
CONTROL OF LABORATORY SUPPLIES 127 9.4.1 GLASSWARE 127 9.4.2 GLASS,
PLASTIC, AND METAL UTENSILS FOR MEDIA PREPARATION 128 9.4.3 CULTURE
DISHES 128 9.4.4 STERILITY CHECK ON GLASSWARE 128 9.4.5 CHEMICALS AND
REAGENTS 128 9.4.6 DYES AND STAINS 129 9.4.7 MEMBRANE FILTERS AND PADS
129 9.4.8 CULTURE MEDIA 129 9.4.8.1 QUALITY CONTROL CRITERIA FOR
PREPARED MEDIA 130 9.5 QUALITY CONTROL OF LABORATORY PURE WATER 130
9.5.1 CHECKS AND MONITORING CRITERIA 130 9.5.2 TEST FOR BACTERIAL
QUALITY 130 9.5.2.1 REAGENTS 131 9.5.2.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION 132 9.5.2.3
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL SUSPENSION 132 9.5.2.4 TEST 132 9.5.2.5
CALCULATION 132 9.5.2.6 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 133 9.6 ANALYTICAL
QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES 133 9.6.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN ROUTINE ANALYSIS
133 9.6.1.1 NEGATIVE (STERILE) CONTROL 133 9.6.1.2 POSITIVE CONTROL 134
9.6.1.3 DUPLICATE ANALYSIS V 134 9.6.2 MEASUREMENT OF METHOD PRECISION
134 9.6.3 REFERENCE SAMPLE 134 9.6.4 PERFORMANCE SAMPLE 134 9.6.5
MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD (MF) VERIFICATION 135 9.6.5.1 TOTAL COLIFORM 135
9.6.5.2 FECAL COLIFORMS 136 9.6.5.3 FECAL STREPTOCOCCI 136 9.7 RECORDS
AND DATA REPORTING 136 9.8 INTERLABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL 136 CHAPTER
10 COLLECTING AND HANDLING ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL
EXAMINATION 139 10.1 SAMPLING 139 10.1.1 SAMPLING PROGRAM 139 10.1.2
TYPE OF SAMPLES 139 10.1.3 SAMPLE CONTAINERS 139 10.1.4 DECHLORINATING
AGENT 140 10.1.5 CHELATING AGENTS 140 10.1.6 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 140
10.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES 141 10.2.1 COLLECTING
POTABLE WATER SAMPLES 141 10.2.1.1 SAMPLING FROM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 141
10.2.1.2 SAMPLING FROM WELLS 142 10.2.2 COLLECT SAMPLES FROM RIVER,
STREAM, LAKE, SPRING, OR SHALLOW WELL 143 10.2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION FROM
BATHING BEACHES 143 10.2.4 MARINE AND ESTUARINE SAMPLING 146 10.2.5
SAMPLE COLLECTION FROM DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES 146 10.2.6
COLLECTING SAMPLES FROM SEDIMENTS AND SLUDGES 146 10.2.6.1 BOTTOM
SEDIMENTS 146 10.2.6.2 SLUDGES 147 10.2.7 SOIL SAMPLING 147 10.3 SAMPLE
IDENTIFICATION 148 10.4 SAMPLE TRANSPORTATION, PRESERVATION AND HOLDING
TIME 149 10.4.1 SAMPLE TRANSPORTATION AND PRESERVATION 149 10.4.2
LABORATORY CUSTODY PROCEDURE 150 10.4.3 HOLDING TIME 150 10.4.4 DISCARD
SAMPLES 151 CHAPTER 11 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES IN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY 153 11.1 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 153
11.1.1 INCUBATORS 153 11.1.2 HOT-AIR STERILIZING OVEN 153 11.1.3
AUTOCLAVES 153 11.1.4 PH METER 154 11.1.5 BALANCES 155 11.1.6 OPTICAL
COUNTING EQUIPMENT 155 11.1.7 REFRIGERATOR 156 11.1.8 MEMBRANE
FILTRATION EQUIPMENT 156 11.1.9 LINE VACUUM OR ELECTRIC VACUUM PUMP 157
11.1.10 INOCULATING NEEDLES OR LOOPS 157 11.1.11 MICROSCOPE 157
11.1.11.1 PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE 157 11.1.11.2 LIGHT MICROSCOPE 158
11.1.11.3 FOCUSING THE MICROSCOPE 160 11.1.11.3.1 LOW POWER (4X OR 10X)
160 11.1.11.3.2 HIGHER POWER 160 11.1.11.4 RULES FOR USING MICROSCOPES
161 11.1.11.5 DARK FIELD MICROSCOPY 161 11.1.11.6 PHASE-CONTRAST
MICROSCOPY 161 11.1.11.7 FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY 162 11.1.11.8 ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY 162 11.2 LABORATORY GLASSWARE 162 11.2.1 PETRI DISHES 162
11.2.1.1 PETRI DISHES WITH TIGHT FITTING LIDS 162 11.2.1.2 PETRI DISHES
WITH LOOSE FITTING LIDS 162 11.2.2 PIPETS 162 11.2.3 GRADUATED CYLINDERS
166 11.2.4 VACUUM FILTER FLASK 166 11.2.5 SAFETY TRAP FLASK 167 11.2.6
DILUTION (MILK DILUTION) BOTTLES 167 11.2.7 FERMENTATION TUBES AND VIALS
168 11.2.8 THERMOMETERS 168 11.2.9 CLEANING LABORATORY GLASSWARE 169
11.2.10 GLASSWARE STERILIZATION 169 11.3 CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS 169
11.3.1 CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS 169 11.3.2 LABORATORY PURE WATER 169
CHAPTER 12 CULTURE MEDIA 171 12.1 CULTURE MEDIA AND CULTURE 171 12.1.1
CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA 171 12.1.2 COMPLEX MEDIA 171 12.1.3 SELECTIVE
AND DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA 172 12.1.3.1 SELECTIVE MEDIA 172 12.1.3.2
DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA 172 12.1.4 STORAGE OF DEHYDRATED CULTURE MEDIA 172
12.1.5 PREPARATION OF MEDIA 172 12.1.5.1 PREPARATION AND STERILIZATION
OF MEDIA 173 12.1.6 STERILIZATION OF THE MEDIA 174 12.1.7 PH CHECK OF
THE MEDIA 175 12.1.8 STORAGE OF CULTURE MEDIA 175 12.1.9 STERILE MEDIA
FROM COMMERCIAL SOURCES 176 12.2 BACTERIAL GROWTH IN MEDIA 176 12.2.1
BACTERIAL GROWTH IN LIQUID (BROTH) MEDIA 176 12.2.1.1 OBSERVING GROWTH
PATTERNS ON BROTH MEDIA 176 12.2.2 BACTERIAL GROWTH IN AGAR SLANT
CULTURES 178 12.2.2.1 PREPARATION OF AGAR SLANTS 178 12.2.3 BACTERIAL
SELECTION BY SUGAR FERMENTATION 178 12.2.4 OBTAINING PURE CULTURE:
STREAK PLATE METHOD 180 12.2.4.1 HOW TO PREPARE AGAR PLATES 181 12.2.4.2
HOW TO INOCULATE AGAR PLATES 182 12.2.4.3 HOW TO INCUBATE AGAR PLATES
182 CHAPTER 13 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF BACTERIAL GROWTH 183 13.1 DILUTIONS
183 13.1.1 SINGLE DILUTION 183 13.1.2 SERIAL DILUTION 183 13.1.3 PROMPT
USE OF DILUTIONS 184 13.1.4 DILUTION WATER 184 13.1.4.1 PHOSPHATE
BUFFERED DILUTION WATER 184 13.1.4.1.1 STOCK PHOSPHATE BUFFER SOLUTION
184 13.1.4.1.2 WORKING PHOSPHATE BUFFER SOLUTION 185 13.2 PLATE COUNTS
185 13.2.1 POUR PLATE METHOD 185 13.2.2 SPREAD PLATE METHOD 186 13.2.3
STREAK PLATE METHOD 186 13.3 MEMBRANE FILTER (MF) TECHNIQUE 186 13.3.1
ADVANTAGE OF THE MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE 187 13.3.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE
MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE 187 13.3.3 OUTLINE OF THE MEMBRANE FILTER
TECHNIQUE 187 13.4 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) METHOD 188 13.4.1
PRESUMPTIVE TEST 188 13.4.2 CONFIRMED TEST 188 13.4.3 COMPLETED TEST 188
13.4.4 CALCULATION AND REPORTING OF MPN VALUES 189 13.5 STAINING
PROCEDURES 189 13.5.1 PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL SMEARS 189 13.5.2 GRAM
STAIN 189 13.6 DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNTS 191 CHAPTER 14 ESTIMATION OF
BACTERIAL NUMBERS BY INDIRECT METHODS 193 14.1 TURBIDITY 193 14.2
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMATIC TESTS 194 14.2.1 CATALASE TEST 194
14.2.2 CLUMPING FACTOR TEST (SLIDE COAGULASE TEST) 194 14.2.3 NITRATE
REDUCTION TEST 195 14.2.4 OXIDASE TEST (KOVACS METHOD) 196 14.2.5 INDOLE
TEST 197 14.2.5.1 THE RAPID INDOLE TEST 197 14.2.5.2 REGULAR INDOLE TEST
197 14.2.6 RAPID UREASE TEST 198 14.2.7 IMVIC TESTS 198 14.2.8 METHYL
RED AND VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST 198 14.2.8.1 METHYL RED (MR) TEST 199
14.2.8.2 VOGES-PROSKAUER (V-P) REACTION 199 14.2.9 CITRATE UTILIZATION
TEST 199 14.2.10 DECARBOXYLASE TEST _. 200 14.2.11 MOTILITY TEST 200
14.3 RAPID IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS (MULTITEST SYSTEMS) 200 CHAPTER 15
METHODS FOR ANALYZING MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 201
15.1 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 201 15.1.1 METHODS FOR THE TOTAL COLIFORM
GROUP 201 15.1.2 METHODS FOR FECAL COLIFORMS 201 15.1.3 HETEROTROPHIC
PLATE COUNT 202 15.1.4 METHOD FOR FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS 203 15.1.5
DETECTION OF STRESSED ORGANISMS 203 15.1.5.1 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE EFFECT
203 15.1.5.2 CHLORINATED EFFLUENTS AND TOXIC WASTES 203 15.2 RAPID
DETECTION METHODS 203 15.2.1 7 HOUR FECAL COLIFORM TEST 204 15.3 METHODS
FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF RECREATIONAL WATERS 204 15.3.1
SWIMMING POOLS 204 15.3.1.1 DISINFECTED INDOOR POOLS 204 15.3.1.2
DISINFECTED OUTDOOR POOLS 204 15.3.1.3 UNTREATED POOLS 204 15.3.2
WHIRLPOOLS 205 15.3.3 NATURAL BATHING BEACHES 205 15.4 DETECTION OF
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 205 15.5 DETECTION OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS 206 15.5.1
SAMPLE COLLECTION 206 15.5.2 SAMPLE HANDLING AND STORAGE 206 15.5.3
MOISTURE DETERMINATION 206 15.5.4 PLATE COUNT 207 15.5.5 MOST PROBABLE
NUMBER (MPN) METHOD 207 CHAPTER 16 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT 209 16.1
INTRODUCTION 209 16.2 POUR PLATE METHOD 209 16.2.1 EQUIPMENT AND
MATERIAL 209 16.2.2 MEDIA PREPARATION 210 16.2.3 PREPARATION OF AGAR 210
16.2.4 DILUTION PREPARATION 210 16.2.5 PLATE PREPARATION 211 16.2.6
COUNTING 213 16.2.6.1 SELECT PLATES HAVING 30 TO 300 COLONIES 213
16.2.6.2 PLATES HAVING MORE THAN 300 COLONIES 213 16.2.6.3 PLATES HAVE
NO COLONIES 214 16.2.6.4 NUMBER OF COLONIES PER PLATE GREATLY EXCEEDING
300 214 16.2.6.5 SPREADING COLONIES ARE ON THE PLATE(S) 214 16.2.6.6
PLATES ARE UNCOUNTABLE 214 16.2.6.7 EXAMPLES FOR COUNTING AND REPORTING
214 16.3 SPREAD PLATE METHOD 215 16.3.1 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL 215
16.3.2 MEDIA AND AGAR PREPARATION, SAMPLE DILUTION 215 16.3.3
PREPARATION OF AGAR PLATES 215 16.3.4 PROCEDURE 215. 16.3.5 COUNTING AND
REPORTING 216 16.4 PLATE COUNT FROM SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 216 16.4.1
MOISTURE DETERMINATION 216 16.4.2 PREPARATION OF DILUTIONS 216 16.4.3
CALCULATION AND REPORTING 217 16.4.4 POUR PLATES 217 16.4.5 SPREAD COUNT
217 CHAPTER 17 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL COLIFORM 219 17.1 MEMBRANE FILTER
TECHNIQUE 219 17.1.1 INTRODUCTION 219 17.1.2 APPLICATION 219 17.1.3
EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE 220 17.1.4 CULTURE MEDIA 221 17.1.4.1
PREPARATION OF THE M-ENDO BROTH MEDIA 221 17.1.4.2 PREPARATION OF THE
M-ENDO AGAR MEDIUM 222 17.1.4.3 PREPARATION OF LAURYL TRYPTOSE BROTH 222
17.1.4.4 PREPARATION OF BRILLIANT GREEN BILE BROTH 222 17.1.4.5
PREPARATION OF DILUTION WATER 222 17.1.4.6 PREPARATION OF MAGNESIUM
CHLORIDE SOLUTION 222 17.1.5 SET UP FILTRATION APPARATUS 222 17.1.6
SUGGESTED SAMPLE VOLUMES FOR MEMBRANE FILTER TOTAL COLIFORM 222 17.2
MEMBRANE FILTRATION (MF) PROCEDURE 223 17.2.1 PROCEDURE USING BROTH
MEDIA 223 17.2.2 PROCEDURE USING AGAR MEDIA 223 17.2.3 COUNTING AND
RECORDING COLONIES 223 17.2.3.1 GENERAL RULES FOR COUNTING AND REPORTING
224 17.2.3.2 SPECIAL RULES IN COUNTING AND REPORTING FOR POTABLE WATERS
225 17.2.4 VERIFICATION 225 17.2.4.1 VERIFICATION PROCEDURES 225 17.3
DELAYED INCUBATION BY THE MF METHOD 226 17.3.1 APPLICATION 227 17.3.2
EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE 227 17.3.3 CULTURE MEDIA 227 17.3.3.1
PREPARATION OF M-ENDO PRESERVATIVE MEDIUM 227 17.3.4 PROCEDURE,
COUNTING, AND RECORDING 227 17.4 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) METHOD 227
17.4.1 INTRODUCTION 227 17.4.2 APPLICATION *., 228 17.4.3 EQUIPMENT AND
GLASSWARE 228 17.4.4 CULTURE MEDIA 228 17.4.4.1 LAURYL TRYPTOSE BROTH
228 17.4.4.2 BRILLIANT GREEN LACTOSE BILE BROTH (BGLB) 228 17.4.4.3
EOSINE METHYLENE BLUE AGAR (EMB AGAR) 228 17.4.5 DILUTION WATER 229
17.4.6 PROCEDURE 230 17.4.6.1 PRESUMPTIVE TEST 230 17.4.6.2 CONFIRMED
TEST 230 17.4.6.3 COMPLETION TEST 230 17.4.7 CALCULATION 231 17.4.7.1
CALCULATION OF REPORTED VALUE WHEN 10, 1.0, AND 0.1 ML PORTIONS ARE USED
231 17.4.7.2 CALCULATION OF REPORTED VALUES WHEN THE SERIES OF DECIMAL
DILUTIONS IS OTHER THAN 10, 1.0, AND 0.1 ML 231 17.4.7.3 MORE THAN THREE
SAMPLE VOLUMES ARE INOCULATED 231 17.5 DETERMINATION OF KLEBSIELLA 233
17.5.1 INTRODUCTION 233 17.5.2 MEMBRANE FILTER PROCEDURE 234 17.5.2.1
APPARATUS 234 17.5.2.2 CULTURE MEDIUM 234 17.5.2.2.1 MODIFIED M-FC AGAR
(M-FCIC) AGAR 234 17.5.2.2.2 M-KLEBAGAR 234 17.5.2.3 PROCEDURE 235
17.5.2.4 COUNTING COLONIES 235 17.5.2.5 VERIFICATION 235 17.6
APPLICATION FOR SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND SLUDGE SAMPLES 235 17.7 ANALYTICAL
QUALITY CONTROL 236 CHAPTER 18 DETERMINATION OF FECAL COLIFORM 237 18.1
DEFINITION OF THE FECAL COLIFORM GROUP 237 18.2 MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD
237 18.2.1 APPLICATION 237 18.2.2 EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE 237 18.2.3
CULTURE MEDIA 237 18.2.3.1 PREPARATION OF M-FC BROTH 238 18.2.3.1.1
ROSOLIC ACID SOLUTION 238 18.2.3.1.2 0.2JVNAOH 238 18.2.3.2 PREPARATION
OF M-FC AGAR 238 18.2.3.3 PREPARATION OF LAURYL TRYPTOSE BROTH 238
18.2.3.4 PREPARATION OF EC MEDIUM 238 18.2.3.5 PREPARATION OF STERILE
DILUTION WATER 238 18.2.4 PROCEDURE 238 18.2.4.1 SET UP FILTRATION
APPARATUS 238 18.2.4.2 SUGGESTED SAMPLE VOLUMES FOR THE MEMBRANE FILTER
FECAL COLIFORM TEST 238 18.2.4.3 PROCEDURE USING BROTH MEDIA 239
18.2.4.4 PROCEDURE USING AGAR MEDIA 239 18.2.5 COUNTING AND RECORDING
COLONIES 239 18.2.5.1 COUNTABLE MEMBRANES WITH 20 TO 60 COLONIES 239
18.2.5.2 COUNTABLE MEMBRANE FILTERS WITH LESS THAN 20 BLUE COLONIES 239
18.2.5.3 MEMBRANES WITH NO COLONIES 239 18.2.5.4 COUNTABLE MEMBRANES
WITH MORE THAN 60 COLONIES 240 18.2.5.5 UNCOUNTABLE MEMBRANES WITH MORE
THAN 60 COLONIES 240 18.2.6 VERIFICATION 240 18.2.6.1 PROCEDURE 240 18.3
DELAYED INCUBATION MF METHOD 240 18.3.1 APPLICATION 240 18.3.2 EQUIPMENT
AND GLASSWARE 240 18.3.3 CULTURE MEDIA 241 18.3.3.1 PREPARATION OF THE
M-VFC MEDIUM 241 18.3.4 COUNTING AND RECORDING COLONIES 242 18.4 THE
MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) METHOD 242 18.4.1 APPLICATION 242 18.4.2
EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE 242 18.4.3 MEDIA 242 18.4.3.1 LAURYL TRYPTOSE
BROTH 242 18.4.3.2 EC MEDIUM 242 18.4.3.3 DILUTION WATER 242 18.4.4
PROCEDURE 242 18.4.5 CALCULATION AND REPORTING 244 18.5 THE MUG TEST 244
18.6 APPLICATION FOR SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND SLUDGE SAMPLES 244 18.7
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (QC) PROCEDURE 244 CHAPTER 19 DETERMINATION
OF FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS 245 19.1 INTRODUCTION 245 19.1.1 THE FECAL
COLIFORM AND FECAL STREPTOCOCCI, FC/FS RATIO 245 19.2 ENTEROCOCCI
PORTION OF THE FECAL STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP 246 19.3 MEMBRANE FILTER (MF)
TECHNIQUE 246 19.3.1 APPLICATION 246 19.3.2 EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE 246
19.3.3 CULTURE MEDIA 247 19.3.3.1 PREPARATION OF KF STREPTOCOCCUS AGAR
247 19.3.3.1.1 1 PERCENT SOLUTION OF 2,3,5-TRIPHENYL-
TETRAZOLIUM-CHLORIDE (TTC) 247 19.3.3.1.2 10 PERCENT SODIUM CARBONATE,
NA^OG 247 19.3.3.2 PREPARATION OF BRAIN HEART INFUSION BROTH (BHI) 247
19.3.3.3 BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR (BHI AGAR) 247 19.3.3.4 BRAIN HEART
INFUSION BROTH WITH 40 PERCENT BILE 248 19.3.3.4.1 PREPARATION OF 10
PERCENT OXGALL SOLUTION 248 19.3.3.5 DILUTION WATER 248 19.3.4
PROCEDURES 248 19.3.4.1 SAMPLE VOLUME 248 19.3.5 COUNTING AND RECORDING
COLONIES 248 19.3.6 VERIFICATION 248 19.4 DELAYED MF PROCEDURE 249 19.5
MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) METHOD 249 19.5.1 CULTURE MEDIA 249 19.5.1.1
AZIDE DEXTROSE BROTH 249 19.5.1.2 PFIZER SELECTIVE ENTEROCOCCUS, (PSE)
AGAR 250 19.5.2 PROCEDURE 251 19.5.2.1 PRESUMPTIVE TEST 251 19.5.2.2
CONFIRMED TEST 251 19.5.3 CALCULATION 251 19.6 POUR PLATE METHOD 251
19.6.1 MEDIA 252 19.6.2 PROCEDURE 252 19.6.3 COUNTING AND REPORTING 252
19.6.3.1 PLATES WITH 30 TO 300 COLONIES 252 19.6.3.2 ALL PLATES GREATER
THAN 300 COLONIES 253 19.6.3.3 ALL PLATES WITH FEWER THAN 30 COLONIES
253 19.6.3.4 PLATE WITH NO COLONIES 253 19.6.3.5 ALL PLATES ARE CROWDED
253 19.7 PROCEDURES FOR SOILS, SEDIMENTS, AND SLUDGES 254 19.8
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (QC) PROCEDURES 254 CHAPTER 20
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 255 20.1 INTRODUCTION 255 20.1.1 COLIFORM ORGANISMS
255 20.1.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 255 20.2 ENTEROTUBEII
256 20.2.1 OPERATION OF ENTEROTUBE II 256 20.2.2 TO READ ENTEROTUBE II
257 20.2.3 TO INDICATE POSITIVE REACTIONS 257 20.2.4 ORDERING
INFORMATION 257 20.3 BBL OXI/FERM TUBE II 260 20.4 API 20E SYSTEM 260
20.4.1 OPERATION OF API 20E 263 CHAPTER 21 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA 265
21.1 INTRODUCTION TO IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA 265 21.2 IRON BACTERIA 265
21.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IRON BACTERIA 266 21.3 SULFUR BACTERIA 267
21.3.1 COMMON FORMS OF SULFUR BACTERIA 267 21.3.1.1 SULFATE-REDUCING
BACTERIA 268 21.3.1.2 PHOTOSYNTHETIC GREEN AND PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA
268 21.3.1.3 COLORLESS FILAMENTOUS SULFUR BACTERIA 268 21.3.1.4 AEROBIC
SULFUR OXIDIZERS 268 21.3.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SULFUR BACTERIA 269
21.3.2.1 GREEN AND PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA 269 21.3.2.2 COLORLESS
FILAMENTOUS SULFUR BACTERIA 269 21.3.2.3 COLORLESS NONFILAMENTOUS SULFUR
BACTERIA 270 21.3.2.4 COLORLESS SMALL SULFUR BACTERIA AND
SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA 270 21.4 ENUMERATION, ENRICHMENT, AND
ISOLATION OF IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA 270 CHAPTER 22 DETECTION OF
ACTINOMYCETES 271 22.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 271 22.1.1 ACTINOMYCETES 271
22.1.2 STREPTOMYCES 271 22.2 DETERMINATION OF ACTINOMYCETES DENSITY 272
22.2.1 PLATING METHOD 272 22.2.2 PREPARATION AND DILUTION OF SAMPLES 272
22.2.3 PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLES 272 22.2.4 MEDIUM 273 22.2.5
PROCEDURE 273 22.2.6 COUNTING 273 22.2.7 CALCULATION AND REPORTING 274
22.2.7.1 ALTERNATIVE CALCULATIONS 275 APPENDIX A EXPONENTIAL NOTATION
277 A.I GENERAL DISCUSSION 277 A. 1.1 NUMBERS GREATER THAN 10 IN
EXPONENTIAL NOTATION 277 A.1.2 NUMBERS LESS THAN 1 IN EXPONENTIAL
NOTATION 278 A. 1.3 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING NUMBERS IN EXPONENTIAL
NOTATION 278 A. 1.4 MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING NUMBERS IN EXPONENTIAL
NOTATION 278 APPENDIX B INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (METRIC SYSTEM)
279 B.I DERIVED SI UNITS 279 B.2 DERIVED SI UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES 279
B.3 PREFIXES 280 B.4 USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS 280 APPENDIX C UNITS AND
CONVERSION FACTORS 281 C.I CONVERSION TO METRIC MEASURES 281 C.2
CONVERSION FROM METRIC MEASURES 281 APPENDIX D BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
(BOD) 283 D.I SCOPE AND APPLICATION 283 D.I.I CARBONACEOUS VS.
NITROGENOUS BOD 283 D.I.2 DILUTION REQUIREMENTS 283 D.1.3 SUMMARY OF THE
METHOD 284 D.1.4 SAMPLING AND STORAGE 284 D.1.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR
THE WINKLER METHOD 284 D. 1.6 INTERFERENCES 285 D.2 APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL 285 D.3 REAGENTS 285 D.4 PROCEDURE 286 D.4.1 DO METER
CALIBRATION 286 D.4.2 PREANALYSIS CHECKING 287 D.4.3 ANALYSIS 287 D.5
CALCULATION 288 D.5.1 BOD CONCENTRATION 288 D.5.2 CORRECTION FACTOR FOR
SEED CONTROL 288 D.5.3 DILUTION FACTOR 289 D.5.4 ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION
289 D.6 QUALITY CONTROL 289 D.6.1 METHOD BLANK 289 D.6.2 SEED CONTROL
289 D.6.3 REFERENCE STANDARD (GLUCOSE-GLUTAMIC ACID STANDARD) 289 D.6.4
DO METER PERFORMANCE CHECK 290 D.6.5 ACCURACY 290 D.6.6 PRECISION 290
D.7 SAFETY 290 APPENDIX E DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS 291 E.I GENERAL
DISCUSSION 291 E.1.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HANDLING 291 E.1.2 SAMPLE
PRETREATMENT 291 E.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS (TS) DRIED AT 103 TO
105C 291 E.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 291 E.2.2 INTERFERENCES 291
E.2.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIAL 292 E.2.4 PROCEDURE 292 E.2.5 CALCULATION
292 E.2.6 QUALITY CONTROL 292 E.2.6.1 METHOD BLANK 292 E.3 DETERMINATION
OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) DRIED AT 180C 292 E.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF
THE METHOD 292 E.3.2 INTERFERENCES 293 E.3.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIAL 293
E.3.4 REAGENTS 293 E.3.4.1 REFERENCE STANDARDS, 500 MG PER 1 293 E.3.5
PROCEDURE 293 E.3.5.1 PREPARATION OF EVAPORATION DISHES 293 E.3.5.2
SAMPLE ANALYSIS 294 E.3.6 CALCULATION 294 E.3.7 QUALITY CONTROL 295
E.3.7.1 METHOD BLANK 295 E.3.7.2 REFERENCE STANDARD 295 E.3.7.3
DUPLICATES 295 E.4 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)
DRIED AT 103 TO 105C 295 E.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 295 E.4.2
INTERFERENCES 295 E.4.3 APPARATUS AND MATERIAL 295 E.4.4 PROCEDURE 295
E.4.4.1 FILTER PREPARATION 295 E.4.4.2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 296 E.4.5
CALCULATION 296 E.5 FIXED AND VOLATILE SOLIDS IGNITED AT 500C 296 E.5.1
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 296 E.5.2 INTERFERENCES 297 E.5.3 APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL 297 E.5.4 PROCEDURES 297 E.5.5 CALCULATION 297 E.6 TOTAL,
FIXED, AND VOLATILE SOLIDS IN SOLID AND SEMISOLID SAMPLES 297 E.6.1
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 297 E.6.2 INTERFERENCES 297 E.6.3 APPARATUS AND
MATERIAL 298 E.6.4 PROCEDURE 298 E.6.4.1 PREPARATION OF EVAPORATION
DISHES 298 E.6.4.2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 298 E.6.5 CALCULATION 298 E.6.6
QUALITY CONTROL 298 E.7 SETTLEABLE SOLIDS 298 E.7.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE
METHOD 298 E.7.2 APPARATUS 298 E.7.3 PROCEDURE 299 APPENDIX F
DETERMINATION OF PH 301 F.I GENERAL DISCUSSION 301 F.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
AND HOLDING TIME 301 F.3 POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PH 301 F.3.1
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 301 F.3.2 INTERFERENCES 302 F.3.3 APPARATUS AND
MATERIALS 302 F.3.4 REAGENTS 302 F.3.5 METER CALIBRATION 303 F.3.6
MEASUREMENT OF AQUEOUS SAMPLES AND WASTES CONTAINING GREATER THAN 20
PERCENT WATER 303 F.3.7 MEASUREMENT OF SOLID SAMPLES 303 F.3.8 GENERAL
RULES 304 F.4 QUALITY CONTROL (QC) 304 F.4.1 DUPLICATE ANALYSIS 304
F.4.2 INITIAL CALIBRATION VERIFICATION (ICV) 304 F.4.3 CONTINUING
CALIBRATION VERIFICATION (CCV) 305 F.4.4 CALCULATE ACCURACY 305 APPENDIX
G BACTERIOPHAGES 307 G.I COLIFORM COUNTS 307 G.I.I TOTAL COLIFORMS 307
G.1.2 FECAL COLIFORMS 307 BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 INDEX 31 1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Csuros, Maria Csuros, Csaba |
| author_facet | Csuros, Maria Csuros, Csaba |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Csuros, Maria |
| author_variant | m c mc c c cc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013077082 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QR48 |
| callnumber-raw | QR48 |
| callnumber-search | QR48 |
| callnumber-sort | QR 248 |
| callnumber-subject | QR - Microbiology |
| classification_rvk | AR 22500 WC 5400 WK 6500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)40179718 (DE-599)BVBBV013077082 |
| dewey-full | 579 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 579 - Microorganisms, fungi & algae |
| dewey-raw | 579 |
| dewey-search | 579 |
| dewey-sort | 3579 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Allgemeines Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013077082 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:38:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1566701791 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008909152 |
| oclc_num | 40179718 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-M347 DE-M490 DE-526 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-M347 DE-M490 DE-526 DE-634 |
| physical | 324 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Lewis |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Csuros, Maria Verfasser aut Microbiological examination of water and wastewater Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros Boca Raton u.a. Lewis 1999 324 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microbiologia larpcal Microbiologie sanitaire Sanitary microbiology Abwasseranalyse (DE-588)4122754-2 gnd rswk-swf Mikrobiologische Analyse (DE-588)4418240-5 gnd rswk-swf Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 gnd rswk-swf Abwasseranalyse (DE-588)4122754-2 s Mikrobiologische Analyse (DE-588)4418240-5 s DE-604 Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 s Csuros, Csaba Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008909152&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Csuros, Maria Csuros, Csaba Microbiological examination of water and wastewater Microbiologia larpcal Microbiologie sanitaire Sanitary microbiology Abwasseranalyse (DE-588)4122754-2 gnd Mikrobiologische Analyse (DE-588)4418240-5 gnd Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122754-2 (DE-588)4418240-5 (DE-588)4079058-7 |
| title | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater |
| title_auth | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater |
| title_exact_search | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater |
| title_full | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_fullStr | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater Maria Csuros ; Csaba Csuros |
| title_short | Microbiological examination of water and wastewater |
| title_sort | microbiological examination of water and wastewater |
| topic | Microbiologia larpcal Microbiologie sanitaire Sanitary microbiology Abwasseranalyse (DE-588)4122754-2 gnd Mikrobiologische Analyse (DE-588)4418240-5 gnd Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Microbiologia Microbiologie sanitaire Sanitary microbiology Abwasseranalyse Mikrobiologische Analyse Wasseranalyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008909152&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT csurosmaria microbiologicalexaminationofwaterandwastewater AT csuroscsaba microbiologicalexaminationofwaterandwastewater |