Plastics packaging: properties, processing, applications and regulations
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich
Hanser [u.a.]
2000
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 425 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3446214046 1569903034 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 3446214046 |9 3-446-21404-6 | ||
| 020 | |a 1569903034 |9 1-56990-303-4 | ||
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| 035 | |a (OCoLC)247283579 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV013061599 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c DE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-91G |a DE-12 |a DE-703 |a DE-210 |a DE-861 |a DE-634 | ||
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| 084 | |a CIT 700f |2 stub | ||
| 084 | |a MAS 790f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Hernandez, Ruben J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics packaging |b properties, processing, applications and regulations |c Ruben J. Hernandez ; Susan E. M. Selke ; John D. Culter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 425 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Conditionnement |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Matières plastiques dans l'emballage | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Matières plastiques dans l'emballage |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Matières plastiques |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Polymères | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Synthetische polymeren |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Verpakking |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Packaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plastics in packaging | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoffverpackung |0 (DE-588)4334335-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kunststoffverpackung |0 (DE-588)4334335-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Selke, Susan E. M. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1080393129 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Culter, John D. |d 1937- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1080394036 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008900284&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008900284 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1807229402344325120 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
.
V
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
1.1
HISTORIC
NOTE
.
1
1.2
ROLE
OF
PLASTICS
IN
PACKAGING
.
2
1.3
BOOK
STRUCTURE
.
6
CHAPTER
2
BASIC
CONCEPTS
AND
DEFINITIONS
.
7
2.1
TERMINOLOGY
.
7
2.1.1
MACROMOLECULE
.
7
2.1.2
POLYMER
.
8
2.1.3
PLASTIC
.
8
2.1.4
MONOMER
.
10
2.1.5
CONSTITUTIONAL
UNIT
.
10
2.1.6
HOMOPOLYMER
.
11
2.1.7
COPOLYMER
.
11
2.2
POLYMER
NOMENCLATURE
.
12
2.3
INTERATOMIC
AND
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
IN
POLYMERS
.
13
2.3.1
INTERATOMIC
FORCES
.
13
2.3.1.1
COVALENT
BONDS
.
13
2.3.1.2
IONIC
BONDS
.
14
2.3.2
INTERMOLECULAR
AND
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
.
15
2.3.2.1
DISPERSION
FORCES
.
16
2.3.2.2
INDUCTION
FORCES
.
16
2.3.2.3
DIPOLE
FORCES
.
17
2.3.2.4
HYDROGEN
BONDS
.
17
2.4
PROPERTIES
DETERMINED
BY
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
.
17
2.5
CATEGORIZATION
OF
PLASTICS
.
18
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
19
VIII
CHAPTER3
POLYMER
STRUCTURE
AND
PROPERTIES
.
21
3.1
INTRODUCTION
.
21
3.2
MOLECULAR
ARCHITECTURE
.
21
3.2.1
LINEAR
POLYMERS
.
22
3.2.2
BRANCHED
POLYMERS
.
22
3.2.3
CROSS-LINKED
POLYMERS
.
23
3.3
COPOLYMER
STRUCTURE
.
24
3.3.1
RANDOM
COPOLYMERS
.
25
3.3.2
ALTERNATING
COPOLYMERS
.
25
3.3.3
BLOCK
COPOLYMERS
.
26
3.3.4
GRAFT
COPOLYMERS
.
27
3.3.5
COMBINATIONS
OF
COPOLYMER
TYPES
.
28
3.4
CHAIN
POLYMERIZATION,
ADDITION
POLYMERS
.
29
3.4.1
ADDITION
OR
CHAIN
POLYMERIZATION
.
29
3.4.2
VINYL
POLYMERS
.
30
3.4.3
FREE-RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
.
32
3.4.3.1
INITIATION
.
32
3.4.3.2
PROPAGATION
.
33
3.4.3.3
TERMINATION
.
33
3.4.4
POLYETHYLENE
POLYMERIZATION
PROCESSES
.
33
3.4.5
OTHER
ADDITION
POLYMERIZATION
MECHANISMS
.
36
3.5
MOLECULAR
CONFIGURATION
AND
CONFORMATION
.
37
3.6
HEAD-TO-HEAD
AND
HEAD-TO-TAIL
CONFIGURATIONS
OF
VINYL
POLYMERS
.
37
3.7
STEREOCHEMISTRY
.
39
3.8
STEP
POLYMERIZATION,
CONDENSATION
POLYMERS
.
41
3.9
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
AND
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
.
44
3.9.1
DEGREE
OF
POLYMERIZATION
.
45
3.9.2
MOLECULAR
MASS
(WEIGHT)
AND
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
.
45
3.9.3
NUMBER
AVERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
46
3.9.4
WEIGHT
AVERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
.
47
3.9.5
OTHER
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
AVERAGES
.
50
3.9.6
DETERMINATION
OF
MWD
.
50
3.9.7
EFFECT
OF
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
AND
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
DISTRIBUTION
ON
FLOW
AND
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
.
51
3.10
POLYMER
MORPHOLOGY
.
54
3.10.1
CRYSTALLINITY
.
55
3.10.2
POLYMER
ORIENTATION
.
60
3.10.3
DEGREE
OF
CRYSTALLINITY
.
61
3.11
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
.
63
3.11.1
MELTING
TEMPERATURE
.
63
3.11.2
GLASS
TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE
.
63
3.11.2.1
MEASURING
T
G
.
66
3.11.2.2
VARIABLES
AFFECTING
T
G
.
68
3.11.3
OTHER
THERMAL
TRANSITIONS
.
69
3.11.4
HEAT
CAPACITY
.
70
3.11.5
HEAT
OF
FUSION
.
70
IX
3.11.6
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
.
70
3.11.7
THERMAL
EXPANSION
COEFFICIENT
.
71
3.11.8
OTHER
DIMENSIONAL
CHANGES
.
72
3.11.9
DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY
.
72
3.12
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
.
73
3.12.1
TENSILE
PROPERTIES
.
73
3.12.2
TEAR
STRENGTH
.
76
3.12.3
IMPACT
AND
BURSTING
STRENGTH
.
76
3.12.4
OTHER
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
.
76
3.13
BARRIER
PROPERTIES
.
77
3.13.1
DIFFUSION
COEFFICIENT
.
78
3.13.2
SOLUBILITY
COEFFICIENT
.
78
3.13.3
PERMEABILITY
COEFFICIENT
.
78
3.14
SURFACES
AND
ADHESION
.
79
3.14.1
SURFACE
TENSION
.
79
3.14.2
WETTABILITY
.
79
3.14.3
ADHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
80
3.14.4
COHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
80
3.14.5
BLOCKING
.
80
3.14.6
FRICTION
.
81
3.14.7
HEAT
SEALING
.
81
3.15
OPTICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
.
82
3.15.1
GLOSS
.
82
3.15.2
HAZE
.
83
3.15.3
TRANSPARENCY
AND
OPACITY
.
83
3.16
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
.
84
3.17
PLASTICS
IDENTIFICATION
USING
IR
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
.
84
REFERENCES
.
86
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
86
CHAPTER
4
MAJOR
PLASTICS
IN
PACKAGING
.
89
4.1
BRANCHED
POLYETHYLENES
.
89
4.1.1
LOW
DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
.
91
4.1.2
ETHYLENE
VINYL
ACETATE
(EVA)
.
92
4.1.3
ETHYLENE
ACRYLIC
ACID
(EAA)
.
93
4.1.4
IONOMERS
.
94
4.2
LINEAR
POLYETHYLENES
.
95
4.2.1
HIGH
DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
(HDPE)
.
96
4.2.2
LINEAR
LOW
DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
(LLDPE)
.
98
4.2.3
METALLOCENE
POLYMERS
.
99
4.2.4
PROPERTY
TRENDS
IN
THE
POLYETHYLENE
FAMILY
.
102
4.3
POLYPROPYLENE
(PP)
.
102
4.3.1
PP
HOMOPOLYMER
.
104
4.3.2
RANDOM
COPOLYMER
POLYPROPYLENE
.
104
4.4
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
(PVC)
.
106
4.5
VINYLIDENE
CHLORIDE
COPOLYMERS
(PVDC)
.
108
X
4.6
POLYSTYRENE
(PS)
.
109
4.7 POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL
(PVOH)
AND
ETHYLENE
VINYL
ALCOHOL
(EVOH)
.
110
4.7.1
POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL
.
110
4.7.2
ETHYLENE
VINYL
ALCOHOL
.
ILL
4.8
NYLON
.
113
4.9
POLYESTER
.
115
4.9.1
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE
(PET)
.
115
4.9.2
GLYCOL
MODIFIED
PET,
OTHER
PET
COPOLYMERS,
AND
PET
BLENDS
.
117
4.9.3
POLYETHYLENE
NAPHTHALATE
(PEN)
.
118
4.10
POLYCARBONATE
(PC)
.
119
4.11
FLUOROPOLYMERS
.
120
4.12
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
COPOLYMERS
.
121
4.13
ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMERS
.
121
4.14
LIQUID
CRYSTAL
POLYMERS
.
123
4.15
CONDUCTIVE
POLYMERS
.
124
4.16
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
.
124
4.17
THERMOSETS
.
125
4.18
CELLOPHANE
AND
CELLULOSIC
PLASTICS
.
127
4.18.1
CELLOPHANE
.
128
4.18.2
CELLULOSIC
PLASTICS
.
128
4.19
POLYMER
BLENDS
.
130
REFERENCES
.
131
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
131
CHAPTER
5
ADDITIVES
AND
COMPOUNDING
.
135
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
135
5.2
COMPOUNDING
.
136
5.3
ANTIOXIDANTS
.
137
5.4
HEAT
STABILIZERS
.
140
5.5
UV
STABILIZERS
.
141
5.6
ADDITIVES
TO
MODIFY
SURFACE
ATTRACTIONS
.
142
5.6.1
ANTIBLOCKING
AGENTS
.
143
5.6.2
SLIP
AGENTS
.
143
5.6.3
ANTISLIP
AGENTS
.
144
5.6.4
LUBRICANTS
.
144
5.6.5
MOLD
RELEASE
AGENTS
.
145
5.7
COLORANTS
.
145
5.7.1
DYES
.
146
5.7.2
ORGANIC
PIGMENTS
.
146
5.7.3
INORGANIC
PIGMENTS
.
146
5.7.4
SPECIALTY
PIGMENTS
.
146
5.7.5
COLORANTS
AND
THE
FDA
.
148
5.8
ANTIFOGGING
AGENTS
.
148
5.9
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
.
149
5.10
ANTISTATIC
AGENTS
.
150
5.11
PLASTICIZERS
.
151
XI
5.12
OXYGEN
SCAVENGERS,
DESICCANTS
AND
FRAGRANCE
ENHANCERS
.
152
5.13
FILLERS
AND
REINFORCERS
.
154
5.14
ANTIMICROBIALS
OR
BIOCIDES
.
155
5.15
OTHER
ADDITIVES
.
155
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
156
CHAPTER
6
ADHESION,
ADHESIVES
AND
HEAT
SEALING
.
157
6.1
ADHESION
.
157
6.2
ADHESIVES
.
158
6.3
ADHESIVE
AND
COHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
159
6.3.1
ADHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
160
6.3.1.1
SURFACE
TENSION
.
160
6.3.1.2
SOLUBILITY
PARAMETER
.
161
6.3.1.3
VISCOSITY
.
163
6.3.1.4
ESTIMATION
OF
ADHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
164
6.3.2 COHESIVE
BOND
STRENGTH
.
164
6.4
TYPES
OF
ADHESIVES
.
165
6.4.1
REACTIVE
ADHESIVES
.
165
6.4.2
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
.
166
6.4.3
SOLVENT-BORNE
ADHESIVES
.
166
6.4.4
WATER-BORNE
ADHESIVES
.
167
6.4.5
PRESSURE
SENSITIVE
AND
REMOISTENABLE
ADHESIVES
.
168
6.4.6 COLD-SEAL
ADHESIVES
.
169
6.5
APPLICATION
OF
ADHESIVES
.
169
6.6
ADHESIVE
TERMINOLOGY
.
170
6.7
ADHESIVE
ADDITIVES
.
171
6.8
HEAT
SEALING
.
172
6.8.1
SEALING
METHODS
.
173
6.8.1.1
BAR
OR
THERMAL
SEALING
.
173
6.8.1.2
IMPULSE
SEALING
.
174
6.8.1.3
BAND
SEALING
.
175
6.8.1.4
HOT
WIRE
OR
HOT
KNIFE
SEALING
.
175
6.8.1.5
ULTRASONIC
SEALING
.
176
6.8.1.6
FRICTION
SEALING
.
176
6.8.1.7
HOT
GAS
SEALING
AND
CONTACT
SEALING
.
176
6.8.1.8
RADIANT
SEALING
.
177
6.8.1.9
DIELECTRIC
SEALING
.
177
6.8.1.10 MAGNETIC
SEALING
.
177
6.8.1.11
INDUCTION
SEALING
.
177
6.8.1.12
SOLVENT
SEALING
.
178
6.8.2
HEAT
CONDUCTION
IN
MULTILAYER
FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS
.
179
6.8.3
HOT
TACK
.
180
6.8.4
HEAT
SEAL
JAWS
.
180
6.8.5
HEAT
SEAL
FAILURE
MODES
.
181
6.8.6
EVALUATION
OF
SEALS
IN
FLEXIBLE
PACKAGING
MATERIALS
.
182
REFERENCES
.
183
XII
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
183
CHAPTER?
EXTRUSION,
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
185
7.1
EXTRUSION
AND
EXTRUDERS
.
185
7.1.1
HOPPER
AND
FEED
PORT
.
187
7.1.2
FEED
SECTION
.
187
7.1.3
COMPRESSION
SECTION
.
188
7.1.4
METERING
SECTION
.
189
7.1.5
MIXING
DEVICES
.
189
7.1.6
EXTRUDER
AND
SCREW
DESIGN AND
SIZE
.
190
7.1.7
DIES
.
191
7.1.8
MELT
FILTERS
.
191
7.1.9
DRIVE
MECHANISMS
AND
SCREW
SPEEDS
.
191
7.1.10
SPECIAL
DESIGNS
.
192
7.1.11
EXTRUSION
TEMPERATURES
.
192
7.1.12
EXTRUSION
PRESSURES
.
194
7.2
CAST
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
194
7.2.1
COLD
CAST
OR
CHILL
ROLL
CAST
PROCESS
.
194
7.2.2
ROLL
STACK
AND
CALENDERING
PROCESSES
.
195
7.2.3
QUENCH
TANK
OR
WATER
BATH
PROCESS
.
195
7.2.4
NIP
ROLLS
AND
WINDING
.
196
7.2.5
GAUGE
CONTROL
.
196
7.2.6
ORIENTATION
.
197
7.2.7
CAST
FILM
DIES
.
198
7.3
BLOWN
FILM
.
199
7.3.1
BLOWN
FILM
EXTRUSION
.
201
7.3.2
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
.
201
7.3.3
AIR
RINGS
AND
INTERNAL
BUBBLE
COOLING
(IBC)
.
203
7.3.4
COLLAPSING
FRAMES
.
205
7.3.5
NIPS
.
206
7.3.6
SLITTING
AND
WINDING
.
207
7.3.7
DOUBLE-BUBBLE
PROCESS
.
208
7.4
STRETCH
AND
SHRINK
WRAP
.
208
7.4.1
STRETCH
WRAP
.
209
7.4.2
SHRINKWRAP
.
209
7.5
FILM
AND
SHEET
COEXTRUSION
.
210
7.6
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
213
7.7
YIELD
OF
FILM
.
214
7.8
TESTING
AND
EVALUATION
OF
FILMS
.
215
REFERENCES
.
215
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
215
CHAPTERS
CONVERTING,
LAMINATION
AND
COATING
.
217
8.1
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
.
217
8.2
HOT
MELT
LAMINATION
OR
COATING
.
220
XIII
8.3
ADHESIVE
LAMINATION
.
221
8.4
THERMAL
LAMINATING
.
223
8.5
METALLIZED
FILM
.
223
8.6
SILICON
OXIDE
FILMS
.
225
8.7
OTHER
INORGANIC
BARRIER
COATINGS
.
226
8.8
BUILDING
MULTILAYER
STRUCTURES
.
226
REFERENCES
.
227
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
227
CHAPTER
9
FLEXIBLE
PACKAGING
.
229
9.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
FLEXIBLE
PACKAGING
.
229
9.2
POUCH
STYLES
.
231
9.2.1
PILLOW
POUCHES
.
231
9.2.2
THREE-SIDE
SEAL
POUCHES
.
232
9.2.3
FOUR-SIDE
SEAL
POUCHES
.
232
9.2.4
STAND-UP
POUCHES
.
232
9.3
FORMING
POUCHES
.
233
9.4
BULK
AND
HEAVY-DUTY
BAGS
.
235
9.5
RETORT
POUCHES
.
236
9.6
BAG-IN-BOX
.
237
REFERENCES
.
237
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
237
CHAPTER
10
THERMOFORMING
.
239
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
239
10.2
HEATING
THE
SHEET
.
240
10.2.1
TEMPERATURE
SELECTION
.
240
10.2.2
RADIATIVE
HEATING
.
240
10.3
FORMING
THE
SHEET
.
242
10.3.1
BASIC
METHODS
.
242
10.3.1.1
DRAPE
FORMING
.
243
10.3.1.2
VACUUM
FORMING
.
243
10.3.1.3
PRESSURE
FORMING
.
244
10.3.2
SHEET
DEFORMATION
.
244
10.3.3
THERMOFORMING
VARIATIONS
.
246
10.3.3.1
PLUG-ASSIST
THERMOFORMING
.
246
10.3.3.2
SOLID
PHASE
PRESSURE
FORMING
.
246
10.3.3.3
BUBBLE
OR
BILLOW
FORMING
.
247
10.3.3.4
VACUUM
SNAP-BACK
THERMOFORMING
.
247
10.3.3.5
MATCHED
MOLD
FORMING
.
248
10.3.3.6
SCRAPLESS
THERMOFORMING
.
248
10.3.3.7
IN-LINE
THERMOFORMING
AND
MELT-TO-MOLD
THERMOFORMING
249
10.3.3.8
TWIN-SHEET
THERMOFORMING
.
249
10.3.3.9
SKIN
PACKAGING
.
250
10.3.4
SELECTION
OF
THERMOFORMING
METHOD
.
251
XIV
10.4
TRIMMING
THE
SHEET
.
252
10.5
PART
AND
MOLD
DESIGN
.
252
10.5.1
PROTOTYPE
MOLDS
.
253
10.5.2
PRODUCTION
MOLDS
.
256
10.6
THERMOFORM-FILL-SEAL
SYSTEMS
.
257
REFERENCES
.
257
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
257
CHAPTER
11
INJECTION
MOLDING,
CLOSURES,
ROTATIONAL
MOLDING,
COMPRESSION
MOLDING,
AND
TUBES
.
259
11.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
259
11.1.1
INJECTION
MOLDING
MACHINES
.
259
11.1.2
INJECTION
MOLD
UNITS
.
260
11.1.3
POLYMER
FLOW
.
261
11.1.4
REMOVAL
OF
MOLDED
PARTS
.
264
11.1.5
HOT
RUNNER
MOLDS
.
265
11.1.6
VENTING
.
265
11.1.7
APPLICATIONS
OF
INJECTION
MOLDING
.
266
11.2
CLOSURES
.
266
11.2.1
FRICTION
CLOSURES
.
267
11.2.2
SNAP-FIT
CLOSURES
.
267
11.2.3
THREADED
CLOSURES
.
268
11.2.4
SPECIALTY
CLOSURES
.
270
11.2.5
FITMENTS
AND
OVERCAPS
.
270
11.3
ROTATIONAL
MOLDING
.
271
11.4
COMPRESSION
MOLDING
.
271
11.5
PLASTIC
TUBES
.
272
REFERENCES
.
273
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
273
CHAPTER
12
BLOW
MOLDING
AND
BOTTLES
.
275
12.1
BLOW
MOLDING
.
275
12.2
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
276
12.2.1
BASIC
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
PROCESS
.
276
12.2.2
PARISON
DIMENSIONS
.
278
12.2.3
EXTRUSION
BLOW
MOLDING
VARIATIONS
.
278
12.2.4
CONTAINER
DESIGNS
.
279
12.2.5
DIE
SHAPING
.
280
12.2.6
PROGRAMMED
PARISON
.
282
12.3
INJECTION
BLOW
MOLDING
.
283
12.4
STRETCH
BLOW
MOLDING
.
285
12.5
COEXTRUDED
BOTTLES
.
287
12.6
COINJECTION
BLOW
MOLDED
BOTTLES
.
289
12.7
FOAM
BLOW
MOLDING
.
290
12.8
BLOW
MOLDS
.
291
XV
12.9
IN-MOLD
LABELING
.
292
12.10
ASEPTIC
BLOW
MOLDING
.
293
12.11
BOTTLE
MODIFICATIONS
.
293
12.11.1
HEAT
SETTING
.
293
12.11.2
VACUUM
PANELS
.
294
12.11.3
CRYSTALLIZED
FINISHES
.
294
12.12
SURFACE
TREATMENT
.
295
12.12.1
FLAME
TREATMENT
.
295
12.12.2
COATINGS
.
295
12.12.3
FLUORINATION
.
296
12.12.4
SULFONATION
.
296
12.13
DIMENSIONS
AND
TOLERANCES
FOR
PLASTIC
BOTTLES
.
296
REFERENCES
.
298
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
298
CHAPTER
13
FOAMS,
CUSHIONING
AND
DISTRIBUTION
PACKAGING
.
299
13.1
FOAMS
.
299
13.1.1
POLYSTYRENE
FOAM
.
300
13.1.1.1
EXPANDED
POLYSTYRENE
FOAM
(EPS)
.
300
13.1.1.2
EXTRUDED
POLYSTYRENE
FOAM
.
301
13.1.1.3
STYRENE
COPOLYMER
FOAMS
.
302
13.1.2
POLYOLEFIN
FOAMS
.
302
13.1.3
POLYURETHANE
FOAMS
AND
FOAM-IN-PLACE
SYSTEMS
.
303
13.1.4
STARCH-BASED
FOAMS
.
304
13.2
NON-FOAM
PLASTIC
CUSHIONING
SYSTEMS
.
304
13.3
CUSHIONING
.
305
13.4
THERMAL
INSULATION
OF
FOAMS
.
307
13.5
PLASTIC
PALLETS
.
309
13.6
PLASTIC
DRUMS
AND
OTHER
SHIPPING
CONTAINERS
.
309
13.7
PACKAGING
FOR
ELECTROSTATIC
DISCHARGE
PROTECTION
.
310
REFERENCES
.
311
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
311
CHAPTER
14
MASS
TRANSFER
IN
POLYMERIC
PACKAGING
SYSTEMS:
SORPTION,
DIFFUSION,
PERMEATION
AND
SHELF
LIFE
.
313
14.1
INTRODUCTION
.
313
14.2
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
BASIS
FOR
INTERACTIONS
.
314
14.3
TYPES
OF
INTERACTIONS
.
315
14.3.1
PERMEATION
.
315
14.3.2
MIGRATION
.
316
14.3.3
SORPTION
.
317
14.4
THERMODYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
318
14.4.1
GAS
PHASE
CHEMICAL
ACTIVITY
.
319
14.4.2
SOLUBILITY
.
319
14.4.3
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
.
321
XVI
14.5
DIFFUSION
.
322
14.6
STEADY
STATE
DIFFUSION
ACROSS
A
SINGLE
SHEET:
PERMEABILITY
.
323
14.7
VARIABLES
AFFECTING
PERMEABILITY
.
328
14.7.1
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
POLYMER
.
328
14.7.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
PERMEANT
MOLECULE
.
328
14.7.3
EFFECT
OF
TEMPERATURE
.
331
14.7.4
EFFECT
OF
HUMIDITY
.
334
14.7.5
PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
POLYMER
.
334
14.7.6
EFFECT
OF
PERMEANT
CONCENTRATION
.
337
14.8
EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF
PERMEABILITY
.
338
14.9
MULTILAYER
STRUCTURES
.
340
14.10
APPLICATIONS
OF
THE
PERMEABILITY
EQUATION
.
343
14.11
SHELF
LIFE
ESTIMATION
.
344
REFERENCES
.
350
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
350
CHAPTER
15
U.S.
REGULATIONS
AND
PLASTIC
PACKAGING
.
353
15.1
INTRODUCTION
.
353
15.2
THE
U.S.
FEDERAL
FOOD,
DRUG
AND
COSMETIC
ACT
.
353
15.3
MEDICAL
PACKAGING
REGULATIONS
.
354
15.3.1
DRUG
PACKAGING
.
354
15.3.2
MEDICAL
DEVICE
PACKAGING
.
355
15.4
FOOD
PACKAGING
REGULATIONS
.
356
15.4.1
WHAT
IS
A
FOOD
ADDITIVE?
.
356
15.4.1.1
EXAMPLE
1:
INFORMATION
ON
NYLON
AVAILABLE
IN
THE
CFR
.
357
15.4.1.2
EXAMPLE
2:
IDENTIFICATION
OF
RELEVANT
REGULATIONS
FOR
FABRICATION
OF
AN
ADHESIVE-LAMINATED
PLASTIC
BAG
.
358
15.4.2
ACCEPTABLE
AMOUNTS
OF
MIGRATION
.
358
15.4.3
THRESHOLD
OF
REGULATION
.
359
15.4.4
FOOD
PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT
AND
THE
HOUSEWARES
EXCLUSION
.
361
15.4.5
DETERMINING
THE
CONDITIONS
OF
USE
.
361
15.4.6
MULTILAYER
FOOD
PACKAGES
.
362
15.4.7
GRAS
AND
PRIOR-SANCTIONED
ADDITIVES
.
362
15.4.8
USE
OF
RECYCLED
PLASTICS
FOR
FOOD
PACKAGING
.
363
15.4.9
ROLE
OF
MANUFACTURERS
AND
USERS
IN
DETERMINING
FDA
COMPLIANCE
365
15.5
COSMETIC
PACKAGING
REGULATIONS
.
366
15.6
STATE
LAWS
AND
REGULATIONS
.
366
15.6.1
DEGRADABLE
BEVERAGE
CARRIERS
.
366
15.6.2
"
MODEL
TOXICS
"
LEGISLATION
.
367
15.6.3
RESIN
CODING
ON
PLASTIC
BOTTLES
.
369
15.6.4
RECYCLING
RATE/RECYCLED
CONTENT
REQUIREMENTS
.
370
15.6.4.1
OREGON
.
371
15.6.4.2
CALIFORNIA
.
371
15.6.4.3
WISCONSIN
.
371
15.7
POTENTIAL
FUTURE
ISSUES
.
372
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
373
XVII
CHAPTER
16
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS
.
375
16.1
INTRODUCTION
.
375
16.2
SOLID
WASTE
CONCERNS
.
376
16.3
SOURCE
REDUCTION
AND
REUSE
.
380
16.4
RECYCLING
OF
PLASTIC
PACKAGING
.
380
16.4.1
COLLECTION
OF
PACKAGING
MATERIALS
FOR
RECYCLING
.
382
16.4.2
RECYCLING
RATES
FOR
PLASTICS
PACKAGING
.
383
16.4.3
PROCESSING
OF
COLLECTED
PLASTICS
.
384
16.4.3.1
SIZE
REDUCTION
.
385
16.4.3.2
CLEANING
.
385
16.4.3.3
SORTING
.
386
16.4.3.4
EXTRUSION
AND
PELLETIZING
.
387
16.4.4
FEEDSTOCK
RECYCLING
.
388
16.5
PET
RECYCLING
.
389
16.6
HDPE
RECYCLING
.
390
16.7
LDPE
RECYCLING
.
392
16.8
RECYCLING
OFPS,PP,
AND
PVC
.
392
16.9
RECYCLING
OF
COMMINGLED
PLASTICS
.
393
16.10
BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
.
394
16.10.1
POLYESTERS
.
395
16.10.2
STARCH-BASED
PLASTICS
.
395
16.10.3
LACTIC
ACID
PLASTICS
.
396
16.10.4
OTHER
BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
.
396
16.11
OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
.
397
16.11.1
RESOURCE
DEPLETION
AND
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
.
397
16.11.2
POLLUTION
.
397
16.11.3
CLIMATE
CHANGE
.
398
16.12
LIFECYCLE
ASSESSMENT
.
399
REFERENCES
.
400
STUDY
QUESTIONS
.
401
ADDITIONAL
READING
.
403
INDEX
409 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hernandez, Ruben J. Selke, Susan E. M. Culter, John D. 1937- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080393129 (DE-588)1080394036 |
| author_facet | Hernandez, Ruben J. Selke, Susan E. M. Culter, John D. 1937- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Hernandez, Ruben J. |
| author_variant | r j h rj rjh s e m s sem sems j d c jd jdc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV013061599 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TS198 |
| callnumber-raw | TS198.3.P5 |
| callnumber-search | TS198.3.P5 |
| callnumber-sort | TS 3198.3 P5 |
| callnumber-subject | TS - Manufactures |
| classification_rvk | UV 9900 |
| classification_tum | CIT 700f MAS 790f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)44450859 (OCoLC)247283579 (DE-599)BVBBV013061599 |
| dewey-full | 688.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 688 - Other final products & packaging |
| dewey-raw | 688.8 |
| dewey-search | 688.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3688.8 |
| dewey-tens | 680 - Manufacture of products for specific uses |
| discipline | Physik Handwerk und Gewerbe / Verschiedene Technologien Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Maschinenbau |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV013061599 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-13T00:17:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446214046 1569903034 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008900284 |
| oclc_num | 44450859 247283579 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-703 DE-210 DE-861 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-703 DE-210 DE-861 DE-634 |
| physical | XVII, 425 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hernandez, Ruben J. Verfasser aut Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations Ruben J. Hernandez ; Susan E. M. Selke ; John D. Culter Munich Hanser [u.a.] 2000 XVII, 425 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Conditionnement ram Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Matières plastiques dans l'emballage ram Matières plastiques ram Polymères Synthetische polymeren gtt Verpakking gtt Packaging Plastics Plastics in packaging Kunststoffverpackung (DE-588)4334335-1 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffverpackung (DE-588)4334335-1 s DE-604 Selke, Susan E. M. Verfasser (DE-588)1080393129 aut Culter, John D. 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)1080394036 aut DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008900284&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hernandez, Ruben J. Selke, Susan E. M. Culter, John D. 1937- Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations Conditionnement ram Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Matières plastiques dans l'emballage ram Matières plastiques ram Polymères Synthetische polymeren gtt Verpakking gtt Packaging Plastics Plastics in packaging Kunststoffverpackung (DE-588)4334335-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4334335-1 |
| title | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations |
| title_auth | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations |
| title_exact_search | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations |
| title_full | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations Ruben J. Hernandez ; Susan E. M. Selke ; John D. Culter |
| title_fullStr | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations Ruben J. Hernandez ; Susan E. M. Selke ; John D. Culter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics packaging properties, processing, applications and regulations Ruben J. Hernandez ; Susan E. M. Selke ; John D. Culter |
| title_short | Plastics packaging |
| title_sort | plastics packaging properties processing applications and regulations |
| title_sub | properties, processing, applications and regulations |
| topic | Conditionnement ram Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Matières plastiques dans l'emballage ram Matières plastiques ram Polymères Synthetische polymeren gtt Verpakking gtt Packaging Plastics Plastics in packaging Kunststoffverpackung (DE-588)4334335-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conditionnement Matières plastiques dans l'emballage Matières plastiques Polymères Synthetische polymeren Verpakking Packaging Plastics Plastics in packaging Kunststoffverpackung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008900284&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hernandezrubenj plasticspackagingpropertiesprocessingapplicationsandregulations AT selkesusanem plasticspackagingpropertiesprocessingapplicationsandregulations AT culterjohnd plasticspackagingpropertiesprocessingapplicationsandregulations |