Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Geneva
World Health Organization
1999
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| Series: | Environmental health criteria
212 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIX, 399 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9241572124 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS FOR ASSESSING
ALLERGIC HYPERSENSITIZATION ASSOCIATED
WITH EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS
PREAMBLE xvi
ABBREVIATIONS xxvii
PREFACE xxviii
1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Evolution and function of the adaptive
immune system 1
1.1.2 Immunosuppression, immunodeficiency
and autoimmunity 5
1.1.3 Allergy and allergic diseases 6
1.1.4 Conclusion 8
1.2 Physiology and components of the immune system 8
1.2.1 T cells 9
1.2.1.1 Balancing the immune response 10
1.2.2 B cells 16
1.2.3 Macrophages 18
1.2.4 Antigen presenting cells 19
1.2.4.1 Co stimulatory molecules in
T cell activation 20
1.2.5 Adhesion molecules 22
1.2.6 Fc receptors 23
1.2.7 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 27
1.2.8 Cytotoxic lymphocytes 27
1.2.9 Mast cells 30
1.2.10 Basophils 31
1.2.11 Eosinophils 31
1.2.12 Complement components 32
1.2.13 Immunoglobulins 32
1.2.13.1 IgG 32
1.2.13.2 IgA 36
1.2.13.3 IgM 38
1.2.13.4 IgD 39
1.2.13.5 IgE 39
1.3 Immunotoxicology 40
1.4 Immunosuppression/immunodeficiency 41
1.4.1 Biological basis of immunosuppression/
immunodeficiency 41
1.4.2 Consequences of immunosuppression/
immunodeficiency 42
1.5 Immunological tolerance 43
1.5.1 T cell tolerance to self antigens 43
1.5.2 B cell tolerance to self antigens 45
1.5.3 Tolerance to non self antigens 46
1.5.3.1 Scope 46
1.5.3.2 Mucosal defence against
exogenous toxic pressures 46
1.5.3.3 Induction of oral tolerance 49
1.5.3.4 Factors determining the
development of oral tolerance 50
1.5.3.5 Orally induced flare up reactions
and desensitization 51
1.5.3.6 Mechanisms of tolerance 52
1.5.3.7 Conclusions 55
2. HYPERSENSITTVITY AND AUTOIMMUNITY —
OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS 56
2.1 Classification of immune reactions 57
2.1.1 Type I hypersensitivity 57
2.1.1.1 Anaphylaxis 60
2.1.2 Type II hypersensitivity 60
2.1.3 Type III hypersensitivity — immune
complex reaction 61
2.1.3.1 Arthus reaction 62
2.1.4 Type IV — delayed type hypersensitivity 62
2.1.4.1 Mechanisms of allergic contact
dermatitis 64
2.1.4.2 T cell responses in chemically
induced pulmonary diseases 68
2.1.5 Type V stimulatory hypersensitivity 69
2.2 Regulation of hypersensitivity 69
2.2.1 Regulation of IgE synthesis by IL 4
and IFNy 73
2.2.2 Eosinophilia and IL 5 74
2.2.3 The relationship between Th2 cells
and type I hypersensitivity 75
2.2.4 IL 12 drives the immune response
towards Thl 75
2.2.5 IL 13, an interleukin 4 like cytokine 75
2.3 Autoimmune reactions 76
2.4 Possible mechanisms of autoimmune reactions 80
2.4.1 Release of anatomically sequestered
antigens 80
2.4.2 The cryptic self hypothesis 81
2.4.3 The self ignorance hypothesis 82
2.4.4 The molecular mimicry hypothesis 82
2.4.5 The modified self hypothesis 83
2.4.5.1 Hapten induced antibody
responses to modified self 83
2.4.5.2 Hapten induced autoantibodies
that recognize self proteins 83
2.4.6 Immunoregulatory disturbances 86
2.4.6.1 Errors in central or peripheral
tolerance 86
2.4.6.2 Polyclonal activators 87
2.5 Type I hypersensitivity diseases and allied
disorders 88
2.5.1 Asthma 91
2.5.1.1 Definition 91
2.5.1.2 Airways inflammation and
asthma 93
2.5.2 Occupational asthma 94
2.5.2.1 Occupational asthma and allergy 95
2.5.3 Atmospheric pollutants and asthma 97
2.5.4 Rhinitis 100
2.5.5 Atopic eczema 101
2.5.6 Urticaria 103
2.5.7 Gastrointestinal tract diseases: mechanisms
of food induced symptoms 104
2.5.7.1 Non IgE mediated food
sensitive enteropathy 104
2.5.7.2 IgE mediated food allergy 105
2.5.7.3 Role of gastrointestinal tract
physiology in food allergy 106
2.6 Type II hypersensitivity diseases 107
2.6.1 Drug induced Type II reactivity 107
2.6.2 Transfusion reactions 109
2.6.3 Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia 110
2.6.4 Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura 113
2.6.5 Pemphigus and pemphigoid 114
2.6.6 Myasthenia gravis 115
2.7 Type III hypersensitivity diseases 117
2.7.1 Immune complex disease 117
2.7.2 Serum sickness 118
2.7.3 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 119
2.7.4 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 120
2.7.4.1 Farmer s lung 121
2.7.4.2 Bird fancier s lung 121
2.8 Type IV hypersensitivity diseases 121
2.8.1 Chronic beryllium disease 123
2.8.2 Systemic autoimmune diseases 125
2.8.2.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus 125
2.8.2.2 Rheumatoid arthritis 126
2.8.2.3 Scleroderma 126
2.8.2.4 Sjogren s syndrome 127
2.8.2.5 Hashimoto s disease 128
3. FACTORS INFLUENCING ALLERGENICITY 130
3.1 Introduction 130
3.2 Inherent allergenicity 130
3.2.1 Inherent properties of chemicals
inducing autoimmunity 132
3.3 Exogenous factors affecting sensitization 134
3.3.1 Exposure 134
3.3.1.1 Magnitude of exposure 134
3.3.1.2 Frequency of exposure 135
3.3.1.3 Route of exposure 137
3.3.2 Atmospheric pollution 138
3.3.2.1 Tobacco smoke 140
3.3.2.2 Geographical factors 141
3.3.3 Metals 141
3.3.4 Detergents 142
3.4 Endogenous factors affecting sensitization 142
3.4.1 Genetic influence 142
3.4.1.1 Contact sensitization 142
3.4.1.2 IgE related allergy 143
3.4.1.3 Other genetic factors 145
3.4.2 Tolerance 145
3.4.2.1 Orally induced flare up reactions
and desensitization 146
3.4.2.2 Non specific and specific
mechanisms of unresponsiveness 147
3.4.3 Underlying disease 149
3.4.4 Age 150
3.4.5 Diet 151
3.4.6 Gender 151
4. CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
ALLERGIC DISEASES 152
4.1 Clinical aspects of allergic contact dermatitis 152
4.1.1 Introduction 152
4.1.2 Regional dermatitis 153
4.1.2.1 Hand eczema 153
4.1.2.2 Facial dermatitis 155
4.1.2.3 Other types of dermatitis 156
4.1.3 Special types of allergic contact reactions 156
4.1.3.1 Systemic contact dermatitis 15 6
4.1.3.2 Allergic photo contact dermatitis 157
4.1.3.3 Non eczematous reactions 157
4.1.3.4 Allergic contact urticaria 157
4.1.4 Allergic contact dermatitis as an
occupational disease 158
4.1.5 Diagnostic methods 160
4.1.5.1 Patch testing 160
4.1.5.2 In vitro testing 163
4.1.6 Assessment of exposure 163
4.1.7 Treatment and prevention of allergic
contact dermatitis 165
4.1.7.1 Primary prevention 165
4.1.7.2 Secondary prevention 167
4.1.7.3 Ways of preventing contact
sensitization 167
4.1.8 Information needed for a preventative
programme 168
4.2 Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) 169
4.2.1 Definition 169
4.2.2 Epidemiology of atopic eczema 170
4.2.3 Clinical manifestations and diagnostic
criteria 172
4.2.3.1 Age dependent clinical
manifestations 172
4.2.3.2 Diagnosis of atopic eczema 172
4.2.3.3 Stigmata of the atopic constitution 173
4.2.3.4 Prognosis 173
4.2.4 Etiology 173
4.2.4.1 Genetic influence 173
4.2.5 Environmental provocation factors 174
4.2.6 Pathophysiology 175
4.2.6.1 Dry skin 175
4.2.6.2 Autonomic dysregulation 175
4.2.6.3 Cellular immunodeficiency 175
4.2.6.4 Increased IgE production 176
4.2.6.5 Psychosomatic aspects 176
4.2.7 Diagnostic approach 177
4.2.7.1 Medical history 177
4.2.7.2 Skin tests 177
4.2.7.3 Laboratory tests 178
4.2.7.4 Provocation tests 179
4.2.8. Therapeutic considerations 179
4.2.8.1 Avoidance of provocation factors 179
4.2.8.2 Basic dermatological therapy 180
4.2.8.3 Anti inflammatory therapy 181
4.2.9 Conclusion 181
4.3 Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis 181
4.3.1 Introduction 181
4.3.2 Definition 182
4.3.3 Clinical manifestations 182
4.3.3.1 Seasonal allergic rhinitis and
conjunctivitis (hay fever,
pollinosis) 182
4.3.3.2 Perennial allergic rhinitis and
conjunctivitis 183
4.3.3.3 Prognosis 183
4.3.4 Etiology 183
4.3.4.1 Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
caused by contact with chemicals 184
4.3.5 Pathophysiology 185
4.3.6 Diagnostic techniques 186
4.3.6.1 Medical history 186
4.3.6.2 Clinical examination 186
4.3.6.3 Allergy testing 187
4.3.7 Therapeutic considerations 187
4.4 Clinical aspects of allergic asthma caused by
contact with chemicals 188
4.4.1 Introduction 188
4.4.2 Importance of occupational asthma 188
4.4.3 Chemical causes of occupational asthma 189
4.4.3.1 Isocyanates 189
4.4.3.2 Acid anhydrides 192
4.4.3.3 Complex platinum salts 193
4.4.4 Diagnosis of occupational asthma 194
4.4.4.1 Investigation of causes of
occupational asthma 195
4.4.4.2 Serial peak expiratory flow (PEF)
rate measurements 195
4.4.4.3 Immunological investigations 196
4.4.4.4 Inhalation challenge tests 196
4.4.5 Outcome of occupational asthma 198
4.4.6 Management and prevention of
occupational asthma 199
4.5 Food allergy 201
4.5.1 Definitions 201
4.5.2 IgE mediated food allergy 202
4.5.2.1 Oral allergy syndrome 203
4.5.2.2 Allergic reactions after ingestion
of food 203
4.5.2.3 Allergic reactions following
skin contact with food 205
4.5.3 Non IgE mediated immune reactions 205
4.5.3.1 Gluten sensitive enteropathy
(coeliac disease) 205
4.5.4 Diagnosis of adverse food reactions 206
4.5.4.1 Case history and elimination diet 206
4.5.4.2 Skin tests 206
4.5.4.3 Specific serum IgE 207
4.5.4.4 IgG determination 207
4.5.4.5 Other in vitro tests 208
4.5.4.6 Oral challenge tests 208
4.5.5 Therapeutic considerations 209
4.5.6 Prevalence 209
4.5.6.1 Introduction 209
4.5.6.2 Children 209
4.5.6.3 Adults 210
4.5.6.4 Conclusions 212
4.6 Autoimmune diseases associated with drugs,
chemicals and environmental factors 213
4.6.1 Introduction 213
4.6.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus 213
4.6.3 Scleroderma: environmental and drug
exposure 218
4.6.4 Silicone breast implants 218
4.6.5 Toxic oil syndrome 220
4.6.6 Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome 221
4.6.7 Vinyl chloride disease
(occupational acro osteolysis) 222
4.6.8 Systemic vasculitis: environmental
factors and drugs 222
4.6.9 Conclusion 223
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ASTHMA AND
ALLERGIC DISEASE 224
5.1 Introduction 224
5.2 Definition and measurement of allergic disease 224
5.2.1 Asthma 224
5.2.1.1 Definition 224
5.2.1.2 Assessment 224
5.2.2 Rhinitis 226
5.2.3 Atopic dermatitis 226
5.2.3.1 Definition 226
5.2.3.2 Assessment 227
5.2.4 Skin prick test and serum IgE 227
5.2.5 Allergic contact dermatitis 228
5.3 Asthma and atopy: prevalence rates and time
trends in prevalence rates 228
5.3.1 Europe 228
5.3.1.1 Prevalences 228
5.3.1.2 Time trends 230
5.3.2 Oceania 231
5.3.2.1 Prevalences 231
5.3.2.2 Time trends 232
5.3.3 Eastern Mediterranean 232
5.3.4 Africa 233
5.3.5 Asia 233
5.3.5.1 Prevalences 233
5.3.5.2 Time trends 233
5.3.6 North America 234
5.3.6.1 Prevalences 234
5.3.6.2 Time trends 234
5.3.7 The International Study of Asthma and
Allergies in Childhood 235
5.3.8 Conclusion 236
5.4 Age and gender distribution 239
5.5 Migration 239
5.6 Viral infection 240
5.7 Socioeconomic status 241
5.8 Occupational exposure 243
5.8.1 Chemicals with low relative molecular
mass 246
5.8.1.1 Diisocyanates 246
5.8.1.2 Acrylates 247
5.8.1.3 Anhydrides 247
5.8.1.4 Solder flux 247
5.8.2 Metals 248
5.8.2.1 Cobalt 248
5.8.2.2 Metal polishing industry 248
5.8.2.3 Aluminium 249
5.8.2.4 Platinum salts 249
5.8.3 Natural rubber latex 249
5.8.4 Flour 251
5.8.5 Animals 251
5.8.6 Other agents 252
5.9 Allergic contact dermatitis 252
5.9.1 Epidemiology of allergic contact
dermatitis 252
5.9.1.1 Nickel 253
5.9.1.2 Chromates 253
5.9.1.3 Fragrances 253
5.9.1.4 Preservatives 254
5.9.1.5 Medicines 254
5.9.1.6 Plants and woods 254
5.9.2 Lack of a relationship between atopy and
allergic contact sensitization 255
5.10 Diet 256
5.10.1 Breastfeeding 257
5.10.2 Sodium 258
5.10.3 Selenium 259
5.10.4 Vitamins and antioxidants 260
5.11 Number of siblings and crowding 261
5.12 Indoor environment 261
5.12.1 Tobacco smoke 262
5.12.2 Pets 263
5.12.3 Biocontaminants 263
5.12.3.1 House dust mites and insects 263
5.12.3.2 Moulds 264
5.12.4 Other indoor factors 265
5.13 Indoor and outdoor environmental factors 265
5.13.1 Nitrogen dioxide 265
5.13.2 Sulfur dioxide, acid aerosols and
particulate matter 265
5.13.3 Volatile organic compounds,
formaldehyde and other chemicals 266
5.14 Outdoor air pollution 267
5.14.1 Pollen and dust 268
5.14.2 Ozone 269
5.14.3 Motor vehicle emissions 269
5.15 Conclusions 270
6. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: DEMONSTRATION
OF ALLERGENICITY 272
6.1 Hazard and risk; allergy and toxicity 272
6.1.1 Testing allergic potential and toxicity
testing 273
6.1.2 Databases and prior experience 274
6.2 Validation and quality assurance 274
6.3 Structure activity relationships 275
6.3.1 Case Multicase system 276
6.3.2 DEREK skin sensitization rulebase 276
6.3.3 SAR for respiratory hypersensitivity 277
6.4 Predictive testing in vivo 278
6.4.1 Testing for skin allergy 278
6.4.1.1 Testing in guinea pigs 278
6.4.1.2 Testing in mice 280
6.4.1.3 Predictive testing for skin
allergy in humans 281
6.4.2 Testing for respiratory allergy 282
6.4.2.1 Guinea pig model 282
6.4.2.2 Mouse IgE model 285
6.4.2.3 Rat model 286
6.4.2.4 Predictive testing for respiratory
allergy in humans 287
6.4.2.5 Cytokine fingerprinting 287
6.5 Testing for food allergy 287
6.6 In vitro approaches 289
6.7 Testing for autoimmunity 290
6.7.1 Popliteal lymph node assay 290
6.7.2 Animal models of autoimmune disease 291
6.8 Clues from general toxicity tests 294
7. RISK ASSESSMENT 296
7.1 Introduction 296
7.2 Risk assessment of allergy 296
7.3 Factors in risk assessment of allergy 297
7.4 Information aspects 299
7.4.1 No information about hazard 299
7.4.2 Scanty or no information about exposure 300
7.4.3 Unreliable or scanty information about
risk 301
7.5 Conclusions 304
8. TERMINOLOGY 305
9. CONCLUSIONS 319
10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION
OF HUMAN HEALTH 321
11. FURTHER RESEARCH 324
REFERENCES 326
CONCLUSIONS 392
CONCLUSIONES 396
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| id | DE-604.BV012995011 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:37:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9241572124 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals World Health Organization Geneva World Health Organization 1999 XXIX, 399 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental health criteria 212 Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf Allergie (DE-588)4001257-8 gnd rswk-swf Autoaggressionskrankheit (DE-588)4003935-3 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s Allergie (DE-588)4001257-8 s DE-604 Autoaggressionskrankheit (DE-588)4003935-3 s Environmental health criteria 212 (DE-604)BV000011459 212 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008854946&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals Environmental health criteria Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Allergie (DE-588)4001257-8 gnd Autoaggressionskrankheit (DE-588)4003935-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117281-4 (DE-588)4001257-8 (DE-588)4003935-3 |
| title | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals |
| title_auth | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals |
| title_exact_search | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals |
| title_full | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals World Health Organization |
| title_fullStr | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals World Health Organization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals World Health Organization |
| title_short | Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals |
| title_sort | principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals |
| topic | Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Allergie (DE-588)4001257-8 gnd Autoaggressionskrankheit (DE-588)4003935-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltchemikalie Allergie Autoaggressionskrankheit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008854946&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000011459 |