Ecology:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Freeman
2000
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | XXXVII, 822 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 071672829X |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | ECOLOGY FOURTH EDITION ROBERT E. RICKLEFS UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ST.
LOUIS GARY L. MILLER UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT
DARMSTADT FACHBEREICH 10 * BIOLOGIE * BIBLTOTHEK * SCHNITTSPAHNSTRARE 10
D-6428 7 DARMSTADT . IFIV.-NR. W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY NEW YORK BRIEF
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1. THE ORDER OF THE NATURAL WORLD
2. DISCOVERING THE ORDER OF NATURE PART 2 ORGANISMS IN PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENTS 3. LIFE AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4. WATER AND SOLUTE
BALANCE 5. ENERGY AND HEAT 6. RESPONSE TO VARIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
7. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 8. CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, AND THE
DIVERSITY OF THE NATURAL WORLD PART 3 ENERGY AND MATERIALS IN THE
ECOSYSTEM 9. THE ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT 10. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS 11.
PATHWAYS OF ELEMENTS IN ECOSYSTEMS 12. NUTRIENT REGENERATION IN
TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 13. REGULATION OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
PART 4 POPULATION ECOLOGY 14. POPULATION STRUCTURE 15. POPULATION GROWTH
1 3 19 39 41 53 71 91 116 138 171 173 185 202 227 251 269 271 298 16.
17. 18. 19. PART 5 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. PART 6 26. 27. 28. 29. PART 7
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. POPULATION REGULATION 314 METAPOPULATIONS 329
POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS AND CYCLES 346 EXTINCTION, CONSERVATION, AND
RESTORATION 360 POPULATION INTERACTIONS 381 RESOURCES AND CONSUMERS 383
COMPETITION THEORY 403 COMPETITION IN NATURE 424 PREDATION 447 HERBIVORY
AND PARASITISM 479 COEVOLUTION AND MUTUALISM 504 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 519
THE CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY 521 STRUCTURE OF THE COMMUNITY 539
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 564 BIODIVERSITY 588 EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY 619
EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION 621 ADAPTATIONS TO HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS
640 EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES 658 SEX 676 EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR 699 VLL DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS BRIEF
TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYTICAL MODELS OF ECOLOGY MODELS AND TECHNIQUES OF
ECOLOGY HUMAN INTERFACES OF ECOLOGY PREFACE T1 INTRODUCTION VI VII XXIII
XXVII XXXI XXXIII 1 1. THE ORDER OF THE NATURAL WORLD 1.1 WE CAN OBSERVE
PATTERNS IN THE NATURAL WORLD. 1.2 THE NATURAL WORLD IS DIVERSE,
COMPLEX, AND INTERCONNECTED. 1.3 THE NATURAL WORLD IS DYNAMIC, BUT IT
ALSO STABLE AND SELF- REPLENISHING. 1.4 THE NATURAL WORLD IS ORGANIZED
BY PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. 1.5 PATTERNS IN NATURE ARE
UNDERSTOOD IN TERMS OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION. 1.6 PERCEPTION
INFLUENCES AND LIMITS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE. 1.7 NATURAL HISTORY
FORMS THE BASIS OF ECOLOGICAL INQUIRY. 1.8 THE ORDER OF NATURE IS
AFFECTED ) BY HUMAN ACTIVITY. 10 13 14 15 2. DISCOVERING THE ORDER OF
NATURE 19 2.1 QUESTIONS ABOUT NATURE ARE EXTENDED AND REFINED INTO
HYPOTHESES AND THEORY. 20 2.2 INFERENCES ABOUT THE NATURAL WORLD INCLUDE
SOME UNCERTAINTY. 22 2.3 ECOLOGISTS EMPLOY SAMPLING STUDIES TO ESTIMATE
ECOLOGICAL , PARAMETERS. * 24 2.4 ECOLOGISTS USE EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY
CAUSATION IN NATURE. 26 2.5 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INVOLVE THE APPLICATION
OF TREATMENTS AND THE OBSERVATION OF RESPONSES. 28 2.6 HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE. 31 2.7 *
ECOLOGICAL STUDY POSES MANY PRACTICAL AND LOGISTICAL CHALLENGES. 32 (
2.8 ECOLOGISTS SHARE THEIR IDEAS THROUGH PUBLICATION. 33 2.9
AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ARE BASED ON ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES.
33 2.10 ECOLOGICAL STUDY MAY BE ORGANIZED AROUND LEVELS OF INCREASING
COMPLEXITY. 34 IX DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 2 ORGANISMS IN
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS 39 3. LIFE AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 41 3.1 3.2
3.3 3.4 3.5 THE BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL WORLDS ARE INTERDEPENDENT. LIFE
HAS UNIQUE PROPERTIES NOT SHARED BY PHYSICAL SYSTEMS. LIVING ORGANISMS
CAN INCREASE THEIR ENERGY LEVELS BY THERMODYNAMICALLY IMPROBABLE
TRANSFORMATIONS. ORGANISMS CAN CONTROL THE FLUX OF ENERGY AND MATERIAL
BETWEEN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS. FORM AND FUNCTION
CHANGE ALLOMETRICALLY WITH BODY SIZE. 3.6 COMPROMISE DOMINATES
ADAPTATIONS OF LIFE FORMS. 4. WATER AND SOLUTE BALANCE 4.1 THE
PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT FAVORABLE TO LIFE. 4.2 SUBSTANCES DISSOLVED
IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT POSE OSMOTIC CHALLENGES FOR ORGANISMS. 4.3
SALT AND WATER BALANCE GO HAND IN HAND. 4.4 HIGH FLUID TURNOVER IS AN
OSMOREGULATORY ADAPTATION OF FLUID-FEEDING ANIMALS. 4.5 EXCRETION OF
NITROGENOUS WASTES PRESENTS TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS WITH SPECIAL PROBLEMS.
4.6 THE ABILITY OF SOIL TO RETAIN WATER IS RELATED TO THE SIZE OF SOIL
PARTICLES. 4.7 THE MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM SOIL TO PLANT TO THE
ATMOSPHERE DEPENDS ON TRANSPIRATION AND THE COHESIVE PROPERTIES OF
WATER. 4.8 LIFE REQUIRES INORGANIC NUTRIENTS. 41 46 46 47 49 51 53 53 57
58 60 61 62 64 66 5. ENERGY AND HEAT 71 5.1 MOST BIOLOGICAL ENERGY
TRANSFORMATIONS ARE BASED ON THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON AND OXYGEN. 71 5.2
LIGHT ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE DRIVING FORCE OF LIFE PROCESSES. 74 5.3 THE
ATTENUATION OF LIGHT IN WATER LIMITS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS. 75 5.4 C 4 AND CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCREASE WATER USE
EFFICIENCY. 76 5.5 LIFE PROCESSES OCCUR WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF
TEMPERATURES. 82 5.6 RADIATION, CONDUCTION, AND CONVECTION DEFINE THE
THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS OF TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS. 84 5.7 ADAPTATIONS MATCH
THE TEMPERATURE OPTIMA OF ORGANISMS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
ENVIRONMENT. 86 5.8 FOR TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS, CONSERVATION OF WATER
BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURES. 88 6. RESPONSE TO
VARIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 91 6.1 HOMEOSTASIS DEPENDS UPON NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK. 92 6.2 THE REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE IS AN IMPORTANT
ASPECT OF HOMEOSTASIS IN ANIMALS. 93 6.3 THE LEVEL OF REGULATION
BALANCES COSTS AND BENEFITS. 98 6.4 TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND WATER
BALANCE IN HOT DESERTS REQUIRE DIVERSE HOMEOSTATIC ADAPTATIONS. 100 6.5
VARIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT OCCURS AT DIFFERENT TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
SCALES. 102 6.6 AN ORGANISM S CHOICE OF PATCHES DEFINES ITS ACTIVITY
SPACE. 103 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 6.7 HOMEOSTATIC RESPONSES
VARY IN THEIR TIME COURSES. 106 6.8 MIGRATION, STORAGE, AND DORMANCY
ALLOW ORGANISMS TO TOLERATE SEASONALLY UNSUITABLE CONDITIONS. 110 6.9
PROXIMATE CUES ENABLE ORGANISMS TO ANTICIPATE PREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE. 112 6.10 ECOTYPIC DIFFERENTIATION REFLECTS ADAPTATION TO LOCAL
CONDITIONS. 112 7. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 116 7.1 BIOTIC
FACTORS PROMOTE DIVERSIFICATION WHILE ABIOTIC FACTORS PROMOTE
CONVERGENCE. 117 7.2 ADAPTATIONS OF CARNIVORES DEMONSTRATE THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT AS AN AGENTOF NATURAL SELECTION.
117 7.3 PREY DEFEND THEMSELVES BY AVOIDANCE, DECEPTION, AND PROTECTIVE
MORPHOLOGY. 121 7.4 HERBIVORES MUST OVERCOME THE UNIQUE DEFENSIVE
FEATURES OF PLANTS. 125^ 7.5 PLANTS USE STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL DEFENSES
AGAINST HERBIVORES. - 129 7.6 HOST SPECIFICITY AND COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
CHARACTERIZE MANY PARASITES. 133 8. CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, AND THE
DIVERSITY OF THE NATURAL WORLD 138 8.1 VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION WITH
LATITUDE CREATES MAJOR GLOBAL PATTERNS IN TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL. 139
8.2 THE SEASONS BRING PREDICTABLE CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 143 8.3
IRREGULAR FLUCTUATIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ARE SUPERIMPOSED ON PERIODIC
CYCLES. 146 8.4 LOCAL TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC FEATURES PRODUCE
ADDITIONAL VARIATION IN GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS. 148 8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE BALANCE BETWEEN RAINFALL AND
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION. 149 8.6 THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PLANTS ARE RELATED TO
CLIMATE PATTERNS, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SOIL. 152 8.7 : THE ADAPTATIONS OF
PLANTS AND ANIMALS MATCH THE CONDITIONS WITHIN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS. 153
8.8 8.9 : CLASSIFICATIONS OF PLANT ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON PLANT FORM
CORRESPOND CLOSELY TO CLIMATE. 157 GLOBAL LIFE ZONES MAY BE
DIFFERENTIATED BY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND
PRECIPITATION. 158 8.10 THE BIOME CONCEPT ORGANIZES LARGE-SCALE
VARIATION IN THE NATURAL WORLD. 161 8.11 CLASSIFICATIONS OF AQUATIC
SYSTEMS ARE BASED ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 165 PART 3 ENERGY AND
MATERIALS IN THE ECOSYSTEM 171 9. THE ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT 9.1 173 MUCH OF
MODERN ECOLOGY IS BASED ON TWO CONCEPTS THAT EMERGED FROM THE
OBSERVATIONS OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY NATURALISTS. 173 9.2 THE ANALOGY OF
THE ORGANISM WAS APPLIED TO BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES BY F. E. CLEMENTS AND
REJECTED BY H. A. GLEASON AND A. G. TANSLEY. 174 9.3 CHARLES ELTON
DESCRIBED COMMUNITIES IN TERMS OF FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS. 175 XLL
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.4 A. J. LOTKA ESPOUSED A THERMODYNAMIC VIEW
OF ECOSYSTEMS. 176 9.5 RAYMOND LINDEMAN DEVELOPED THE TROPHIC-DYNAMIC
CONCEPT OF THE ECOSYSTEM. I 77 9.6 A. J. LOTKA DESCRIBED THE REGULATION
OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION IN TERMS OF THE ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE
COMPONENT POPULATIONS. 1?8 9.7 EUGENE P. ODUM POPULARIZED THE STUDY OF
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS. 1 79 9.8 WATERSHED STUDIES EMPHASIZED THE FLUX OF
ELEMENTS AND ENERGY WITHIN AND AMONG ECOSYSTEMS. 180 9.9 LANDSCAPE
ECOLOGY CONSIDERS THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL SCALE ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION. 182
9.10 BOTH TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO THE
STUDY OF ECOSYSTEMS. 182 10. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS 10.1 PLANTS
ASSIMILATE ENERGY BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 10.2 METHODS OF MEASURING PLANT
PRODUCTION VARY WITH HABITAT AND GROWTH FORM. 10.3 THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS VARIES IN RELATION TO LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND AVAILABILITY
OF WATER AND NUTRIENTS. ^ 19D 10.4 THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TERRESTRIAL AND
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS IS LIMITED BY DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ; FACTORS. 19I
10.5 ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCIES CHARACTERIZE THE MOVEMENT OF ENERGY ALONG
THE FOOD CHAIN. 193 10.6 THE INDIVIDUAL LINK IN THE FOOD CHAIN IS THE
BASIC UNIT OF TROPHIC STRUCTURE. 194 18IS 10.7 ASSIMILATION AND
PRODUCTION EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY. 194 10.8
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS ARE DOMINATED BY DETRITUS-BASED FOOD CHAINS. 196
10.9 HOW LONG DOES ENERGY TAKE TO FLOW THROUGH THE ECOSYSTEM? 197 10.10
ENERGY TRANSFER AND ACCUMULATION DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
ECOSYSTEMS. 198 10.1 1 THE LENGTH OF FOOD CHAINS IS LIMITED BY
ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCIES. 199 , 11. PATHWAYS OF ELEMENTS IN ECOSYSTEMS ,
202 .11.1 THE MOVEMENT OF MANY ELEMENTS PARALLELS ENERGY FLOW THROUGH
THE COMMUNITY. 203 11.2 ELEMENTS CYCLE AMONG COMPARTMENTS IN THE
ECOSYSTEM. 204 11.3 THE WATER CYCLE PROVIDES A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR
ELEMENT CYCLING IN THE ECOSYSTEM. 205 11.4 THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION
(REDOX) POTENTIAL OF A SYSTEM INDICATES ITS ENERGY LEVEL. 206 11.5 THE
MODERN CARBON CYCLE INCLUDES A MISSING SINK OF CARBON. 208 I 1.6
NITROGEN ASSUMES MANY OXIDATION STATES IN ITS PATHS THROUGH THE
ECOSYSTEM. 214 11.7 PHOSPHORUS CYCLING IS CLOSELY LINKED WITH PH IN THE
SOIL AND WITH TROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. 217 I 1.8
SULFUR TAKES PART IN MANY REDOX REACTIONS. 219 11.9 ELEMENT CYCLES
INTERACT IN COMPLEX WAYS IN ECOSYSTEMS. 221 11.10 MICROORGANISMS ASSUME
SPECIAL ROLES IN ELEMENT CYCLES. 223 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XLLL 12.
NUTRIENT REGENERATION IN TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 227 12.1
REGENERATIVE PROCESSES IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS OCCUR IN THE SOIL. 228
12.2 WEATHERING IS THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF ROCK NEAR THE
EARTH S SURFACE. -. 229 12.3 THE LEACHING OF NUTRIENT CATIONS IS
DETERMINED BY THE CLAY AND HUMUS CONTENT OF THE SOIL. 231 12.4 MOST
NUTRIENTS IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS CYCLE THROUGH DETRITUS. 234 12.5
NUTRIENTS ARE REGENERATED MORE RAPIDLY IN TROPICAL FORESTS THAN IN
TEMPERATE FORESTS. 236 12.6 THE SEDIMENTS OF SHALLOW WATERS PLAY AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN NUTRIENT REGENERATION. 239 12.7 MICROBIAL PROCESSES
DOMINATE FOOD WEBS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN UNPRODUCTIVE OPEN WATERS. 244
12.8 NUTRIENT REGENERATION IS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE MOVEMENT OF
WATER IN STREAMS AND RIVERS. 245 12.9 ESTUARIES AND MARSHES MAY PROVIDE
NET INPUTS OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS TO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. , 247 13.
REGULATION OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 251 13.1 ECOLOGISTS SEEK TO UNDERSTAND
ECOSYSTEM REGULATION THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION, COMPARATIVE STUDIES, AND
MATHEMATICAL MODELING. 251 13.2 THE REGULATORY ROLES OF NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS DIFFER IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS. 253 13.3 PHYSICAL
TRANSPORT PROCESSES MAY REGULATE ECOSYSTEMS THAT ARE NUTRIENT LIMITED.
256 13.4 PRODUCTION DOES NOT VARY IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO NUTRIENT
CYCLING. , 258 13.5 SYSTEMS MODELS PORTRAY ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION AS SETS OF INTERACTING TRANSFER FUNCTIONS. 259 13.6 A MODEL FOR
NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS INCORPORATES NITROGEN
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE WATER COLUMN. 261 13.7 A MODEL FOR NUTRIENT
CYCLING IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS INCORPORATES COMPARTMENTS FOR SOIL,
PLANT BIOMASS, AND DETRITUS. 263 13.8 PRODUCTION MAY BE ENHANCED OR
DIMINISHED BY HERBIVORY. 264 13.9 ARE ECOSYSTEMS REGULATED FROM THE TOP
DOWN OR FROM THE BOTTOM UP? 265 PART 4 POPULATION ECOLOGY 269 14.
POPULATION STRUCTURE 271 14.1 THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF SPECIES
AND THE LOCATIONS OF LOCAL POPULATIONS ARE DETERMINED BY ECOLOGICALLY
SUITABLE HABITAT. 272 14.2 THE DISPERSION OF INDIVIDUALS REFLECTS
HABITAT HETEROGENEITY AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS. 274 14.3 THE ESTIMATION
OF POPULATION DENSITY IS IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF POPULATION DYNAMICS.
280 14.4 THE MOVEMENT OF INDIVIDUALS AMONG POPULATIONS AFFECTS
POPULATION PROCESSES. 283 14.5 THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A POPULATION
DESCRIBES THE AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF GENETIC VARIATION. 286 14.6
LIFE TABLES SUMMARIZE THE : SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS
WITHIN POPULATIONS. 290 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 19. EXTINCTION,
CONSERVATION, AND RESTORATION 360 19.1 EXTINCTION IS A NATURAL PROCESS
THAT EXPRESSES THE FAILURE OF SPECIES TO ADAPT. 361 19.2 THE RISK OF
EXTINCTION IS AFFECTED BY POPULATION SIZE, GEOGRAPHIC RANGE, AGE
STRUCTURE, AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT. 364 19.3 BODY SIZE, LONGEVITY, AND
POPULATION SIZE INTERACT TO AFFECT THE RISK OF EXTINCTION. 368 19.4
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION AMONG AND WITHIN ISLANDS SUGGEST THAT
EXTINCTION MAY RESULT FROM A DECREASE IN COMPETITIVE ABILITY. 368 19.5
WHEN CONSERVATION IS NO LONGER POSSIBLE, RESTORATION IS , SOMETIMES AN
OPTION. 370 19.6 THE METAPOPULATION CONCEPT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY. 371 19.7 RECOVERY PLANS ARE BASED ON THE LIFE HISTORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES. 371 19.8 MANAGING GENETIC
DIVERSITY IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION. 373 19.9
RESTORATION OFTEN INVOLVES THE REINTRODUCTION OF A SPECIES. 376 PART 5
POPULATION INTERACTIONS 381 20. RESOURCES AND CONSUMERS 383 20.1 SPECIES
INTERACTIONS MAY BE CATEGORIZED BASED ON THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION
ON THE SPECIES INVOLVED. 384 20.2 WHAT ARE RESOURCES AND CONSUMERS? 385
20.3 A WATER FLEA CONSUMER AND AN ALGAL RESOURCE REVEAL THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONSUMER-RESOURCE SYSTEM. 387 20.4 RATES OF CHANGE
OF RESOURCE LEVEL AND CONSUMER POPULATION GROWTH MAY BE DYNAMICALLY
COUPLED WITH LOGISTIC MODELS. 390 20.5 THE MONOD EQUATION RELATES
POPULATION GROWTH RATE TO THE ABUNDANCE OF A SINGLE RESOURCE. 393 20.6
TWO RESOURCES CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY LIMIT A CONSUMER POPULATION. 396 20.7
CONSUMER-RESOURCE SYSTEMS MAY INVOLVE MORE THAN TWO RESOURCES OR MORE
THAN ONE 400 CONSUMER. 21. COMPETITION THEORY 403 21.1 THE EMERGENCE OF
COMPETITION AS A CENTRAL THEORY IN ECOLOGY WAS SLOW AND TENTATIVE. 404
21.2 THE EXPERIMENTS OF TANSLEY, GAUSE, AND PARK PROVIDED EARLY
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATIONS OF COMPETITION. 405 21.3 THE COMPETITIVE
EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE STATES THAT TWO SPECIES CANNOT COEXIST ON A SINGLE
LIMITING RESOURCE. 406 21.4 POPULATIONS MAY BE REGULATED BY
INTRASPECIFIC AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION. 407 21.5 THE LOGISTIC
EQUATION CAN BE MODIFIED TO INCORPORATE INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION. 407
21.6 EQUILIBRIUM COMPETITION MODELS REVEAL CONDITIONS FOR COEXISTENCE OF
TWO COMPETING POPULATIONS. 409 21.7 A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
ILLUSTRATES THE BASIC FEATURES OF LOGISTIC COMPETITION. 410 21.8 WE CAN
ESTIMATE COMPETITION COEFFICIENTS FROM THE RESULTS OF COMPETITION
EXPERIMENTS. 413 21.9 TWO-SPECIES COMPETITION MAY BE REPRESENTED ON
GRAPHS RELATING POPULATION CHANGE TO RESOURCE AVAILABILITY. 416 XVI
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 21.10 DISTURBANCE CAN INFLUENCE THE OUTCOME
OF COMPETITION BETWEEN SPECIES. 21.11 CONSUMERS CAN INFLUENCE THE
OUTCOME OF COMPETITION BETWEEN SPECIES 21 RL 2 INDIRECT INTERACTIONS MAY
LEAD TO APPARENT COMPETITION. ~ 21.13 INFERIOR COMPETITORS MAY COEXIST
WITH SUPERIOR COMPETITORS IN METAPOPULATIONS. 22. COMPETITION IN NATURE
417 419 42D 424 22.1 HOW DOES COMPETITION OCCUR? 425 ,22.2 WHICH SPECIES
ARE MOST LIKELY TO COMPETE? 427 22.3 ELIMINATION OF SPECIES FOLLOWING
THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPETITORS DEMONSTRATES THE POPULATION EFFECTS OF
COMPETITION. 427 22.4 REMOVAL, ADDITION, AND SUBSTITUTION EXPERIMENTS
HAVE BEEN IMPORTANT TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF PLANT COMPETITION. 429 22.5
BOTH ABOVEGROUND AND BELOWGROUND COMPETITION ARE IMPORTANT IN PLANTS. ..
430 22.6 THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION MAY BE DIFFERENT FOR EACH OF THE
COMPETING POPULATIONS 432 22.7 THE RELATIVE INTENSITY OF INTRASPECFIC
AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION MAY BE DETERMINED WITH SUBSTITUTION
EXPERIMENTS. 433 22.8 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES HAVE REVEALED INTERSPECIFIC
AND INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION AMONG SPECIES OF ANIMALS. 436 22.9
HIGHER-ORDER INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMPETITORS MAY ALTER CONDITIONS FOR
COEXISTENCE. 440 22.10 CONSUMERS CAN AFFECT THE OUTCOME OF COMPETITIVE
INTERACTIONS AMONG RESOURCE POPULATIONS. 442 22.11 COMPETITION MAY LEAD
TO EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF COMPETITORS. 444 23.PREDATION 447 23.1
PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS MAY EFFECTIVELY LIMIT PREY POPULATIONS. 448
23.2 PREDATION MAY ESTABLISH COUPLED OSCILLATIONS OF PREDATOR AND PREY
POPULATIONS. 449 23.3 SIMPLE PREDATOR AND PREY MODELS PREDICT
OSCILLATIONS IN POPULATION SIZE. 450 23.4 NICHOLSON AND BAILEY PROPOSED
AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE LOTKA- VOLTERRA MODEL. 456 23.5 THE RESPONSE OF
PREDATORS TO PREY DENSITY IS NOT LINEAR. 458 23.6 PREDATOR POPULATIONS
CAN RESPOND TO AN INCREASE IN PREY DENSITY BY GROWTH AND IMMIGRATION.
462 23.7 GRAPHICAL ANALYSES DEMONSTRATE THE CONDITIONS FOR STABILITY IN
PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS. 463 23.8 PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS MAY HAVE TWO
STABLE EQUILIBRIA. 468 23.9 PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS ACHIEVE CHARACTERISTIC
POPULATION RATIOS. 471 23.10 RISKY PREY BEHAVIOR HAS POPULATION
CONSEQUENCES. 472 23.11 THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PREDATOR AND PREY OR
PARASITOID AND HOST MAY AFFECT THE STABILITY OF THE INTERACTION. 473
23.12 THE DYNAMICS OF PREDATOR- PREY SYSTEMS IN METAPOPULATIONS ARE
INFLUENCED BY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND MOVEMENT PATTERNS. 475 DETAILED
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV11 24. HERBIVORY AND PARASITISM 479 24.1 HERBIVORY
AND PARASITISM ARE COMPLEX PROCESSES THAT DIFFER FROM PREDATION AND
PARASITOIDISM. 479 24.2 PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS ARE , TAXONOMICALLY
AND ECOLOGICALLY DIVERSE. 481 24.3 HERBIVORY MAY INDUCE COMPENSATORY
RESPONSES BY PLANTS. 484 24.4 GRAZING MAY ALTER PLANT GROWTH AND AFFECT
PRIMARY PRODUCTION. * 488 24.5 THE EFFECT OF HERBIVORY ON PLANT
POPULATIONS IS COMPLICATED BY MULTIPLE HERBIVORES, PLANT DEVELOPMENT,
AND POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE. 489 24.6 THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANT
POPULATIONS TO HERBIVORY MAY BE INFLUENCED BY THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF
THE PLANT COMMUNITY. 494 24.7 HERBIVORES SHOW A FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE TO
PLANT AVAILABILITY. 495 24.8 PLANTS AND ANIMALS HARBOR A WIDE VARIETY OF
PARASITES. 496 24.9 MICROPARASITE POPULATION DYNAMICS MAY BE MODELED AS
INFECTION. 498 24.10 THE VIRULENCE OF PARASITES DEPENDS ON TRANSMISSION
PROPERTIES AND HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES. 501 25. COEVOLUTION AND MUTUALISM
504 25.1 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANTAGONISTS OFTEN
DEMONSTRATE COEVOLUTION. 504 25.2 AN APPRECIATION OF TEMPORAL AND
SPATIAL SCALE ARE IMPORTANT IN UNDERSTANDING COEVOLUTION. 507 25.3 A
GENE-FOR-GENE GENETIC PROCESS HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS A MECHANISM OF
COEVOLUTION. 508 25.4 ORGANISMS OFTEN FORM MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS.
509 25.5 MANY MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS HAVE DEVELOPED AMONG ANTS AND
OTHER ORGANISMS. 510 25.6 VARIATION IN PLANT DEFENSIVE CHEMISTRY HAS A
GENETIC BASIS. 512 25.7 POLLINATION IS A COMMON FORM OF PLANT-ANIMAL
MUTUALISM. 513 25.8 THE YUCCA MOTH IS A COEVOLVED POLLINATOR OF THE
YUCCA. 515 25.9 MUTUALISM INVOLVES AN INHERENT CONFLICT AMONG
PARTICIPANTS THAT MAY LEAD TO CHEATING. * * 516 PART 6 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
591 26. THE CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY 521 26.1 THE COMMUNITY IS AN
ASSOCIATION OF POPULATIONS. 521 26.2 IS THERE A NATURAL UNIT AT THE
COMMUNITY LEVEL OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION? 522 26.3 ECOTONES OCCUR AT
SHARP PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES OR WHERE HABITAT-DOMINATING GROWTH FORMS
CHANGE. 523 26.4 THE STRUCTURE OF NATURAL COMMUNITIES MAY BE DESCRIBED
IN RELATION TO ECOLOGICAL CONTINUA. 527 26.5 THE HISTORICAL RECORD
REVEALS BOTH CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN COMMUNITIES. . 531 26.6
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY MAY LEAVE [ A DISTINCTIVE IMPRINT ON COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION. 532 26.7 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMMUNITY EMERGE FROM
A HIERARCHY OF PROCESSES OVER SCALES OF TIME AND SPACE. 537 XV1U
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 27. STRUCTURE OF THE COMMUNITY 539 27.1
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY STRUCTURE REQUIRES THAT WE ADOPT MULTIPLE
PERSPECTIVES. 540 27.2 LISTS OF SPECIES PROVIDED THE FIRST DESCRIPTIONS
OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES. 540 27.3 THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES IS
MEASURE OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. 541 27.4 DIVERSITY INDICES INCORPORATE
SPECIES RICHNESS AND SPECIES ABUNDANCE. - 545 27.5 THE NUMBER OF SPECIES
ENCOUNTERED INCREASES IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE AREA SAMPLED. 548 27.6
FOOD WEB ANALYSIS IS USED TO REVEAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. 551 27.7 IDEAS
ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD WEB STRUCTURE ON COMMUNITY STABILITY WERE
DEVELOPED FROM THE ANALYSIS OF TOPOLOGICAL FOOD WEBS. * 552 27.8 THE
ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION FOOD WEBS HAS ROOTS IN THEORETICAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY. 556 27.9 INDIRECT INTERACTIONS ARE IMPORTANT
FEATURES OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. 557 27.10 ANALYSIS OF INTERACTION FOOD
WEBS REQUIRES EXPERIMENTATION BASED ON THEORY. 558 28. COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT 564 28.1 SUCCESSION FOLLOWS AN ORDERLY PATTERN OF SPECIES
REPLACEMENTS. 564 28.2 PRIMARY SUCCESSION DEVELOPS IN HABITATS NEWLY
EXPOSED TO COLONIZATION BY PLANTS AND ANIMALS. 568 28.3 THE INTENSITY
AND EXTENT OF DISTURBANCE INFLUENCE THE PATTERN OF SECONDARY SUCCESSION.
569 28.4 SUCCESSION RESULTS FROM VARIATION IN THE ABILITY OF ORGANISMS
TO COLONIZE DISTURBED AREAS AND FROM CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW SPECIES. 571 28.5 SUCCESSION IN OLD
FIELDS AND GLACIAL AREAS ILLUSTRATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERE. 574
28.6 ANALYTICAL MODELS OF SUCCESSION ARE BASED ON TRANSITIONS FROM ONE
SUCCESSIONAL STAGE TO THE NEXT. 577 28.7 THE CHARACTER OF THE CLIMAX IS
DETERMINED BY LOCAL CONDITIONS. 581 29. BIODIVERSITY 588 29.1 A NUMBER
OF GENERAL PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY HAVE BEEN OBSERVED. 589 29.2
CONTEMPORARY THINKING ABOUT COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION RECONCILES THE
REGIONAL/HISTORICAL AND LOCAL/DETERMINISTIC VIEWS OF REGULATION OF
DIVERSITY. 591 29.3 THE NUMBER OF SPECIES ON ISLANDS DEPENDS ON
IMMIGRATION AND EXTINCTION RATES. 594 29.4 ARE SPECIES PRODUCED MORE
RAPIDLY IN THE TROPICS THAN AT HIGHER LATITUDES? 596 29.5 THE TIME
HYPOTHESIS SUGGESTS THAT OLDER HABITATS ARE MORE DIVERSE. 597 29.6 NICHE
THEORY PROVIDES THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE THEORY OF REGULATION OF SPECIES
DIVERSITY. 599 29.7 SPECIES DIVERSITY INCREASES WITH PRIMARY PRODUCTION
IN SOME CASES. 602 29.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFE HISTORY VARIATION MAY
AFFECT SPECIES DIVERSITY. 606 29.9 THE ACTIVITIES OF PREDATORS AND
HERBIVORES MAY AFFECT SPECIES DIVERSITY. 608 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
XIX 29.10 CAN REDUCED COMPETITION EXPLAIN HIGH DIVERSITY? 610 29.11
DISTURBANCE MAY AFFECT SPECIES DIVERSITY. 611 29.12 DO COMMUNITIES
REVEAL EVIDENCE OF COMPETITION BETWEEN SPECIES? ^ 612 29.13 LACK OF
STRONG EVIDENCE OF LOCAL SPECIES SATURATION AND COMMUNITY CONVERGENCE
SUGGESTS THAT REGIONAL/ HISTORICAL FACTORS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN
COMMUNITY DIVERSITY. 615 PART 7. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY 30. EVOLUTION AND
ADAPTATION 619 621 30.1 ADAPTATIONS HAVE A GENETIC BASIS. 621 30.2 THERE
ARE FIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES TO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY. 622 30.3
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE TO SELECTION PROCEEDS BY THE R SUBSTITUTION OF
GENES WITHIN POPULATIONS. 622 30.4 MANY TRAITS OF ECOLOGICAL INTEREST
HAVE A POLYGENIC BASIS. 625 30.5 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION OF QUANTITATIVE
TRAITS ILLUSTRATES SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF EVOLUTION IN NATURAL
POPULATIONS. 627 30.6 CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION LIMIT
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE. 630 30.7 POPULATION GENETICS OFFERS A NUMBER OF
IMPORTANT MESSAGES FOR ECOLOGISTS. 630 30.8 SEX IS THOUGHT TO BENEFIT
INDIVIDUALS BY INCREASING GENETIC VARIATION AMONG THEIR PROGENY. 631
30.9 BREEDING SYSTEMS MANAGE GENETIC VARIATION IN SEXUAL POPULATIONS.
632 30.10 EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGISTS INTERPRET FORM AND FUNCTION AS
ADAPTATIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT. 633 30.11 AN EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE
STRATEGY (ESS) RESISTS INVASION BY ALL OTHER PHENOTYPES. 634 30.12 THE
INFLUENCE OF THE PHENOTYPE - ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON FITNESS IS THE
KEY TO UNDERSTANDING ADAPTATION. 635 30.13 THE ADAPTATIONIST PROGRAM HAS
MANY DIFFICULTIES. 635 30.14 TAXONOMICALLY USEFUL CHARACTERS ILLUSTRATE
THAT, ONCE ESTABLISHED, SOME ADAPTATIONS RESIST FURTHER CHANGE. 637
30.15 DO LARGE SYSTEMS HAVE UNIQUELY EVOLVED PROPERTIES? 637 31.
ADAPTATIONS TO HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS 640 31.1 POPULATIONS MAY BE
VIEWED METAPHORICALLY AS SITUATED ATOP PEAKS WITHIN AN ADAPTIVE
LANDSCAPE. 640 31.2 POLYMORPHISMS MAY BE MAINTAINED BY EVOLUTION IN
HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS. 642 31.3 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHENOTYPE
AND THE ENVIRONMENT IS A PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS. 646 31.4
OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF CHOICE AMONG RESOURCES
OR HABITATS. 649 31.5 PREDATORS MAY OPTIMIZE THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF PREY IN THEIR DIET. 649 31.6 THE CLASSICAL MODEL OF OPTIMAL
FORAGING INCORPORATES THE CONCEPTS OF ENCOUNTER RATE AND PROFITABILITY
OF INDIVIDUAL PREY. 651 XX DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 31.7 OPTIMAL PATCH
USE DEPENDS ON PATCH QUALITY AND TRAVELING TIME BETWEEN PATCHES. 652
31.8 THE IDEAL FREE DISTRIBUTION EQUALIZES GAINS AMONG INDIVIDUALS IN A
POPULATION. 654 31.9 RISK-SENSITIVE FORAGING MODELS FOCUS ON THE
MINIMIZATION OF THE RISK OF STARVATION. 655 31.10 FORAGING ANIMALS MAY
BE AT RISK OF PREDATION. 655 31.11 STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMING IS A
MODELING APPROACH THAT EVALUATES HOW SHORT-TERM DECISIONS CONTRIBUTE TO.
. * LIFETIME FITNESS. 656 32. EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES 658 32.1
INTEREST IN LIFE HISTORY -ADAPTATIONS HAS BEEN STIMULATED BY THEIR
VARIATION AMONG SPECIES. 659 32.2 LIFE HISTORY THEORY DEVELOPED RAPIDLY
DURING THE 1960S. 661 32.3 NATURAL SELECTION ADJUSTS THE ALLOCATION OF
LIMITED TIME AND RESOURCES AMONG COMPETING DEMANDS. 662 32.4 AGE AT
FIRST REPRODUCTION GENERALLY INCREASES IN DIRECT RELATION TO ADULT LIFE
SPAN. 664 32.5 PERENNIAL LIFE HISTORIES ARE FAVORED BY HIGH AND
RELATIVELY CONSTANT ADULT SURVIVAL. 666 32.6 OPTIMAL REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT
VARIES INVERSELY WITH ADULT SURVIVAL. 666 32.7 WHEN SURVIVAL AND
FECUNDITY VARY WITH AGE, MODELS OF LIFE- HISTORY EVOLUTION MUST BE BASED
ON THE LIFE TABLE. 668 32.8 BET HEDGING MINIMIZES REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE
IN AN UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENT. 669 32.9 EXTENSIVE PREPARATION FOR
BREEDING AND UNCERTAIN OR EPHEMERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MAY FAVOR A
SINGLE, ALL-CONSUMING REPRODUCTIVE EPISODE. 670 32.10 SENESCENCE EVOLVES
BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED STRENGTH OF SELECTION IN OLD AGE. 672 32.11 LIFE
HISTORY PATTERNS VARY ACCORDING TO THE GROWTH RATE OF THE POPULATION.
673 33. SEX 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 676 SEPARATION- OF SEXES IS FAVORED WHEN
FIXED COSTS OF SEX ARE HIGH AND THE SEXUAL FUNCTIONS COMPETE STRONGLY
FOR RESOURCES. 677 AN OPTIMAL PROGENY SEX RATIO BALANCES CONTRIBUTIONS
TO FITNESS THROUGH MALE AND FEMALE FUNCTION. 680 IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS,
MOTHERS SHOULD VARY THE SEX RATIO OF THEIR OFFSPRING IN RELATION TO
THEIR OWN BREEDING CONDITION. : 681 IN HYMENOPTERANS AND OTHER
HAPLODIPLOID INVERTEBRATES, THE SEX RATIO OF OFFSPRING IS CONTROLLED
FACULTATIVELY IN RESPONSE TO LOCAL MATE COMPETITION. 681 LOCAL RESOURCE
COMPETITION MAY LEAD TO MALE-BIASED SEX RATIOS. 683 33.6 MATING SYSTEMS
DEPEND ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS OF ONE SEX CAN MONOPOLIZE
RESOURCES. 684 33.7 MATING SYSTEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HABITAT AND DIET.
685 33.8 THE CONFIGURATION OF MATING SYSTEMS DEPENDS TO A LARGE EXTENT
ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF PARENTAL CARE. 687 33.9 POPULATIONS MAY INCLUDE
INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SEX HAVING DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES.
689 33.5 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI 33.10 THREE MATING SYSTEMS
PREDOMINATE IN PLANTS. 690 33.11 SEXUAL SELECTION HAS LED TO THE
ELABORATION OF COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR. 692 33.12 LACK OF CHOICES FOR FEMALES
MAY LEAD TO EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS. 696 34. EVOLUTION AND SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR 699 34.1 TERRITORIALITY AND DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES ORGANIZE
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN POPULATIONS. 700 34.2 THE COMMUNICATION OF
SOCIAL DOMINANCE USUALLY IS RITUALIZED. 702 34.3 GROUP LIVING CONFERS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 703 34.4 THE EVOLUTIONARY MODIFICATION OF
SOCIAL INTERACTION BALANCES THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR.
705 34.5 GROUP SELECTION, KIN SELECTION, AND RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM HAVE
BEEN PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN THE OCCURRENCE OF ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR 705 34.6
KIN SELECTION MAY FAVOR ALTRUISTIC ACTS BETWEEN RELATED INDIVIDUALS. 706
34.7 34.8 34.9 34.10 34.11 SEVERAL BEHAVIOR SYSTEMS SUGGEST THE
OPERATION OF KIN SELECTION. KIN SELECTION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE
EVOLUTION OF WARNING COLORATION. A GAME THEORY MODEL INDICATES HOW
INDIVIDUALS SHOULD INTERACT SOCIALLY WITHIN A LARGE POPULATION. THE
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF PARENTAL INVESTMENT CAN DIFFER FOR PARENTS AND THEIR
OFFSPRING. EUSOCIAL INSECT SOCIETIES ARE BASED UPON SIBLING ALTRUISM AND
PARENTAL DESPOTISM. GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES
INDEX 708 710 711 713 714 721 747 801 807
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ricklefs, Robert E. 1943- Miller, Gary L. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)17233151X |
| author_facet | Ricklefs, Robert E. 1943- Miller, Gary L. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Ricklefs, Robert E. 1943- |
| author_variant | r e r re rer g l m gl glm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012990428 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH541 |
| callnumber-raw | QH541 |
| callnumber-search | QH541 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3541 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WI 2100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)40734932 (DE-599)BVBBV012990428 |
| dewey-full | 577 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
| dewey-raw | 577 |
| dewey-search | 577 |
| dewey-sort | 3577 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV012990428 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:37:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 071672829X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008850956 |
| oclc_num | 40734932 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29T DE-20 DE-1046 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29T DE-20 DE-1046 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXXVII, 822 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Freeman |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ricklefs, Robert E. 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)17233151X aut Ecology Robert E. Ricklefs ; Gary L. Miller 4. ed. New York Freeman 2000 XXXVII, 822 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Écologie Ökologie Ecology Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 s 1\p DE-604 Miller, Gary L. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008850956&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ricklefs, Robert E. 1943- Miller, Gary L. Ecology Écologie Ökologie Ecology Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4149059-9 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Ecology |
| title_auth | Ecology |
| title_exact_search | Ecology |
| title_full | Ecology Robert E. Ricklefs ; Gary L. Miller |
| title_fullStr | Ecology Robert E. Ricklefs ; Gary L. Miller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology Robert E. Ricklefs ; Gary L. Miller |
| title_short | Ecology |
| title_sort | ecology |
| topic | Écologie Ökologie Ecology Demökologie (DE-588)4149059-9 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Écologie Ökologie Ecology Demökologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008850956&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ricklefsroberte ecology AT millergaryl ecology |