Poverty and undernutrition: theory, measurement, and policy
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2000
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| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Studies in development economics
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIX, 348 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0198292686 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Poverty and undernutrition |b theory, measurement, and policy |c Peter Svedberg |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition - Afrique noire | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ondervoeding |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pauvres - Afrique noire - Alimentation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Deficiency Diseases |z Africa South of the Sahara | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Malnutrition |z Africa, Sub-Saharan | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poor |x Nutrition |z Africa, Sub-Saharan | |
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| _version_ | 1804127656762933248 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Poverty and undernutrition
Autor: Svedberg, Peter
Jahr: 2000
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES Xxiii
LIST OF FIGURES XXvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXviii
PARTI
1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 3
1.1. Background 3
1.2. The Challenges: The Five Ws 4
1.3. Main Objectives and Plan of the Book 7
1.4. The Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa—In International Comparison 9
1.5. Limitations of the Study 11
1.5.1. Limited Coverage of Food-security Issues 11
1.5.2. Undernutrition versus Malnutrition 12
1.5.3. Chronic Undernutrition versus Famine 13
1.5.4. Intra-household Allocation of Nutrients 14
1.5.5. On Reasons for Poverty 14
2. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF UNDERNUTRITION:
CONTROVERSIES AND CONSENSUS 17
2.1. Introduction 17
2.2. Undernutrition: Overview of Paradigms 18
2.2.1. The Energy Identity and the Energy Balance 18
2.2.2. The Genetic Potential Paradigm 19
2.2.3. The Adjustment and Adaptation Paradigm 19
2.3. Different Measurement Approaches 20
2.4. Direct Estimates of Minimum Energy Balance 21
2.4.1. Observed Energy Intake 22
2.4.2. Simulated Minimum Energy Expenditures 22
2.5. Indirect Estimates of Minimum Energy Balance 23
2.5.1. Anthropometric Failure 24
2.5.2. Physical-activity Failure 25
2.5.3. Health and Capability Failures 26
2.6. Summary and Conclusions 26
PARTn
3. A MODEL OF NUTRITION AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY 31
3.1. Introduction 31
3.2. Related Theory 31
XIV CONTENTS
3.3. The Model 33
3.3.1. The Short-term Calorie Expenditure Function 33
3.3.2. The Long-term Calorie Expenditure Function 35
3.3.3. The Calorie Revenue Function 36
3.4. Optimal Work Effort, Body Weight, and Calorie Intake 37
3.5. Comparative Statics 39
3.5.1. Exogenous Changes in the Revenue Function 39
3.5.2. Inter-individual Comparison 41
3.6. Summary and Conclusions 44
4. RELATED EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 49
4.1. Introduction 49
4.2. Nutritionists Estimation of Calorie Expenditure Requirements 49
4.3. Calorie—Income Elasticity Estimates 50
4.3.1. Theory 50
4.3.2. Estimation Technique, Measurements, and Data 51
4.3.3. Empirical Findings 51
4.4. Nutrition and Labour Productivity 52
4.4.1. Theory 52
4.4.2. Estimation Technique, Measurements, and Data 53
4.4.3. Empirical Findings 53
4.5. Discussion 54
4.5.1. Theories 54
4.5.2. Measurements and Data 55
4.5.3. Omitted Variables 56
4.5.4. Sensitivity to Estimation Techniques and
Measurements 57
4.5.5. Simultaneity and Choice of Instrument Variables 57
4.5.6. Time-series Predictions versus Cross-sectional
Observations 58
4.6. Summary and Conclusions 59
PART IE
5. UNDERNUTRITION: THE FAO ESTIMATES 65
5.1. Introduction 65
5.2. The FAO Model 66
5.2.1. The Estimation Method 66
5.2.2. Parameter Estimation Methods 67
5.2.3. The Limited Aims with the FAO Estimates 68
5.3. Data and Estimates 69
5.3.1. Parameter Estimates 69
5.3.2. The Estimated Prevalence of Undernutrition 70
5.4. Sensitivity of Estimates 71
CONTENTS XV
5.4.1. Combining Different FAO and IBRD Parameter
Values 71
5.4.2. Sensitivity of FAO Estimates of POU in
Africa in 1990/2 72
5.4.3. Correlation between POU and NPCCA 75
5.5. Concluding Remarks 76
6. CALORIE AVAILABILITY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 79
6.1. Introduction 79
6.2. Calorie Availability in Sub-Saharan Africa 79
6.2.1. The FAO Estimation Method 79
6.2.2. The FAO Calorie Availability Estimates 80
6.2.3. Composition of Calorie Sources 82
6.5. Sources of Estimation Errors 82
6.3.1. The FAO Food Production Estimates 83
6.3.2. The Food Trade Estimates 84
6.3.3. Conversion from Production to Consumption 86
6.3.4. Size of Population 87
6.4. Biased Estimates: A priori Reasons 87
6.4.1. Acknowledged Biases 87
6.4.2. Incentives for Underreporting 88
6.5. Biased Estimates: Methodological Reasons 89
6.5.1. Acreage Estimates 89
6.5.2. Yield Estimates 91
6.6. Comparative Evidence from India and Pakistan 92
6.7. Concluding Remarks 93
7. CALORIE INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION: ESTIMATES FROM THE
CONSUMPTION SIDE 96
7.1. Introduction 96
7.2. Household Consumption Surveys and Calorie Intake 96
7.2.1. Measurement Methods 96
7.2.2. Estimates 97
7.2.3. Selection Biases 98
7.2.4. Observation and Measurement Biases 99
7.2.5. The Ideal Estimates:The Doubly Labelled
Water Method 101
7.3. Comparing Estimates of Different Types 101
7.3.1. Comparing FCSs using Different Methods 101
7.3.2. Comparing FCS with FBS Estimates 102
7.3.3. Comparing with the Doubly Labelled Water Method 104
7.4. Further use of Food Expenditure Surveys 104
7.4.1. Household Expenditure Surveys in SSA:
Methodological Shortcomings 105
XVI CONTENTS
7.4.2. Representativeness of Surveys 105
7.5. Low-versus High-cost Calorie Expenditures 106
7.5.1. Hypothesis 106
7.5.2. Evidence 107
7.5.3. Caveats 109
7.6. Distribution of Calorie Intake 109
7.6.1. Measurements 110
7.6.2. Estimates 111
7.7. Summary and Conclusions 112
8. MINIMUM CALORIE-EXPENDITURE REQUIREMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS 114
8.1. Introduction 114
8.2. Estimating Individual and Household Minimum
Energy Requirements 114
8.2.1. Individuals Minimum Energy Requirements 114
8.2.2. From Individuals to Households 115
8.3. Body Weight and BMR 115
8.3.1. Minimum Body Weight 115
8.3.2. Body Weight and BMR 118
8.3.3. Intra-individual Adaptation of Metabolism 119
8.3.4. Inter-individual Variance in Metabolism 120
8.3.5. Inter-ethnic Variance in Metabolism 121
8.4. Minimum Physical Activity 121
8.4.1. Biological Minimum Physical Activity Requirement
for Adults 122
8.4.2. Economical Minimum Physical Activity
Requirement for Adults 122
8.4.3. Minimum Physical Activity for Children 123
8.4.4. Sensitivity of Requirement Norms 124
8.5. Summary and Conclusions 125
9. FROM INDIVIDUAL CALORIE REQUIREMENTS TO PER-CAPITA
CALORIE CUT-OFF POINTS 127
9.1. Introduction 127
9.2. Calorie Cut-off Points and Requirement!Intake Distribution 128
9.2.1. Estimating the Prevalence of Undernutrition in
the Ideal Situation 128
9.2.2. Estimating Undernutrition in the Actual Situation 129
9.3. The FAO and IBRD Calorie Cut-off Points 130
9.3.1. Comparing FAO with IBRD 130
9.3.2. The Inter-linkage between the CCOP and the
NPCCA 131
9.3.3. CCOPs with Different Requirement and Intake
Distributions 133
CONTENTS XVli
9.3.4. Introducing Normal Distribution of Intake and
Requirement 134
9.4. One-dimensional CCOPs and Two-dimensional Undernutrition 135
9.4.1. The Model 135
9.4.2. The Simulated Size of the Bias 137
9.4.3. Further Considerations 138
9.5. Summary and Conclusions 139
10. AGGREGATE ESTIMATIONS OF PREVALENCE OF UNDERNUTRITION:
SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENTS? 141
10.1. Introduction 141
10.2. Summary of Main Findings 141
10.2.1. Sensitivity of the Undernutrition Estimates 141
10.2.2. The National Per-capita Calorie Availability
Estimates 142
10.2.3. The Calorie Distribution Estimates 142
10.2.4. Individual Calorie Requirement 142
10.2.5. The Calorie Cut-off Points 143
10.3. The Scope for Improving the FAO Estimates 144
10.3.1. Possible Improvements in the Short Term 144
10.3.2. Possible Improvements in the Long Term 145
10.3.3. Remaining Unresolvable Problems 145
10.4. Are Alternative Methods Called for? 146
10.4.1. Estimating Undernutrition by Country 146
10.4.2. Monitoring Changes in Undernutrition over Time 147
10.4.3. Identifying Undernourished Individuals and
Households 147
10.5. Concluding Remarks 147
PART IV
11. ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS OF UNDERNUTRITION:
MEASUREMENTS AND EVIDENCE 153
11.1. Introduction 153
11.2. Measurements, Data, and Norms 154
11.2.1. Child Measurements 154
11.2.2. The Height and Weight Norms 155
11.2.3. Acceptable Deviation from the Norms (the
Cut-off Points) 155
11.3. TheAnthropometric Status of Children in SSA 156
11.3.1. Height andWeight Failure ofChildren in SSA 156
11.3.2. Change over Time 158
11.3.3. Anthropometric Status by Rural/Urban Area
and Regions 159
XViii CONTENTS
11.3.4. Anthropometric Status by Age 162
11.3.5. Anthropometric Status by Gender 163
11.4. Sub-Saharan Africa in International Comparison 164
11.4.1. Levels and Change overTime 164
11.4.2. Rural/Urban Differences 165
11.4.3. Differences by Age and Gender 165
11.5. Anthropometric Status of Adults 166
11.5.1. Measurements and Norms 166
11.5.2. Evidence on Adult Anthropometric Failure 167
11.6. Comparing Children with Adults 168
11.7. Summary and Conclusions 170
12. ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS: MEASUREMENT AND
SELECTION BIASES? 173
12.1. Introduction 173
12.2. Genotypical versus Phenotypic Height Differentials 173
12.2.1. Theory and Test Methods 173
12.2.2. Theory:Adaptation 174
12.2.3. Evidence on Child Growth-rate Potential 174
12.2.4. Evidence on Genetic Potential for
Final Adult Stature 177
12.3. Biases in Weight Norms and Reported Age of Children 180
12.3.1. Biased Weight Norms? 180
12.3.2. Biases in the Reported Age of Children 181
12.4. Representativeness of the Anthropometric Evidence 182
12A.I. Representative Countries? 183
12.4.2. Representative Samples? 183
12.4.3. Representative Individuals? 184
/ 2.5. The Time Dimension 184
12.5.1. Inter-and Intra-year Fluctuations 184
12.5.2. Long-term Trends 185
12.6. Summary and Conclusions 186
13. ANTHROPOMETRIC STATUS: AN INCOMPLETE INDICATOR OF
UNDERNUTSITTON 189
13.1. Introduction 189
13.2. Anthropometric Failure: Is it Necessary and/or Sufficient for
Undernutrition? 189
13.2.1. The Missing Physical Activity Dimension 189
13.2.2. A Simple Model 190
13.3. Anthropometric Cut-off points and Genetic Potential 191
13.3.1. The Height Cut-off Point 191
13.3.2. Underestimation of Genetic Potential Failure:
A Simple Model 192
CONTENTS Xix
13.4. Choice of Anthropometric Indicator 194
13.4.1. Interrelationship between Anthropometric
Indicators 194
13.4.2. What Biological Shortcomings and Risks are
Conventional Anthropometric Measures
Indicating? 195
13.5. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure 197
13.5.1. Underestimation of Overall Anthropometric
Failure by Conventional Indicators 197
13.5.2. Simulating Overall Prevalence of Anthropometric
Failure 198
13.6. Summary and Conclusions 198
14. ANTHROPOMETRIC FAILURE: MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RISKS 200
14.1. Introduction 200
14.2. Anthropometric Failure and Morbidity 201
14.2.1. Synergism 201
14.2.2. Disease as Cause of Anthropometric Failure 201
14.2.3. Anthropometric Failure and Immunocompetence 202
14.2.4. Anthropometric Failure and Specific Diseases 202
14.2.5. Remaining Uncertainty about Causality 203
14.3. Anthropometric Failure and Mortality 204
14.3.1. Anthropometric Failure as a Direct versus an
Indirect Cause of Death 204
14.3.2. The Relationship Between Anthropometric
Failure and Mortality 205
14.3.3. Estimated Relationship 205
14.3.4. Inter-regional Differences at Face Value 206
14.4. Estimated Share of Child Deaths Attributed to
Anthropometric Failure 207
14.4.1. Method 207
14.4.2. Data 208
14.4.3. Results 208
14.5. Caveats 210
14.5.1. Influence of Use of Different Estimation
Techniques and Data 212
14.5.2. Representative Countries? 214
14.5.3. Representative Samples? 215
14.6. Significance and Sensitivity lest 215
14.6.1. Significance of Difference 215
14.6.2. Sensitivity Test 216
14.7. Child Anthropometric Failure and Impairments in Adulthood 217
14.7.1. Cognitive and Psychomotoric Capability 217
14.7.2. Adult Stature and Morbidity/Mortality 218
XX CONTENTS
14.7.3. Anthropometric Status and Reproduction 219
14.7.4. Adult Stature and Physical Work Capacity and
Productivity 220
14.7.5. Caveat: Low Stature has Many Explanations
Besides Undernutrition 221
14.8. Summary and Conclusions 222
PARTV
15. ON REASONS FOR CHILD MORTALITY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC FAILURE 229
15.1. Introduction 229
15.2. Economic Causes of Child Deprivation 230
15.2.1. Hypotheses and Models Tested 230
15.2.2. Dependent Variables and Data 230
15.2.3. Explanatory Proxy Variables and Data 231
15.3. Cross-country Regressions 233
15.3.1. Econometric Specifications 233
15.3.2. Results 234
15.4. Separating Income and Public Intervention Effects 236
15.4.1. Direct versus Indirect Effects of lnGNPc on
Dependent Variables 237
15.4.2. Excluding and Including the Income Variable 237
15.5. Regional Differences and Outliers 238
15.5.1. Regional Dummy Variables 238
15.5.2. Identification of Outliers 239
15.6. Discussion and Interpretation of Results 239
15.6.1. Data Inaccuracies? 239
15.6.2. Crude Proxy Variables? 242
15.6.3. Selection Bias? 243
15.6.4. Omitted Variable Bias? 243
15.6.5. Reverse Causality? 243
15.7. Summary and Conclusions 244
16. EXCESS MORTALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND PUBLIC ACTION
IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 250
16.1. Introduction 250
16.2. Public Action and Human Well-being 251
16.2.1. Public Intervention: Objectives and Instruments 251
16.2.2. What Public Actions Influence Human Well-being? 252
16.2.3. Quality and Targeting of Public Interventions 253
16.3. Mortality, Educational Attainment, and Growth: Recent
Developments in Output Indicators 254
16.3.1. Child Mortality 254
16.3.2. Educational Attainments 255
CONTENTS XXi
16.3.3. Economic Growth 257
16.4. The Public Health Sector 258
16.4.1. Public Health Provision: Quantitative Input
Indicators 258
16.4.2. Public Health Provision: Qualitative Input
Indicators 260
16.4.3. Recent Reforms 261
16.4.4. Targeting of Health Services 262
16.5. The Public Education Sector 265
16.5.1. Public Education Services: Quantitative Input
Indicators 265
16.5.2. Public Education Services: Qualitative Input
Indicators 266
16.5.3. Targeting of Education Services 268
16.6. Economic Growth and Demand for Education 270
16.6.1. Estimated Returns on Education 270
16.6.2. Declining Returns on Education? 272
16.7. Summary and Conclusions 273
17. GROWTH, PUBLIC ACTION, AND WELL-BEING: WHAT CAN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LEARN FROM OTHERS? 277
17.1. Introduction 277
17.2. WhatAfrican Countries CouldLearn from Others 278
17.2.1. The Growth-cum-Equity-Oriented Countries as
Models 278
17.2.2. The Equity-Oriented Countries as Models 279
17.2.3. Conflict Between Public Action and Rapid
Growth? 281
17.3. Growth, Public Action, and Poverty Alleviation: Cross-country
Evidence 282
17.3.1. Growth and Income Distribution 282
17.3.2. Growth and Poverty Reduction 283
17.3.3. Poverty Reduction and Mortality Decline 284
17.3.4. Human Capital and Growth 284
/ 7.4. Growth and/or Equity-Oriented Development in SSA:
Required Policy Changes 284
17.4.1. Required Policy Changes for Growth 285
17.4.2. Required Policy Change for Equity-Oriented
Development 287
17.5. Prospects for Reform 291
17.5.1. Preconditions for Change in Political Priorities 291
17.5.2. Why Growth is Necessary (but not Sufficient) for
EnhancingWell-being 292
17.6. Summary and Conclusions 294
XX11 CONTENTS
18. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS 297
18.1. Introduction 297
18.2. Why the FAOMeasurementApproach Fails 298
18.2.1. The What Question 298
18.2.2. The Who Question 299
18.2.3. The Where Question 299
18.2.4. The When Question 300
18.2.5. The Why Question 301
18.3. Why A nthropometrics are Preferable 301
18.3.1. The What Question 302
18.3.2. The Who Question 303
18.3.3. The Where Question 304
18.3.4. The When Question 304
18.3.5. The Why Question 305
18.4. Undernutrition versus other Reasons for Mortality 306
18.4.1. Anthropometric Failure and Mortality Risk 306
18.4.2. Estimated Share of Deaths Attributable to
Undernutrition 307
18.5. Contrasting Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 307
18.5.1. Puzzle One: Extent of Undernutrition, the
FAO versus WHO 307
18.5.2. Answer to Puzzle One: The FAO Estimates
for Africa are Biased 308
18.5.3. Puzzle Two: Anthropometric Failure and
Mortality Reversals 309
18.5.4. Answer to Puzzle Two: Inadequate Health-care
inSSA 310
18.6. The Policy Routes Ahead 310
18.6.1. Public Action: Policy Requirements and Prospects 310
18.6.2. Economic Growth: Policy Requirements and
Prospects 311
18.7. The FAO Plan of Action: A Critical Assessment 312
18.7.1. Reduction of Undernutrition: Where? 313
18.7.2. Reduction of Undernutrition: How? 315
18.7.3. Final Remark 318
References 320
Index of names 341
General index 345
LIST OF TABLES
TEXT TABLES
5.1. Different calorie-cut-off points used by the IBRD and FAO to
estimate prevalence of undernutrition in SSA 70
5.2. The prevalence of undernutrition in developing countries, as
estimated by the IBRD and FAO, 1970 and 1980 72
5.3. Estimated share of the population with an energy-deficient diet
in Tanzania (per cent) 73
5.4. Sensitivity of FAO estimates of prevalence of undernutrition
in SSA to alternative parameter values. Estimated percentage
of population undernourished, 1990/2 74
5.5. Sensitivity of POU estimates to varying the distribution
parameter 74
6.1. Estimated national per-capita calorie availability in SSA
countries as compared with India and Bangladesh and
changes between 1979/81 and 1990/2 81
6.2. The agricultural sector, estimated share of GDP and error
range in five SSA countries, 1970s 84
6.3. Ratio of FAO and USDA estimated production of selected
cereals in SSA countries 85
7.1. Estimated per-capita calorie intake in SSA countries 97
7.2. Seasonal variations in estimated calorie intake in selected
SSA countries 99
7.3. Estimated per-capita calorie consumption in rural/urban
locations in selected countries 100
7.4. Comparison of food-consumption survey (FCS) and
food-balance-sheet (FBS) estimates of per-capita calorie
consumption in selected countries 103
7.5. The hierarchy of calorie costs for seven countries, 1975 107
7.6. Share of food in total household expenditures and share
of high-cost-per-calorie food items in total food
expenditures, by the lowest income quartile in
selected developing countries 108
7.7. Estimated decomposition of the coefficient of variation (CV)
in five household food-consumption surveys conducted by
IFPRI researchers 111
8.1. Estimated critical lower weight for adults (men and women)
with different heights and lowest acceptable BMI 117
8.2. Estimated PAL in free-living subjects with the DLW method
in developing countries 123
LIST OF TABLES
8.3. Estimated daily calorie-expenditure requirement for adult
men in SSA for different height, weight, BMR, and PAL 124
11.1. Prevalence estimates for three anthropometric indicators,
latest year (percentage below -2 SD of NCHS reference
median for 0-59 month-olds) 157
11.2. Prevalence of underweight children, by gender and rural/
urban location, in selected countries, 1980s 160
11.3. Incidence of anthropometric failure of children, by district
in selected countries 161
11.4. Summary of evidence on gender differentials in
anthropometric status of children aged 0—59 months in
SSA countries 163
11.5. Prevalence of anthropometrically failed children under
5 years of age, by major geographical regions (per cent) 164
11.6. Average height ofadults, by major geographical regions, 1980s 169
12.1. Average height of well-to-do children and adolescents in
different countries, by age and sex 176
12.2. Stature of male adolescents and adult males in Japan 177
12.3. Height of well-to-do Indians and in relation to NCHS
standards, by age 180
13.1. Empirical simulations of the total incidence of undernutrition
with the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure 196
14.1. Percentage distribution of children according to
anthropometric status, relative mortality risk, and death rates,
by anthropometric category 209
14.2. Selected characteristics of sample studies of associations
between anthropometric status and mortality from SSA and
South Asia 213
14.3. Mortality rates and prevalence of anthropometric failure
among children under the age of 5 years in Malawi, Uganda,
and Tanzania (1990 s) compared with the averages for
SSA as a whole 214
14.4. Incidence of anthropometric failure of children in SSA and
South Asian samples compared with national averages 216
15.1. Regression results; dependent variables: U5MR and WAF,
White-corr 234
15.2. Regression results; dependent variable: U5MR; 2SLS,
White-corr 235
15.3. Regression results; dependent variable: WAF; 2SLS,
White-corr 236
15.4. Separation of direct and indirect effects of lnGNPc on U5MR 237
15.5. Estimated coefficients for ALR and ACC, in (OLS)
regressions of U5MR, with and without including the
lnGNPc variable 238
LIST OF TABLES XXV
16.1. Tentative estimates of changes over time in child mortality,
school enrolment, and per-capita GDP growth rates, by major
geographical regions 255
16.2. Output indicators of educational attainments for population
at or above the age of 15, by major geographical regions,
1970 and 1990 (per cent) 256
16.3. Estimated central government expenditure on health and
education as a percentage of GDP, by major geographical
regions, various years 258
16.4. Estimated health expenditures (as a share of GDP (per cent),
by source and major geographical regions, 1990 259
16.5. Percentage of population with access to health-related public
services, by major geographical regions, urban/rural, 1990-5 260
16.6. Demographic indicators of femalermale differences and
selected female-specific indicators of health-service
provision, by major geographical regions, 1990s 264
16.7. Input indicators of government provision of education, by
major geographical regions, 1970 and 1990 266
16.8. Quality indicators of government provision of education,
by major geographical regions, 1970 and 1990 (ratios and
percentages) 267
16.9. Indicators of education achievements, by major geographical
regions, 1994; female.male ratios 270
17.1. Growth of real per-capita GDP in selected equity-oriented
countries, 1950-1994, percentage per year 281
APPENDIX TABLES
14.1. Estimated distribution of all child deaths by anthropometric
status and estimated distribution of all child deaths attributable
to anthropometric failure 222
14.2. Estimated share of all child deaths attributable to
anthropometric failure (per cent): sensitivity test 223
15.1. Variable definitions and data sources 246
15.2. Simple correlation matrix 247
16.1. Estimated per-capita growth rates of real GDP 1970-90 and
GDP per capita, by major geographical regions 1970 and 1990 274
LIST OF FIGURES
TEXT FIGURES
1.1. Estimated prevalence of undernutrition according to the FAO
and WHO, by major geographical regions, 1990-2 4
1.2. Statistical association between share of underweight children
and share of undernourished households across 79 developing
countries, 1990s 5
2.1. Causes, symptoms, and consequences of undernutrition 20
3.1. The short-term calorie expenditure function 34
3.2. The long-term calorie expenditure function 36
3.3. The calorie revenue function and the complete model 38
3.4. Comparative statics in the model: effect of a price increase 40
3.5. Comparative statics in the model: effect of income support (aid) 41
3.6. Effects of (food) aid on work effort with preference for leisure 42
3.7. Comparison of identical individuals with different jobs 42
3.8. Comparison of individuals with same job but different
biological characteristics 43
5.1 A. The basic FAO model 66
5. IB. The basic FAO model: effects of different distributions on
estimated prevalence of undernutrition 68
5.2. Trends in estimated prevalence of undernutrition 1969/71 to
1990/2, by major geographical regions 71
5.3. Estimated correlation between prevalence of undernutrition
and national per-capita calorie availability, by major
geographical regions, 1970, 1975,1980,1985, and 1990 75
5.4. Estimated correlation between prevalence of undernutrition
and national per-capita calorie availability across 96 developing
countries, 1990/2 77
6.1. Estimated trends in national per-capita calorie availability
(NPCCA) 1969/71-1990/2, by major geographical regions 80
9.1. Model for the estimation of prevalence of undernutrition
when household requirements are known and when they
are not known 129
9.2. Model for the estimation of prevalence of undernutrition;
errors and biases related to choice of cut-off point 131
9.3. Model for the estimation of prevalence of undernutrition;
errors and biases related to differences in NPCCA 132
9.4. Model for the estimation of prevalence of undernutrition;
errors and biases related to differences in the distribution f
intakes and requirements 133
LIST OF FIGURES XXVÜ
9.5. Model for the estimation of prevalence of undernutrition; normal
distributions of intakes and requirements 134
9.6. Underestimation of the prevalence of undernutrition: one-
dimensional cut-offpoint and two-dimensional undernutrition 136
11.1. Estimated trends in the percentage of children who are
underweight in selected SSA countries 158
11.2. Estimated trends in the percentage of children who are
underweight, by major geographical regions, 1975-95 159
11.3. Estimated trends in prevalence of low birth weight ( 2.5 kg)
1980-90, by major geographical regions 162
11.4. Estimated percentage of children who are underweight in
different age cohorts, by major geographical regions 163
11.5. Estimated anthropometric failure in women aged 15-49 years,
by major geographical regions, 1980s 168
11.6. Estimated prevalence of underweight and stunted women
(15-49 years) and young children (0-5 years), by major
geographical regions, 1980s 170
12.1. Mean height of adults in Europe and Africa (cm) 179
13.1. Anthropometrics and the missing physical activity dimension 190
13.2. Actual height for age and genetic-potential height 193
13.3. The total prevalence of anthropometric failure 194
14.1. Association between child mortality rates (CMRs) and
weight-for-age failure in SSA and South Asia 206
14.2. Estimated share of child deaths attributable to anthropometric
failure, by weight and height for age, in SSA and South Asia 211
15.1. Statistically significant outliers: U5MR regressed on GNPcPPP 240
15.2. Statistically significant outliers: WAF regressed on GNPcPPP 241
18.1. Estimated trends in number of undernourished people 1970-92
and required reduction ifhalving by 2015 is to be accomplished 314
18.2. Estimated trends in number of underweight children (0-60
months) 1975-95 and required reduction if halving by 2015
is to be accomplished 316
APPENDIX FIGURE
3.1. Grossenergycostofwalkingonthelevel 45
|
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| author | Svedberg, Peter |
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| discipline | Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:36:49Z |
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| spelling | Svedberg, Peter Verfasser aut Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy Peter Svedberg 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2000 XXIX, 348 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in development economics Armoede gtt Malnutrition - Afrique noire Ondervoeding gtt Pauvres - Afrique noire - Alimentation Deficiency Diseases Africa South of the Sahara Malnutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poor Nutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poverty Africa South of the Sahara Public Policy Africa South of the Sahara Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd rswk-swf Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd rswk-swf Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 g Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s DE-604 Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008828958&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Svedberg, Peter Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy Armoede gtt Malnutrition - Afrique noire Ondervoeding gtt Pauvres - Afrique noire - Alimentation Deficiency Diseases Africa South of the Sahara Malnutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poor Nutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poverty Africa South of the Sahara Public Policy Africa South of the Sahara Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138144-0 (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4053770-5 |
| title | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy |
| title_auth | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy |
| title_exact_search | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy |
| title_full | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy Peter Svedberg |
| title_fullStr | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy Peter Svedberg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poverty and undernutrition theory, measurement, and policy Peter Svedberg |
| title_short | Poverty and undernutrition |
| title_sort | poverty and undernutrition theory measurement and policy |
| title_sub | theory, measurement, and policy |
| topic | Armoede gtt Malnutrition - Afrique noire Ondervoeding gtt Pauvres - Afrique noire - Alimentation Deficiency Diseases Africa South of the Sahara Malnutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poor Nutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poverty Africa South of the Sahara Public Policy Africa South of the Sahara Unterernährung (DE-588)4138144-0 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Armoede Malnutrition - Afrique noire Ondervoeding Pauvres - Afrique noire - Alimentation Deficiency Diseases Africa South of the Sahara Malnutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poor Nutrition Africa, Sub-Saharan Poverty Africa South of the Sahara Public Policy Africa South of the Sahara Unterernährung Armut Subsaharisches Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008828958&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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