Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses: a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer
1999
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 346 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0412758008 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses |b a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |c A. M. Hopgood |
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| adam_text | DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS IN MIGMATITES AND GNEISSES A. M.
HOPGOOD READER DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS SCOTLAND A
MANUAL FOR GEOLOGISTS CONCERNED WITH THE INTERPRETATION OF COMPLEX
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS IN HIGHLY DEFORMED DEEP CRUSTAL ROCKS TF KLUWER
ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON CONTENTS PREFACE XXI THE AIM
OF THE BOOK XXV THE NEED FOR THE BOOK XXVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVII
CHAPTER 1 1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGMATITES AND MIGMATITE TERRANES
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND TO THE THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MIGMATITES. 1.1.1 STRESS TRANSMISSION DURING
MIGMATITE DEVELOPMENT AND THE RECORD OF DEFORMATION - A PARADOX? 2
DISCUSSION OF THE COMMONLY HELD .VIEW THAT THE STRUCTURE IN MIGMATITES
LACKS GEOMETRICAL REGULARITY. EXPLANATION OF WHY THIS IN FACT IS A
MISCONCEPTION AND DEMONSTRATION OF HOW, IN SPITE OF THE PRESENCE OF
PARTIAL MELT, STRESS CAN BE TRANSMITTED PENETRATIVELY IN MIGMATITES TO
PRODUCE GEOMETRICALLY CONSISTENT STRUCTURES. 1.1.2 MIGMATITES - WHAT
THEY IMPLY TO THE STRUCTURAL GEOLOGIST 4 IN CONTRAST TO ANY SUGGESTION
THAT THE STRUCTURE OF MIGMATITES COULD BE SO COMPLEX ( WILD ) AS NOT TO
BE AMENABLE TO RESOLUTION, THE FACT IS THAT EACH OF THE CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS TO THIS COMPLEXITY IS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOME PARTICULAR EVENT IN
THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY, AND AS SUCH PROVIDES THE POTENTIAL TO SOLVE
THE COMPLEXITY. 1.1.3 INFLUENCE OF ROCK TYPE ON THE STRUCTURE OF
MIGMATITES 6 EFFECTS OF PARTIAL MELTING, RECRYSTALLIZATION, SHEARING,
ABSENCE OF STRUCTURAL CONTINUITY AND DISTINCTIVE ROCK TYPES AND MARKER
LAYERS. 1.1.4 INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE TYPE ON THE STRUCTURAL STUDY OF
MIGMATITES , 12 EXAMPLES OF THE VARIOUS TYPES AND QUALITIES OF EXPOSURE
IN MIGMATITE TERRANES AND THEIR DIFFERENT IMPACTS ON THE OBSERVATION OF
STRUCTURAL FEATURES. VIII CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 19 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS OF MIGMATITES 2.1 COMPLEX STRUCTURES CONSIDERED AS COMPONENTS
OF A SUCCESSION 19 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION - NEED FOR A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
19 THE IMPORTANCE OF ADOPTING A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE RESOLUTION OF
COMPLEX STRUCTURES IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY TO MANAGEABLE
COMPONENTS OF A SUCCESSION AMENABLE TO ANALYSIS. THE STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSION AN ILLUSTRATION OF A STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION INVOLVING A FOLD,
AXIAL PLANAR SHEAR AND INTRUSIVE VEIN. 2.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSION IN MIGMATITE TERRANE INTERPRETATION 21 THE ROLE OF THE
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY
OF MIGMATITE TERRANES. 2.2 RESOLVING STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY IN MIGMATITES
22 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE APPROACH 22 A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE
METHODOLOGY USED. 2.2.2 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 24 OUTLINE OF
PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THIS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS BASED. 2.2.3 IDENTIFYING
GROUPS OF RELATED FOLDS 25 RECOGNITION OF STRUCTURALLY RELATED GROUPS OF
FOLDS. 2.2.4 EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE (POLYPHASE) DEFORMATION 25 PHASE AND
POLYPHASE . WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ROCKS ARE REPEATEDLY DEFORMED. SOME
PROBLEMS INHERENT IN SOME FORMAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES WHEN APPLIED TO
THE RESOLUTION OF COMPLEX STRUCTURES. 2.2.5 FOLD MECHANISMS 28 OUTLINE
OF FOLD-FORMING MECHANISMS AND THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED FOLDING. 2.3
ASSUMPTIONS INHERENT IN THE APPROACH USED 30 CERTAIN AXIOMATIC
ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS.
CHAPTER 3 37 DEVELOPMENT OF MIGMATITE STRUCTURE: OVERPRINTING 3.1
OVERPRINTING 37 3.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OVERPRINTING 37 THE BASIS FOR
DETERMINING THE RELATIVE AGE OF STRUCTURES. 3.1.2 RELATIVE TIMING OF
EVENTS: OVERPRINTING 38 EXAMPLES OF OVERPRINTED RELATIONSHIPS. CONTENTS
IX 3.1.3 RELATIVE VALUE OF FOLDS COMPARED TO FOLIATIONS, AND LINEATIONS
AS INDICATORS OF OVERPRINTING RELATIONSHIPS 41 DISCUSSION OF THE
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FOLDS, PLANAR AND LINEAR STRUCTURES IN
DECIPHERING COMPLEX STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS IN TERMS OF THE CHANCE OF
OVERPRINTING BETWEEN ONE-, TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES. 3.1.4
EVIDENCE OF REFOLDING: INTERFERENCE PATTERNS 41 RECOGNITION OF REFOLD
RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FIELD. SIMPLE INTERFERENCE PATTERNS ILLUSTRATIONS
OF SOME SIMPLE INTERFERENCE PATTERNS. 3.2 DEPARTURES FROM CONSISTENT
OVERPRINTED STRUCTURE PATTERNS 47 3.2.1 STRUCTURES ARISING FROM
CONSTRICTIONAL DEFORMATION 47 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF STRUCTURES
STEMMING FROM CONSTRICTIONAL DEFORMATION AND THEIR DISTINCTION FROM
STRUCTURES ARISING FROM OVERPRINTING. 3.2.2 TRANSECTED FOLDS 49 THE
EFFECT OF TRANSECTED FOLD RELATIONSHIPS ON OVERPRINTING WHEN ANALYSING A
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS. 3.2.3
EFFECTS OF LOCAL INHOMOGENEITY 50 DEPARTURES FROM THE PREVAILING
STRUCTURAL PATTERN AT THE MARGINS OF PORPHYROCLASTS, BOUDINS, INTRUSIVE
IGNEOUS CONTACTS, SHEAR ZONES AND MAJOR TECTONIC BOUNDARIES. * 3.2.4
REFOLDING ON PARALLEL AXES 51 THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-EXISTING AXIAL
DIRECTION ON THE ATTITUDE OF SUPERIMPOSED FOLDS. 3.2.5 NON-TECTONIC
FOLDS 53 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES OF NON-TECTONIC ORIGIN AND
THOSE FORMED BY MULTIPLE-DEFORMATION. CHAPTER 4 59 THE ROLE OF
STRUCTURES INTERPOSED IN THE SUCCESSION 4.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
GEOMETRICALLY SIMPLE STRUCTURES IMPOSED ON THE DEVELOPING SUCCESSION 59
THE VALUE AS STRAIN MARKERS OF GEOMETRICALLY SIMPLE STRUCTURES
INTERPOSED AT INTERVALS IN A COMPLEX SUCCESSION. 4.2 BEHAVIOUR OF SIMPLE
(PLANAR) STRUCTURES DURING DEFORMATION 59 HOW PLANAR STRUCTURES IMPOSED
ON PRE-EXISTING STRUCTURES PRESERVE A RECORD OF SUBSEQUENT DEFORMATION
WHICH IS MORE EASILY RESOLVED THAN THAT OF THE RE-DEFORMED HOST
STRUCTURE. X CONTENTS 4.3 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF SIMPLE
INTERPOSED STRUCTURES IN RESOLVING (STRUCTURAL) SUCCESSIONS 63 4.3.1
STRUCTURES EMPLACED IN (INTRUDED INTO) THE HOST ROCK 63 (A) PLANAR
STRUCTURES EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLACED PLANAR
(TABULAR) STRUCTURES IN RESOLVING THE STRUCTURE OF THE HOST ROCKS IN
DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES. (B) LINEAR STRUCTURES THE ROLE OF IMPOSED
LINEAR STRUCTURES IN RESOLVING THE STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF THE HOST
ROCKS. 4.3.2 COMPOSITE INTERPOSED STRUCTURES - SUPERIMPOSED SECONDARY
STRUCTURES 75 THE IMPORTANCE TO THE RESOLUTION OF THE HOST ROCK
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF COMPOSITE INTERPOSED STRUCTURES STEMMING FROM
REPEATED SUPERIMPOSITION OF SIMPLE STRUCTURES, E.G. CLEAVAGE IMPOSED ON
A TABULAR INTRUSION. 4.3.3 LESS COMMONLY OBSERVED INTRODUCED STRUCTURES
79 (A) COOLING FRACTURES THE RESPONSE TO SUBSEQUENT DEFORMATION OF THE
PLANAR COOLING FRACTURES OF AN INTRUSION AS A MEANS OF ENABLING THE
DETERMINATION OF THE POST-INTRUSIVE DEFORMATIONAL HISTORY. (B) TENSION
GASH ZONES AND SHEARS THE POST-EMPLACEMENT BEHAVIOUR OF SHEARS AND GASH
ZONES WHICH, AS EFFECTIVELY GEOMETRICALLY PLANAR STRUCTURES, CAN ALSO BE
USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE SUBSEQUENT DEFORMATION OF THE HOST ROCKS.
(C) AGMAIITES THE USE OF AGMATITES (PARTICULARLY WHERE THEY ARE
COMPOSITE) AND THE COMPLEX INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF THEIR COMPONENTS
(NEOSOME, PALAEOSOME, FOLDS AND OTHER STRUCTURES) AS MARKERS FOR
SUBDIVIDING THE STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF MIGMATITES. CHAPTER 5 85 FOLD
(STRUCTURE) SUCCESSIONS AND DEFORMATIONAL SEQUENCES 5.1 SUCCESSIONS AND
SEQUENCES 85 WHAT IS MEANT BY SUCCESSIONS OF STRUCTURES AND
SEQUENCES OF RELATED EVENTS. 5.1.1 STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS AND WHAT
CAUSES THEM 85 SUCCESSIONS STEMMING FROM REPEATED DEFORMATION
( PULSES ). THE CONCEPT OF AN OPEN-ENDED, INCOMPLETE SUCCESSION OF
UNKNOWN EXTENT. 5.1.2 DEFORMATIONAL SEQUENCES 86 THE CONCEPT OF A
DEVELOPING (WAXING AND WANING) OROGENY. STRUCTURAL OVERPRINTING FROM
DEFORMATIONAL PULSES AND FROM CONTINUED (PROGRESSIVE) DEFORMATION.
CONTENTS XI 5.1.3 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING STRESS AND
DEFORMATION 88 ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE NATURE OF STRESS PATTERNS AND
RESPONSE TO THESE DURING OROGENY. 5.2 IDENTIFICATION, RECOGNITION AND
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 88 5.2.1 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL
IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION 88 IDENTIFYING STRUCTURES ON THE BASIS OF
DESCRIPTION AND OVERPRINTING. 5.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 92
CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS IN TERMS OF ATTRIBUTES. 5.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF
EARLY PROVISIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 93 THE NEED FOR
CLASSIFYING STRUCTURES EARLIER, RATHER THAN LATER IN THE STUDY WITH
REGARD TO ESTABLISHING THEIR RELATIONSHIPS. 5.2.4 ILLUSTRATION OF
PROVISIONAL SUBDIVISION 95 DEMONSTRATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF
PROVISIONALLY SUBDIVIDING (OR OVER CLASSIFYING ) STRUCTURES INTO AS
MANY CATEGORIES AS POSSIBLE. 5.2.5 IDENTIFICATION AND CORRELATION OF
STRUCTURES 96 THE ROLE OF IDENTIFICATION IN CORRELATING STRUCTURES.
5.2.6 IDENTIFICATION (IDENTITY) OF FOLDS (STRUCTURES) 100 DISCUSSION OF
THE PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN IDENTIFYING FOLDS AND THE
IMPORTANCE OF THESE CONCEPTS IN ESTABLISHING SUCCESSIONS. 5.2.7 NEOSOME
IDENTITY AND CORRELATION 101 THE USE OF IDENTIFIED NEOSOMES IN
CORRELATION. 5.2.8 IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATED FOLDS 104 DISCUSSION
RELATING TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATED, INDIVIDUAL FOLDS
(STRUCTURES). 5.2.9 CERTAINTY OF IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATED STRUCTURES -
REALITY OF THE SUCCESSION OR COINCIDENCE 108 REALITY OF THE
RELATIONSHIPS OF STRUCTURES WITHIN AND BETWEEN SUCCESSIONS AS OPPOSED TO
COINCIDENTAL SIMILARITY OF UNRELATED SUCCESSIONS - REAL OR IMAGINARY
SUCCESSIONS. 5.2.10 AGMATITES AND FOLD IDENTITY 111 AGMATITES AND THEIR
NEOSOMES AS AN AID TO DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN DIFFERENT FOLD SETS. 5.2.11
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TECTONIC STRUCTURES AND MULTIPLE AGMATITES 111
DISTINCTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT SETS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
RELATIONSHIPS TO DIFFERENT NEOSOMES STEMMING FROM REPEATED AGMATIZATION.
XII CONTENTS 5.2.12 VARIATION IN EXPRESSION OF RELATED STRUCTURES IN THE
SAME LIMITED CRUSTAL SEGMENT 113 DISCUSSION OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE
EXPRESSION OF STRUCTURES WITHIN A SET CAN VARY IN RESPONSE TO CHANGING
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS WITHIN THE SAME CRUSTAL SEGMENT. 5.3 FOLD
(STRUCTURE) SETS 114 THE CONCEPT OF FOLD SETS. 5.3.1 CHARACTERISTIC
FEATURES OF FOLDS 115 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF FOLDS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
THEIR INDIVIDUALITY. CHAPTER 6 119 CORRELATION 6.1 PRINCIPLES AND BASIS
OF CORRELATION 119 6.1.1 INTRODUCTION 119 CORRELATING STRUCTURES AND
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS IN TERMS OF THEIR IDENTITY. 6.1.2 SPATIAL
RELATIONSHIPS: THEIR EFFECT ON THE CERTAINTY OF CORRELATION 121 THE
EFFECT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN STRUCTURES ON THE DEGREE OF CERTAINTY OF
CORRELATION. 6.1.3 STRUCTURAL CORRELATION OF TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC
TERRANES . 125 SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF POSSIBLE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND COMPLEXITY IN HYPOTHETICAL TERRANES AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS A BASIS
FOR CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE TERRANES. 6.2 STYLE, ITS SIGNIFICANCE AND
FACTORS INFLUENCING IT 134 6.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF STYLE 134 THE MEANING OF
THE EXPRESSION STYLE , AND THE SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THIS
CONCEPT IN STRUCTURAL IDENTITY, OVERPRINTING AND CORRELATION. 6.2.2
FACTORS INFLUENCING GEOMETRY AND STYLE OF FOLDS 138 (A) EFFECT OF
COMPOSITE FOLD GEOMETRY ON STYLE SUBTLE STYLISTIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
FOLDS THAT APPARENTLY BELONG TO THE SAME SET BUT WHICH, IN FACT, BELONG
TO A DIFFERENT SET BECAUSE SOME OF THEM ARE COMPOSITE. THIS CAN HAPPEN
WHEN THEY HAVE BEEN OVERPRINTED BY FOLDS THAT ARE SO SIMILAR-LOOKING TO
THE PRE-EXISTING SET AS TO BE ALMOST INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THEM, AND
WHEN THERE IS COINCIDENCE OF ORIENTATION AND SITE OF BOTH PRE-EXISTING
AND OVERPRINTING STRUCTURES. (B) AXIAL TREND, AXIAL PLANAR ORIENTATION
AND ORDER OF DEFORMATION DISCUSSION OF THE MUTUAL INFLUENCE BETWEEN
PRE-EXISTING AND SUPERIMPOSED STRUCTURES ON STRUCTURAL ORIENTATION OF
THE LATER STRUCTURE. CONTENTS XIII (C) EFFECT OF LATER FOLD SCALE ON
FOLD REORIENTATION (D) EFFECT OF AXIAL PLANAR DIP ON FOLD AXIAL TREND
THE TREND OF THE AXIAL PLANE OF THE LATER FOLD WILL VARY AND THEREFORE
IS UNLIKELY TO BE DIAGNOSTIC, EXCEPT IN THE SPECIAL CASE WHERE THE AXIAL
PLANE IS VERTICAL. 6.3 KEY STRUCTURES 145 6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 145 THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE ROLE OF A WIDELY-DISTRIBUTED, IDENTIFIABLE DATUM
STRUCTURE (A KEY STRUCTURE) IN REDUCING THE NUMBER OF OVERPRINTING
RELATIONSHIPS THAT HAVE TO BE DETERMINED WHEN ESTABLISHING A STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSION, PARTICULARLY WHERE THE SUCCESSION IS AN EXTENSIVE ONE. 6.3.2
EXAMPLES OF KEY STRUCTURES 148 ILLUSTRATIONS OF STRUCTURES EXHIBITING
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES THAT ARE SUFFICIENTLY DISTINCTIVE TO ENABLE THEM
TO BE WIDELY AND UNAMBIGUOUSLY RECOGNIZED. CHAPTER 7 153 CHARACTERISTIC
FEATURES OF STRUCTURE SUCCESSIONS 7.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF FOLD
SUCCESSIONS 153 COMMONLY-OCCURRING (MORE OR LESS) SYSTEMATIC GEOMETRICAL
AND STYLISTIC VARIATIONS IN FOLD SUCCESSIONS, EXAMPLES OF THESE AND THE
REASONS FOR THEM. 7.1.1 IDENTIFYING FOLD MECHANISMS BY USING
STEREOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 153 IDENTIFICATION OF FOLD MECHANISMS IN TERMS OF
THE DISTRIBUTION ON THE STEREO PLOT OF DATA RELATED TO THE FOLD. 7.2
ILLUSTRATIONS OF TEMPORAL CHANGES OF STYLE IN FOLD SUCCESSIONS 161
PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE TYPES OF FOLDS COMMONLY FOUND EARLY,
INTERMEDIATE AND LATE IN SUCCESSIONS. 7.3 SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL FEATURES
OF FOLD SUCCESSIONS 161 THE RANGE IN FOLD FORMS IN SUCCESSIONS, FROM
EARLY INTRAFOLIAL ISOCLINAL, TO LATER VERY OPEN FOLDS. 7.4 VARIATION
WITH TIME OF TOTAL STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY 163 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE
ULTIMATE OBSERVED STRUCTURAL PATTERN (WHICH IS COMPLEX) AND THE MOST
RECENT STRUCTURES WHICH (WHEN NOT SUPERIMPOSED ON EARLIER STRUCTURES)
ARE SIMPLE. 7.5 PARADOX OF APPARENT SIMILARITY OF FOLD SUCCESSIONS 166
BECAUSE OF FEATURES COMMON TO ALL FOLD SUCCESSIONS, WHEN STYLISTIC
FEATURES ARE DISCOUNTED, SUCCESSIONS TEND TO BE SUPERFICIALLY SIMILAR.
7.6 EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE SUPERFICIAL SIMILARITY OF FOLD SUCCESSIONS
166 SUCCESSIONS FROM SEVERAL TERRANES. XIV CONTENTS 7.7 SUMMARY OF FOLD
VARIATION IN SUCCESSIONS 167 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE
FOLDS OF DIFFERENT SUCCESSIONS SUMMARIZED IN TABULAR FORM SHOWING THAT
EACH SUCCESSION IS ITSELF DISTINCTIVE. CHAPTER 8 173 PRINCIPLES OF
SUCCESSION DETERMINATION 8.1 DETERMINING THE STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION:
THEORY 173 8.1.1 CONCEPTS 173 INTRODUCTORY NOTES: PREAMBLE. DISCUSSION
OF THE PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS EMBODIED IN THE METHODOLOGY USED IN
DETERMINING STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS. 8.1.2 SPATIAL VARIATION IN
STRUCTURAL EXPRESSION 174 CAUSES OF THE VARIATION IN EXPRESSION OF
STRUCTURES WITHIN SETS. 8.1.3 TEMPLATE, OR MASTER KEY CONCEPT 177
COMPARISON OF LOCAL PARTIAL SUCCESSIONS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THE WHOLE
SUCCESSION LIKENED TO INTERLOCKING OF PARTS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
JIGSAW PUZZLE, OR THE COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN LOCKS AND MASTER KEYS. 8.1.4
TESTING THE VALIDITY OF OBSERVATIONS 179 VALIDITY OF OBSERVATIONS TESTED
IN TERMS OF CLOSE SCRUTINY, RIGOROUSNESS AND REPRODUCIBILITY. 8.1.5
DETERMINING THE STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION: PRINCIPLES 180 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF DETERMINING STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS WHEN APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL
RELATIONSHIPS OBSERVED ON THE OUTCROP. 8.1.6 NOMENCLATURE: SYMBOLS FOR
STRUCTURES AND EVENTS: PRINCIPLES 184 THE CONSISTENT LABELLING OF
STRUCTURES, METAMORPHIC, ANATECTIC AND IGNEOUS EVENTS. (A) A THEORETICAL
SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE (B) NOMENCLATURE ALLOWING EXPANSION OF THE
SUCCESSION (C) NOMENCLATURE RELATING DEFORMATIONAL, IGNEOUS AND
METAMORPHIC STRUCTURES (D) PRELIMINARY LABELLING OF STRUCTURES
DISCUSSION OF THE NEED TO USE CONSISTENT NOMENCLATURE THAT AVOIDS
CHRONOLOGICAL CONNOTATION. (E) LABELLING STRUCTURE SETS IN PRACTICE A
SIMPLE, BUT RIGOROUS NOTATION THAT INCLUDES SOME INFORMATION ON THE
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES. 8.1.7 PARTIAL
SUCCESSIONS 189 THE DETERMINATION OF PARTIAL SUCCESSIONS. 8.1.8 ABSENCE
OF STRUCTURES FROM THE SUCCESSION 190 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GAPS IN THE
SUCCESSION IN SOME CASES. WHY STRUCTURES BELONGING TO SOME SETS MAY NOT
ALWAYS BE OBSERVED. CONTENTS XV 8.1.9 EFFECTS OF STRAIN PARTITIONING 191
(A) EFFECT ON STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS IN BROAD TERMS ABSENCE OR
MODIFICATION OF A STRUCTURE SET IN THE STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION HAS LITTLE
EFFECT ON ITS IDENTITY BECAUSE STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS DEPENDS ON
CORRELATION BETWEEN SUCCESSIONS COMPRISING SEVERAL SETS. RECOGNITION OF
A STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION FROM WHICH A SET (OR SETS) IS MISSING IS
ANALOGOUS TO THE RECOGNITION OF A BOOK ALTHOUGH A PAGE, OR EVEN A
SECTION IS MISSING. (B) EFFECT ON SYNTHESIS WHEN INTEGRATING LOCAL
PARTIAL SUCCESSIONS REASONS WHY THE ABSENCE OR MODIFICATION OF A
STRUCTURE SET IN LOCAL PARTIAL SUCCESSIONS HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON THE
STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS. 8.1.10 APPARENTLY INTRACTABLE STRUCTURAL
RELATIONSHIPS 193 APPROACH RECOMMENDED IN THOSE CASES WHERE THE
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY INITIALLY APPEARS TO BE IRRESOLVABLE. 8.1.11
WILDNESS OF STRUCTURAL PATTERN 194 REALITY OR OTHERWISE OF APPARENT
WILDNESS OR RANDOMNESS OF COMPLEX STRUCTURE TESTED IN TERMS OF
CONSISTENCY OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS. CHAPTER 9 197 FIELD APPROACH:
RECONNAISSANCE AND DETAILED STUDY 9.1 INTRODUCTION 197 9.2 FIELD
PROCEDURES 197 9.2.1 RECONNAISSANCE 197 IDEALLY CARRY OUT A
RECONNAISSANCEOF THE FIELD PRIOR TO BEGINNING THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY. (A)
LARGE SCALE STRUCTURES INITIALLY CONSIDER TREATING LARGE-SCALE
STRUCTURES AS SEPARATE AREAS OF STUDY. (B) SYSTEMATIC STATISTICAL
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS DISCUSSION OF THE LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMATIC
STATISTICAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MIGMATITE TERRANES. (C) HIGH AND LOW
STRAIN ZONES NEED TO BE AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF EXTREME VARIATION IN
DEGREE OF STRAIN AND THE EFFECT OF THIS ON OBSERVATIONS WHERE EXPOSURE
IS LIMITED. (D) POTENTIAL MARKER HORIZONS LOOK FOR POTENTIAL MARKER
HORIZONS. (E) EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL ABRASION LOOK FOR LIKELY SITES
WHERE STRUCTURAL DETAIL IS ENHANCED BY DIFFERENTIAL ABRASION. IF)
ANGULAR DISCORDANCE BETWEEN STRUCTURES LOOK FOR DISTINCT DIFFERENCES IN
STRUCTURAL ATTITUDES INDICATING ANGULAR DISCORDANCE BETWEEN THEM. (G)
DISTINCTIVE STRUCTURES LOOK FOR DISTINCTIVE (DISTINGUISHING) STRUCTURAL
FEATURES, PARTICULARLY IN THOSE CASES WHERE THERE IS PARALLELISM BETWEEN
SETS OF STRUCTURES. XVI CONTENTS (H) CRYPTIC STRUCTURES LOOK FOR
EVIDENCE (SUCH AS ANOMALOUS ORIENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE) FOR
STRUCTURES WHOSE PRESENCE IS NOT IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS (E.G. VERY OPEN
FOLDS). (I) VARIATION OF STRUCTURAL EXPRESSION RECOGNIZE CHANGES IN
EXPRESSION IN STRUCTURES OF THE SAME SET. (J) INTRODUCED STRUCTURES NOTE
THE PRESENCE OF MINOR INTRUSIONS, AGMATITES, CLEAVAGES ETC. POTENTIALLY
USEFUL FOR DISTINGUISHING SUBSEQUENT DEFORMATION (CHAPTER 4). (K)
ORIENTATED SPECIMENS RECORD LOCALITIES WHERE THERE IS SUITABLE MATERIAL
FOR COLLECTING ORIENTATED SPECIMENS. (I) KEY STRUCTURES RECORD
DISTINCTIVE STRUCTURES LIKELY TO BE SUITABLE FOR KEY STRUCTURES. (M)
RELATIONSHIPS TO KEY STRUCTURES NOTE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURES
AND THOSE LIKELY TO BE SUITABLE FOR KEY STRUCTURES. IN) ASYMMETRY OF
FOLDS RELATIVE TO LARGE STRUCTURES: VERGENCE NOTE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
LARGE-SCALE AND APPARENTLY RELATED SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURES. (0) RECORD OF
EXPOSURES SHOWING CLEAR STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS NOTE LOCALITIES WHERE
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE PARTICULARLY CLEAR. (P) ENDING
RECONNAISSANCE CIRCUMSTANCE GOVERNING THE TERMINATION OF THE
RECONNAISSANCE. 9.2.2 DETAILED EXAMINATION 207 (A) INTRODUCTION
REMINDERS OF SOME BASIC FIELD TECHNIQUES. (B) GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS USING
STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS, LIMITATIONS OF METHOD AND
NEED FOR DIRECT OBSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FIELD.
(C) ORIENTATED SPECIMEN COLLECTION PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTION AND
PREPARATION. (D) SKETCHES OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS VALUE OF FIELD
SKETCHES OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS. (E) ORIENTATED PHOTOGRAPHS
IMPORTANCE OF RECORDING OBSERVATIONAL DATA, INCLUDING TIME AND
DIRECTION, WHEN TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS. (F) FIELD NOTES SOME IMPORTANT
ASPECTS OF KEEPING FIELD RECORDS. (G) STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS CHECK
NEED TO CLARIFY AND CONFIRM UNCERTAIN STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS
CONTINUALLY. (H) CONSISTENCY OF SUCCESSIONS CHECK NEED FOR CONTINUAL
CHECK AND CONFIRMATION OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS. (1) GOOD FIELD
PRACTICE (J) SUMMARY CONTENTS XVII CHAPTER 10 215 STRUCTURAL OBSERVATION
10.1 OBSERVATION OF STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS 215 10.1.1
MIGMATITE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: LIMITATIONS OF STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
215 LIMITATIONS OF STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS. 10.1.2 OPEN FOLDS 216 EXAMINATION OF SOME OF
THE DIFFICULTIES PRESENTED IN THE RESOLUTION OF OVERPRINTING
RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING OPEN FOLDS. 10.1.3 VERGENCE AND SYMMETRY ASPECTS
OF LARGE FOLDS 221 CAUTION REGARDING THE USE OF VERGENCE OF SMALL FOLDS
TO ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES. 10.1.4 IMPORTANCE
OF METICULOUS OBSERVATION 221 DISCUSSION OF THE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF STRUCTURAL DETAIL AND THE IMPORTANCE OF MAKING ACCURATE
AND OBJECTIVE OBSERVATIONS. THE PROBLEM POSED BY VISUAL DISTRACTION.
10.1.5 OBSERVATIONS FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXPOSURES 222 THE LIMITATIONS
OF ATTEMPTING TO OBTAIN ORIENTATION DATA BASED ON OBSERVATION FROM
TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXPOSURES. 10.1.6 APPARENT DIPS AS DISCRIMINATORY
CRITERIA 224 THE MISLEADING CONSEQUENCES OF ACCEPTING AS DIPS, THE
PLUNGES OF THE INTERSECTIONS OF STRUCTURAL SURFACES WITH REFERENCE
PLANES, ESPECIALLY WHEN THESE SURFACES ARE DEFORMED. 10.1.7 EXAMPLES OF
SIGNIFICANT OBSERVATIONAL DETAIL 225 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE TYPE OF
STRUCTURAL DETAIL WHOSE SIGNIFICANCE IT IS ESSENTIAL TO APPRECIATE IF
CORRECT STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE TO BE DETERMINED. 10.1.8
FOLD/CLEAVAGE RELATIONSHIPS 227 10.1.9 STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH ONE OR
TWO FOLDS 234 10.1.10 MULTIPLE FOLD RELATIONSHIPS 238 CHAPTER 11 247
EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS 11.1 LOCAL STRUCTURE
SUCCESSIONS COMPRISING SEVERAL SETS 247 11.1.1 INTRODUCTION 247
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE LOCAL STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSION BY RESOLVING STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEVERAL FOLD
SETS. XVIII CONTENTS 11.1.2 PROCEDURE WITH EXAMPLES 247 EXAMPLES OF
SPECIFIC CASES ILLUSTRATING THE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS.
CHAPTER 12 271 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF DETERMINING STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSIONS SUMMARIZED 12.1 INTRODUCTION 271 12.2 OBSERVATION 271 THE
FIRST STAGE IN THE FIELD STUDY OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS IN A DEFORMED
TERRANE. 12.3 IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 275 THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF
IDENTITY WHEN RELATING STRUCTURAL SETS. 12.4 KEY STRUCTURES 278 THE ROLE
OF THE KEY STRUCTURE IN EFFECTIVELY SHORTENING EXTENSIVE STRUCTURAL
SUCCESSIONS. 12.5 CORRELATION - DISCUSSION OF PRINCIPLES 278 (I) LOCAL
INTEGRATION OF STRUCTURE SETS. (II) CORRELATION OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN
DIFFERENT LOCALITIES. 12.6 INTEGRATION OF LOCAL SUCCESSIONS - DISCUSSION
OF PRINCIPLES 284 12.6.1 INTEGRATION OF LOCAL SUCCESSIONS 284 AN
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING UP AN INTEGRATED LOCAL
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION FROM OBSERVATIONS OF OVERPRINTED RELATIONSHIPS AT
FOUR EXPOSURES. 12.6.2 STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION FROM OVERPRINTED
RELATIONSHIPS 286 (A) PROCEDURE OUTLINE OF THE STEPS IN DETERMINING A
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION FROM OVERPRINTED STRUCTURES. (B) EXAMPLE AN
EXAMPLE FROM FINNISH SVECOFENNIAN MIGMATITES TO SHOW THE METHOD OF
ESTABLISHING THE STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION. 12.6.3 INITIALLY UNCERTAIN
RELATIONSHIPS 288 A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE RESOLUTION OF
HYPOTHETICAL UNCERTAIN STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS FROM A NUMBER OF
LOCALITIES. 12.6.4 GAPS IN THE SUCCESSION 292 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
FACT THAT SOMETIMES ONE OR MORE STRUCTURE SETS ARE NOT OBSERVED IN THE
SUCCESSION. 12.6.5 SUMMARY OF THE STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION OF
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS 292 TABLE SUMMARIZING THE DETERMINATION OF A
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION, FROM THE OBSERVATION OF OVERPRINTED STRUCTURAL
RELATIONSHIPS TO THE FINAL INTEGRATION OF COMPOSITE SUCCESSIONS THAT
HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED FROM PARTIAL SUCCESSIONS. CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER 13
295 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE SUMMARIZED 13.1 INTRODUCTION 295 13.2
CORRELATING LOCAL SUB-SUCCESSIONS: FORMAL PROCEDURE 295 THE SYSTEMATIC
APPROACH TO SYNTHESIZING THE OVERALL ( TOTAL ) SUCCESSION. THE PRINCIPLE
OF THE SYSTEMATIC BUILDING-UP OF THE OVERALL (TOTAL RECOGNIZABLE)
SUCCESSION BY COMPARISON OF OVERPRINTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOLD
SETS. 13.3 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PROCEDURE 301 SYNTHESIZING A SUCCESSION FROM
LOCAL SUB-SUCCESSIONS. 13.3.1 USE OF GEOMETRY FOR PLACING FOLDS IN
PROVISIONAL ORDER OF SUCCESSION 301 PROVISIONAL ORDER OF SUCCESSION ON
THE BASIS THAT EARLIEST FOLDS TEND TO BE INTRAFOLIAL, LATER ISOCLINAL
ETC., AND LATEST FOLDS, VERY OPEN. 13.3.2 USING AGMATITES TO IDENTIFY
STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS 304 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURES AND
AGMATITES AND ASSOCIATED NEOSOMES USED TO IDENTIFY STRUCTURES. 13.4
APPLICATION OF PROCEDURE - EXAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT SETTINGS 306 13.4.1
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION IN THE FINNISH ARCHIPELAGO 307 AN EXAMPLE OF A
STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION DETERMINED BY THIS PROCEDURE FROM GOOD EXPOSURES
OVER A WIDE AREA OF A COMPLEXLY-DEFORMED MIGMATITE TERRANE (THE
SVECOFENNIAN). , 13.4.2 STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION IN THE DABIE COMPLEX,
CHINA 308 AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION DETERMINED FROM
LIMITED EXPOSURE. 13.4.3 STRUCTURAL SUCCESSION AT LAKE BAIKAL, SIBERIA
309 STRUCTURAL SUCCESSIONS DETERMINED FROM WIDELY-SPACED, GOOD-QUALITY
EXPOSURES. CHAPTER 14 313 BROAD APPLICATIONS 14.1 ACADEMIC APPLICATIONS
313 14.2 ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS 314 14.3 SUMMARY 315 XX CONTENTS CHAPTER
15 317 CONCLUSIONS 15.1 CONCLUDING REMARKS 317 A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE DISCUSSED IN THE PRECEDING SECTIONS, WITH A
SUMMARY OF THE METHOD. 15.2 POSTSCRIPT: SOME POINTS TO BEAR IN MIND 319
A REMINDER OF SOME IMPORTANT POINTS RELATING TO THE STRUCTURAL STUDY OF
MIGMATITES. REFERENCES 321 AUTHOR INDEX 325 LOCALITY INDEX 327 SUBJECT
INDEX 331
|
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| discipline | Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV012891558 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:35:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0412758008 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008773692 |
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| physical | XXIV, 346 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
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| spelling | Hopgood, Alaric M. Verfasser aut Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks A. M. Hopgood Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer 1999 XXIV, 346 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Gneis (DE-588)4130378-7 gnd rswk-swf Migmatit (DE-588)4169803-4 gnd rswk-swf Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd rswk-swf Migmatit (DE-588)4169803-4 s Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 s DE-604 Gneis (DE-588)4130378-7 s GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008773692&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hopgood, Alaric M. Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks Gneis (DE-588)4130378-7 gnd Migmatit (DE-588)4169803-4 gnd Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130378-7 (DE-588)4169803-4 (DE-588)4225664-1 |
| title | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |
| title_auth | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |
| title_exact_search | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |
| title_full | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks A. M. Hopgood |
| title_fullStr | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks A. M. Hopgood |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks A. M. Hopgood |
| title_short | Determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses |
| title_sort | determination of structural successions in migmatites and gneisses a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |
| title_sub | a manual for geologists concerned with the interpretation of complex structural relationships in highly deformed deep crustal rocks |
| topic | Gneis (DE-588)4130378-7 gnd Migmatit (DE-588)4169803-4 gnd Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gneis Migmatit Strukturgeologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008773692&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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