Introduction to quality control:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English Japanese |
| Published: |
Tokyo
3 A Corp.
1990
|
| Edition: | 1. print. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Aus dem Japan. übers. - EST: Dai-3-pan Hinshitsu Kanri Nyūmon <engl.> |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 435 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0412435403 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to quality control |c Kaoru Ishikawa |
| 250 | |a 1. print. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Tokyo |b 3 A Corp. |c 1990 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 435 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Aus dem Japan. übers. - EST: Dai-3-pan Hinshitsu Kanri Nyūmon <engl.> | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804127387085963264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface XVII
Acknowledgment XIX
CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS QUALITY CONTROL? 1
1.1 What is Quality Control? 1
1.1.1 The Definition of Quality Control
1.1.2 Some Misunderstandings about Quality Control
and Total Quality Control
1.1.3 The Benefits of Companywide Quality Control
1.2 The History and Current Status of Quality Control 7
1.3 Advances in Quality Assurance 13
1.4 What is Quality? 15
1.4.1 Quality to Satisfy the Consumer
1.4.2 True Quality Characteristics and Substitute
Characteristics; Product Research
1.4.3 Quality Analysis and Product Research
1.4.4 Clarifying Definitions Concerning Quality
1.4.5 What are Good Quality and Good Products?
1.5 What is Control? 36
1.5.1 The Old Fashioned Approach to Control
1.5.2 Control Methods and Philosophy
1.5.3 Action for Recurrence Prevention ( Permanent Fix )
1.6 Controlling Quality 55
1.6.1 The Basis of Quality Control and Quality Assurance
1.6.2 The Quality Assurance System
v
vi CONTENTS
1.6.3 Control of Raw Materials and Subcontracting (Materials)
1.6.4 Equipment Control (Machines)
1.6.5 Working Methods and Standardization (Methods)
1.6.6 Measurement Control (Measurement)
1.6.7 Personnel (Man) and Education
1.7 Quality and Process Improvement 69
1.7.1 Philosophy and Basic Conditions of Control and Improvement
1.7.2 The Steps in Improvement
1.7.3 Investigation and Analysis for Revealing Problems
1.7.4 Deciding Problems, Targets, and Deadlines
1.8 Statistical Quality Control, Total Quality Control and
Technology 74
1.9 The Ends and Means of Business Management 76
1.10 QC Circle Activities 78
1.11 The Introduction and Promotion of TQC 81
1.12 Methods of Promoting TQC in Individual Departments 82
1.13 Quality Diagnosis and TQC Diagnosis 83
1.14 The Role of Executives in TQC 85
Some Quality Control Maxims 86
CHAPTER 2
THE STATISTICAL APPROACH, WITH SOME SIMPLE
STATISTICAL TOOLS 97
2.1 Statistical Methods Used in Quality Control 97
2.2 The Statistical Approach 100
2.2.1 The Statistical Approach
2.2.2 Precautions from the Control Viewpoint
2.3 The Different Types of Data 115
2.4 Expressing Distributions Quantitatively 117
2.5 Interpreting and Using Frequency Distributions 118
2.6 Pareto Diagrams and Pareto Curves 125
2.7 Check Sheets 128
2.8 Process Capability Diagrams 129
2.9 Scatter Diagrams (Correlation Diagrams) 131
2.10 What is Error? 135
2A.I Preparing Frequency Distributions 138
2A.2 Methods of Calculating Statistics 140
2A.3 Distribution of Statistics 145
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 3
THE PREPARATION AND USE OF CONTROL CHARTS 147
3.1 What are Control Charts? 147
3.2 Types of Control Chart 147
3.3 Preparing Average and Range (x R) Control Charts 150
3.4 Preparing Control Charts for Fraction Defective (p) 159
3.5 Preparing Control Charts for Number of Defectives (pn) 163
3.6 Preparing Control Charts for Number of
Defects per Unit («) 165
3.7 Preparing Control Charts for Number of Defects (c) 166
3.8 Interpreting Control Charts 168
3.9 Using Control Charts 170
3.9.1 Applications
3.9.2 Using Control Charts for Analysis
3.9.3 Using Control Charts for Control
3A.1 The Median (x) and Range Control Chart 181
3A.2 Control Charts for Individual Data Points 183
3A.2.1 Preparing the x Control Chart
3A.2.2 Using the x Control Chart
3A.3 The Statistical Interpretation of Control Charts
3A.4 Methods of Testing Differences in Averages from
Control Charts
CHAPTER 4
PROCESS ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT 201
4.1 Process Improvement and Control 201
4.2 Improvement Types and Procedures 202
4.2.1 Types of Improvement
4.2.2 Obstacles to Improvement
4.2.3 The Basic Conditions for Improvement
4.2.4 Process Analysis and Improvement Procedures
4.3 Problem Finding Investigations 209
4.3.1 General Hints
4.3.2 How to Stratify
4.3.3 Graphs
4.3.4 Exposing Hidden Defectives and Latent Complaints
4.4 Deciding What Problems to Tackle 215
4.5 Organization for Process Analysis and Improvement 217
viii CONTENTS
4.5.1 Process Analysis and Improvement through the Standing
Organization
4.5.2 Process Analysis and Improvement through QC Circle Activities
4.5.3 QC Team Activities
4.5.4 Engineer in Charge and Manager in Charge Systems
4.6 Analyzing Problems and Preparing Improvement Plans 222
4.6.1 Basic Attacking Attitude
4.6.2 Items to be Specified in Improvement Plans; Standardization
and Control Methods
4.7 Examining Process Analysis and Improvement Methods 225
4.7.1 Analysis and Improvement Using Proprietary Technology
4.7.2 Analysis and Improvement Using Pooled Knowledge
4.7.3 Creativity and Suggestion Schemes
4.7.4 Cause and Effect Diagrams
4.7.5 QC Process Charts
4.7.6 Analysis and Improvement with Simultaneous Use of
Statistical Methods
4.7.7 Process Capability Studies
4.8 Some General Hints on Analysis 240
4.9 General Procedures for Statistical Analysis 241
4.10 Performing Factory Experiments 249
4.11 Process Analysis with Scant Data 251
4.12 Preparing and Implementing Improvement Plans 252
4.13 Checking Results: Control and Further Improvement 253
4.14 Preparing Reports 254
4A.1 Investigating Measurement Methods 256
4A.2 Investigating Sampling Methods 260
4A.3 The Concept of Statistical Testing 268
4A.4 The Concept of Statistical Estimation 271
4A.5 Difference in Means of Two Sets of Corresponding Continu¬
ous Data—Simple Method 272
4A.6 Difference in Fractions Defective of Two Sets of Data—
Method Using Binomial Probability Paper 275
4A. 7 Difference in Means of Two Sets of Data (Variables) When
There is No Correspondence 277
4A.8 Relation between Corresponding Sets of Data—
Correlation 280
4A.9 Additivity of Variances 284
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER 5
PROCESS CONTROL 287
5.1 What is Process Control? 287
5.2 Quality Design and Process Design 289
5.2.1 Quality Standards
5.2.2 Process Design, Process Analysis, and Preparation of Quality
Control Process Charts
5.3 Action 294
5.3.1 Types of Action
5.3.2 Adjustment Graphs
5.3.3 Control Charts Aimed Mainly at Taking Prompt Action
5.3.4 Control Charts Focusing on Recurrence Prevention
5.3.5 Process Abnormality Reports
5.4 Work Standards and Technical Standards 300
5.4.1 What are Work Standards and Technical Standards?
5.4.2 Quality Characteristics, Control Characteristics, and Work
Standards
5.4.3 Purposes and Types of Work Standard
5.4.4 Conditions to be Included in Work Standards
5.4.5 Preparing Work Standards
5.4.6 Implementing and Controlling Work Standards
5.5 Control Levels 312
5.5.1 Selecting Control Items
5.5.2 Setting Control Levels
5.5.3 Control and Revision of Control Levels
5.6 Causes of Abnormalities and Control Standards 321
5.6.1 Causes of Abnormalities
5.6.2 Control Standards
5.7 How to Check Whether Good Process Control is Being
Implemented 325
5.8 The Benefits of Control Charts and the Controlled State 331
5.9 Setting Adjustment Criteria 332
CHAPTER 6
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND INSPECTION 335
6.1 What is Quality Assurance? 335
6.2 The Principles of Quality Assurance 336
x CONTENTS
6.3 Quality Assurance Methods and Systems 338
6.4 Why are Defectives Produced? Some Suitable
Countermeasures 344
6.5 Reliability 350
6.6 Quality Assurance and Social Responsibility (Product
Liability and Environmental Disruption by Product) 356
6.7 What is Inspection? 361
6.8 Inspection Type 362
6.9 What is Sampling Inspection? 367
6.9.1 Sampling Errors
6.9.2 0C Curves
6.9.3 Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)
6.9.4 Types of Sampling Inspection
6.9.5 Quality Level and Disposition of Lot after Inspection
6.10 100% Inspection or Sampling Inspection? 379
6.11 Process Control or Inspection? 381
6.12 The Inspection Department 382
6.12.1 The Duties of the Inspection Department
6.12.2 Errors to which Inspection and the Inspection Department are
Susceptible
6.13 Inspection Standards and How to Set them 387
6.14 Complaints Handling and Special Acceptance 390
6.14.1 What are Complaints?
6.14.2 Complaints Handling
6.14.3 Special Acceptance
6.15 Conclusions 394
CHAPTER 7
THE SYSTEMATIC IMPLEMENTATION OF TOTAL QUALITY
CONTROL 397
7.1 Total Quality Control 397
7.2 The TQC Organization 397
7.3 TQC Promotion Programs 402
7.4 Design Control 407
7.5 Raw Material Control, Subcontractor Control, and TQC for
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises 408
7.6 Equipment Control, Jig and Tool Control, and Measurement
Control 413
CONTENTS xi
7.7 TQC in Marketing, Sales, and Service 414
7.8 TQC and Distribution Organization 417
7.9 Research and Development Control 418
7.10 Quality Audits 420
7.11 Quality Control Audits and TQC Audits 421
7.12 Policy Management 426
7.13 Conclusion 429
Index 431
Figures and Tables
Figure 1.1 What is TQC? 3
Table 1.1 Some Cultural Differences between Japan and the West 11
Figure 1.2 The Philosophy of the Control of Quality: the Deming Cycle 18
Figure 1.3 The Relation between True Quality Characteristics and Substitute
Characteristics: Quality Analysis 23
Figure 1.4 Priority Classification of Quality Characteristics 28
Figure 1.5 Products with and without Selling Points; a Quality Radar Chart 29
Figure 1.6 The Four Different Types of Quality Level 33
Figure 1.7 The Relationship between Quality, Cost, and Productivity 34
Figure 1.8 The Control Cycle (with 4 Steps) 38
Figure 1.9 The 6 Control Steps 38
Figure 1.10 Cause and Effect Diagram 42
Figure 1.11 A Model of Control 46
Figure 1.12 A Control Chart 50
Figure 1.13 What is Control? 53
Figure 1.14 TQC Style Control and Old Fashioned Control 55
Figure 1.15 For Creating Products and Quality—The 5 Ms 56
Table 1.2 A Method of Classifying New Products 57
Figure 1.16 A Quality Assurance System 59
Figure 1.17 PDCA for the Quality Assurance System 60
Figure 1.18 The Philosophy of Control and Improvement 70
Table 1.3 Management Ends and Means 77
Figure 1.19 The Relationship between TQC and QC Circle Activities 79
Figure 2.1 Populations and Samples 103
Table 2.1 Thickness of Steel Plate 105
xiii
xiv FIGURES AND TABLES
Table 2.2 Frequency Distribution Table 105
Figure 2.2 Histogram of Thicknesses of Steel Plate 106
Figure 2.3 Two Types of Dispersion in Products Produced by a Process 108
Figure 2.4 The Normal Distribution with Probabilities 110
Figure 2.5 Judged to be Two Distributions 111
Figure 2.6 Comparison of Specification and Histogram (in a case where
specifications are satisfied) 121
Figure 2.7 Comparison of Specification and Histogram (in a case where
specifications are not satisfied) 122
Figure 2.8 Various Shapes of Histogram 123
Figure 2.9 Stratified Histograms 124
Figure 2.10 Frequency Distributions Arranged in Time Sequence, Clearly
Showing Trends in Mean and Dispersion 124
Figure 2.11 Pareto Diagram 126
Figure 2.12 Process Capability Chart (1) for Showing Temporal Changes 130
Figure 2.13 Process Capability Chart (2) for Showing Temporal Changes 130
Table 2.3 Raw Material Ingredient (%) versus Product Hardness 132
Figure 2.14 Example of Scatter Diagram (Correlation Diagram): Relation
between Percentage of Ingredient in Raw Material and Mean
Hardness of Product 132
Table 2.4 Example of Correlation Table 133
Figure 2.15 Various Shapes of Scatter Diagram 134
Figure 2.16 Types of Error 138
Table 2A.1 Recommended Number of Cells for Frequency Distributions 139
Table 2A.2 Calculation of x and s from Frequency Distribution Table 140
Table 2A.3 Distribution of Statistics (for Variables) 145
Table 2A.4 Distribution of Statistics (for Countables) 145
Table 2A.5 Coefficients for Distribution of Standard Deviation 146
Table 3.1 Plate Thickness 151
Table 3.2 Example of Data Sheet for x R Control Chart 152
Table 3.3 Table of Coefficients for x R Control Charts 155
Figure 3.1 x R Control Chart 156
Table 3.4 Example of Data Sheet for Control Charts for Fraction Defective
and Number of Defectives 161
Figure 3.2 pn Control Chart 164
Table 3.5 Example of Data Sheet for Control Chart for Number of Defects 167
Figure 3.3 c Control Chart 168
Table 3A.1 Table of Coefficients for x R Control Charts 182
FIGURES AND TABLES xv
Figure 3A.1 x R Control Chart 183
Figure 3A.2 x R x Control Chart 184
Table 3A.2 Table of Values of E2 185
Figure 3A.3 x Rs Control Chart 185
Figure 3A.4 Completely Controlled State 189
Figure 3A.5 Sudden Large Fluctuation in Process Average 190
Figure 3A.6 Sudden Large Fluctuation in (Within Subgroup) Dispersion 190
Figure 3A.7 Stepwise Increase in Process Average 190
Figure 3A.8 Steady Change in Process Average 191
Figure 3A.9 Slight Random Change in Process Average 192
Figure 3A.10 Large Random Change in Process Average 193
Figure 3A. 11 Increase in Process Dispersion 196
Figure 3A.12 Decrease in Process Dispersion 196
Figure 3A.13 Stratified Control Charts for Zones A and B2 197
Figure 3A.14 Combination of Data from Populations with Three Very Different
Distributions 198
Table 3A.3 Supplementary Table for Testing Using Range 199
Figure 4.1 Graphs Showing Occurrence of Defectives 214
Figure 4.2 Actualization of Latent Complaints 215
Table 4.1 Differences between QC Circle Activities and QC Team
Activities 220
Figure 4.3 Cause and Effect Diagram 230
Figure 4.4 For Controlling Processes—The 5 Ms 231
Figure 4.5 A Quality Control Process Chart 234
Figure 4.6 An Example of a Process Control Plan for a Machining
Process 235
Table 4.2 Cause and Characteristic Chart 245
Figure 4A.1 Sampling Methods 264
Table 4A.1 Standard Significance Levels 269
Table 4A.2 Difference in Yields with Raw Materials A and B 271
Table 4A.3 Yield Data 273
Table 4A.4 Sign Test Chart 274
Table 4A.5 Numbers of Defectives Produced by Machines 1 and 2 275
Figure 4A.2 Binomial Probability Paper 276
Table 4A.6 2x2 Contingency Table 278
Figure 4A.3 Graph of a Certain Characteristic 279
Figure 4A.4 Binomial Probability Paper 279
xvi FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 4A.5 Relation between Humidity and Moisture Content 281
Figure 4A.6 Binomial Probability Paper 282
Table 5.1 Process Abnormality Report 299
Figure 5.1 Discrimination of Causes and Effects 313
Figure 5.2 Change in Number of Control Charts 327
Table 5.2 Control Chart Diagnosis Report 328
Figure 5.3 Long Term Changes in Process (Long Term View of Control
Charts) 330
Figure 6.1 The Steps in Quality Assurance 340
Figure 6.2 Trend in Number of Design Changes 342
Figure 6.3 Cause and Effect Diagram for Reliability 352 353
Figure 6.4 Failure and Its Terminology 355
Table 6.1 Probability of Defectives Appearing in Sample 367
Table 6.2 Probability of Defectives Appearing in Sample 368
Figure 6.5 Examples of OC Curves 370
Table 6.3 Method of Calculating AOQ 371
Figure 6.6 Lot Fraction Defective before Inspection and AOQ 371
Table 6.4 Sampling Plans 373
Figure 6.7 Example of Sampling Inspection Indexed on LTPD 378
Figure 6.8 Sampling Inspection Indexed on AOQL 378
Figure 6.9 Example of Sampling Inspection Indexed on p0, a; px, /3 378
Table 7.1 Supplier Purchaser Quality Assurance Relationship 410
Table 7.2 Quality Control Audit Checklist (for Deming
Application Prize) 424 425
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ishikawa, Kaoru 1950- |
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| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| id | DE-604.BV012722426 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:32:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0412435403 |
| language | English Japanese |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008649336 |
| oclc_num | 23372992 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XIX, 435 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1990 |
| publishDateSearch | 1990 |
| publishDateSort | 1990 |
| publisher | 3 A Corp. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ishikawa, Kaoru 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)120849909 aut Introduction to quality control Kaoru Ishikawa 1. print. Tokyo 3 A Corp. 1990 XIX, 435 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aus dem Japan. übers. - EST: Dai-3-pan Hinshitsu Kanri Nyūmon <engl.> Kwaliteitscontrole gtt Quality control Japan Qualitätsmanagement (DE-588)4219057-5 gnd rswk-swf Statistische Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4182962-1 gnd rswk-swf Qualitätsmanagement (DE-588)4219057-5 s DE-604 Statistische Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4182962-1 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008649336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ishikawa, Kaoru 1950- Introduction to quality control Kwaliteitscontrole gtt Quality control Japan Qualitätsmanagement (DE-588)4219057-5 gnd Statistische Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4182962-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4219057-5 (DE-588)4182962-1 |
| title | Introduction to quality control |
| title_auth | Introduction to quality control |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to quality control |
| title_full | Introduction to quality control Kaoru Ishikawa |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to quality control Kaoru Ishikawa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to quality control Kaoru Ishikawa |
| title_short | Introduction to quality control |
| title_sort | introduction to quality control |
| topic | Kwaliteitscontrole gtt Quality control Japan Qualitätsmanagement (DE-588)4219057-5 gnd Statistische Qualitätskontrolle (DE-588)4182962-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kwaliteitscontrole Quality control Japan Qualitätsmanagement Statistische Qualitätskontrolle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008649336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ishikawakaoru introductiontoqualitycontrol |