Psychology: 1 Essence of the human soul
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1999
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| adam_text | Titel: Bd. 1. Psychology. Essence of the human soul
Autor: Rosmini Serbati, Antonio
Jahr: 1999
ANTONIO ROSMINI
PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 1
Essence of the Human Soul
Translated by
DENIS CLEARY
and
TERENCE WATSON
ROSMINI HOUSE
DURHAM
Contents
Preface to the Metaphysical Works 3
INTRODUCTION
I. Classification of the sciences: complete and incomplete
sciences 15
II. Unity of the science dealing with the human being ?
subsidiary sciences 17
III. Anthropology ? Psychology 18
IV. Ideology and psychology ? they provide the rudiments of
everything that can be known 19
V. Psychology ? Cosmology 26
VI. The method to be used in psychological research 28
VII. Christian Wolff s division of psychology into two
sciences, one called empirical, the other rational psychology,
is excluded 28
VIII. The synthesism inherent to method and distribution in
the philosophical sciences 31
IX. The division of psychology 36
DEFINITIONS 39
Part One
Essence of the Human Soul
Bookl
The source and principle of psychology
CHAPTER 1. A concept of soul must be sought free from
everything that Operations of the mind may have added
when composing it 48
CHAPTER 2. Myselfdoes not express the pure concept of the
soul 49
xvi Contents
CHAPTER 3. The pure notion of the soul can only be attained
from myself by Stripping myself otaü that is foreign to this
notion 52
CHAPTER 4. A start to expropriating myself of everything
not pertaining to the pure notion of soul 52
CHAPTER 5. The human soul is a substantial feeling which
expresses itself throügh the word myself 60
CHAPTER 6. Opinions of philosophers
Article 1. Philosophers who did not know where to seek the
essence of the soul 61
Article 2. Philosophers who remain unaware of the funda-
mental feeling 64
CHAPTER 7. Proofs of the fundamental feeling 65
CHAPTER 8. The essence of the soul is in the fundamental
feeling in so far as this feeling is substance and subject 69
CHAPTER 9. The principle of psychology 70
CHAPTER 10. How to apply the principle of psychology to
deduce the special Information that forms the science of the
soul 73
Book 2
Some properties of the essence
of the soul
[INTRODUCTION] 82
CHAPTER 1. The unity of the soul in each human being 82
CHAPTER 2. The substance of the soul is the sole principle of
all Operations 83
CHAPTER 3. The spirituality of the soul is proved directly
throügh consciousness 84
CHAPTER 4. The immortality of the soul proved directly
from consciousness 85
Contents xvii
CHAPTER 5. The identity of the soul in its different modifica-
tions
Article 1. The difficulty explained 87
Article 2. A statt to solving the problem 89
Article 3. Continuation 90
Article 4. Continuation ? The feeling and intelligent subject
remains the same whatever change takes place in the terms of
its actions, or in the actions themselves 94
Article 5. The sentient subject and the intelligent subject in
human beings are one subject, not two 99
CHAPTER 6. The nouns substance and subject applied to
the human soul 101
CHAPTER 7. A question about the invariability of the soul,
and the changes to which it can be subject 103
Article 1. Removal of what is first feit and what is first
understood 103
Article 2. Removal of what is understood 104
Article 3. Removal of what is feit 104
Article 4. Addition or change to what is first feit 105
Article 5. Addition to what is understood 106
CHAPTER 8. The difference between the human soul, pure
intelligences and animal souls 108
CHAPTER 9. Relationship between the substance of the soul
and human nature
Article 1. The soul is the form of the human being 109
Article 2. How that which is first understood is the form of he
intelligent principle 110
Article 3. How that which is first feit can and cannot be called
the form of the sentient principle 110
Article 4. The sense in which the body can be called
matter of the soul 115
Article 5. The sense in which the soul is said to be the form of
the body 119
CHAPTER 10. The reality of the soul 121
CHAPTER IL The finiteness and infinity of the human soul 123
xviii Contents
Book 3
The union and mutual influence
of soul and body
[INTRODUCTION] 132
CHAPTER l. The sensitive soul is united with the body by
means of feeling 133
CHAPTER 2. The union of rational soul with body comes
about by means of an immanent perception of animal
feeling 135
Article 1. Rational activity contains sensitive activity 135
Article 2. Rational activity contains sensitive activity in a way
proper to itself 136
Article 3. It follows that the rational principle is united to the
body throügh immanent perception of the animal feeling 139
Article 4. Distinction between the individual, fundamental
feeling which constitutes the human being and the primal
perception of the animal feeling where the nexus between
soul and body is located 140
CHAPTER 3. The nature of the first perception by which the
rational principle constantly perceives its own animal-
fundamental feeling and thus unites itself to the body 141
CHAPTER 4. How philosophical meditation, in analysing the
animal feeling perceived by the soul, distinguishes the
subjective body and recognises it as having the same nature
as extrasubjective bodies 142
CHAPTER 5. Concerning Averroes opinion that the body is
united to the rational soul by means of the intelligible species 144
CHAPTER 6. Descartes teaching that thinking is essential to
the human being 147
CHAPTER 7. The activity and passivity of the soul relative to
the body to which it is united
Article 1. The relationship between formal and efficient cause 148
Article 2. How the nexus between soul and body by means of
the primal perception explains the activity and passivity of
the rational soul relative to the body it informs 149
Contents xix
Article 3. The activity of the rational soul on the extrasub-
jective body 153
Article 4. Can the rational soul cause animal movement
harmful to the animal? 153
CHAPTER 8. Can the pure intellect act effectively on the
body? 154
CHAPTER 9. The efficacy of the acts of the rational principle
on the body
Article 1. General extension of this efficacy 156
Article 2. Efficacy of the special acts of the rational principle 156
§1. How the body is changed by the rational principle
throügh acts of intelligence
A. Perceptions, and an explanation of their spontaneity 157
B. Imagination 158
C. Memories 160
D. Rational feelings 161
§2. How the body is changed by the rational principle
throügh acts ofthe will 165
CHAPTER 10. The conditions necessary for the rational prin-
ciple if it is to produce the movements it wishes in its own
body 167
CHAPTER 11. Propagation of the movement stimulated by
the rational principle and beginning in the body; the parts to
which it spreads
Article 1. Summary ? Voluntary and involuntary nerves and
muscles 173
Article 2. Parts of the body where movements stimulated by
the rational principle begin 174
Article 3. Continuation ? Location of movements stimu-
lated by the rational instinct and by the will ? The double
nervous System 176
CHAPTER 12. Causesoftheerrorsoftheanimisticschool 181
Article 1. First cause 182
Article 2. Second cause 183
Article 3. Third cause 189
Article 4. Fourth cause 191
CHAPTER 13. The soul s activity on the extrasubjective body 192
xx Contents
Book 4
The simplicity of the human soul and the questions
to which it gives rise
[INTRODUCTION] 202
CHAPTER 1. The meaningof simplicity 203
CHAPTER 2. Classification of the proofs of the simplicity of
the soul 203
CHAPTER 3. The simplicity of the soul shown from the prop-
erties with which the soul is furnished 203
CHAPTER 4. The proofs of the simplicity of the soul from its
Operations in general 205
CHAPTER 5. Proofs drawn from the passive and active Opera-
tions of the soul 207
CHAPTER 6. Development of the proofof the simplicity of the
soul from the nature of the continuum 208
CHAPTER 7. Development of the proof drawn from the
Opposition existing between extrasubjective phenomena
accompanying Sensation, and Sensation itself 212
CHAPTER 8. Some proofs, given by the ancients, for the
simplicity of the soul coincide with our own 215
CHAPTER 9. How the sensitive soul can multiply but not
divide 217
CHAPTER 10. Continuation ? Multiplication of polyps 222
CHAPTER 11. Causes of death and of generation 224
CHAPTER 12. Causes of different Organisation in animals 226
CHAPTER 13. The law according to which the sentient prin-
ciple carries out the organising function 228
CHAPTER 14. Spontaneous generation
Article 1. Various opinions about the truth of spontaneous
generation 233
Contents xxi
Article 2. Does the opinion of spontaneous generation favour
the materialists system? 235
Article 3. Animals considered by antiquity as emerging from
apparently brüte matter 237
CHAPTER 15. The hypothesis that all particles of matter are
animated 238
Article 1. The hypothesis that all particles of matter are
animated does not favour materialism 239
Article 2. The hypothesis does not favour pantheism 239
Article 3. Opinions about the animation of the particles of
matter
§1. Indian philosophers 241
§2. Greek and Italian philosophers, and those of other
nations 245
§3. German and English philosophers 248
Article 4. Does the hypothesis of animation contradict com-
mon sense? 252
Article 5. Does the hypothesis of the animation of the
elements harmonise with the progress of the natural 253
sciences?
Article 6. Apparent life and latent life 253
Article 7. Three forms or levels of sensitive life: life of con-
tinuity, of Stimulation and of self-renewing Stimulation 254
§1. The first kind of life (non-apparent): a feeling of
continuity 255
§2. The second kind of {non-apparent) life: a feeling of
simple Stimulation 256
§3. The third kind of {apparent) life: a feeling ofperpetual
Stimulation 257
Article 8. Different Organisation is the cause of the varieties of
life 258
Article 9. Sensitive and insensitive parts of the animal 259
Article 10. Important questions still to be solved 260
Article 11. Direct proofs of the life of the first elements; these
proofs make the hypothesis practically certain 260
CHAPTER 16. Unlimited space as the term of sensitive souls 262
CHAPTER 17. Individuality
Article 1. The concept and nature of individuality 265
Article 2. Individuality of the human being in so far as it is
rooted in intuition 267
Article 3. Individuality in animals 269
xxii Contents
Article 4. Human individuality in so far as it is founded in the
perception of an individuated animal feeling 271
CHAPTER 18. Living fluids 273
CHAPTER 19. Animal death 285
CHAPTER 20. The source of animal life 289
CHAPTER 21. The simplicity of the human soul relative to the
intellective principle 294
CHAPTER 22. The simplicity and oneness of the rational soul 298
CHAPTER 23. The origin of the intellective soul 304
Book 5
Immortality of the human soul
and
death of the human being
[INTRODUCTION] 310
CHAPTER 1. The concept of death, and the concept of
annihilation 311
CHAPTER 2. Can sensitive souls cease to exist?
Article 1. Sensitive souls cannot cease to exist throügh any
action on the part of natural f orces 311
Article 2. Sensitive souls are not destroyed by the Creator 313
Article 3. Confirmation of the existence of elementary life 313
CHAPTER 3. Origin and confutation of metempsychosis 314
CHAPTER 4. The concept of human death
Article 1. Death in human beings consists in the cessation of
the primal perception of the fundamental feeling 316
Article 2. The conditions giving rise to the primal perception
and consequently to human life 317
CHAPTER 5. How human nature is constituted 318
CHAPTER 6. The intellective soul never loses its individuality;
it is immortal 321
Contents xxiii
CHAPTER 7. The first thing that human beings understand 322
CHAPTER 8. Why the human soul no longer perceives the
body when the Organisation is dissolved 325
CHAPTER 9. Why the human soul is joined to only one body,
and to this body rather than that 328
CHAPTER 10. Can the intellective principle abandon the body
spontaneously in the absence of disorganisation? 328
CHAPTER 11. Why human beings find death repugnant 333
CHAPTER 12. Does the separated soul retain any inclination
to unite itself with the body? 334
CHAPTER 13. The preceding teaching about the union of soul
and body avoids the opposite errors 341
CHAPTER 14. Further proofs of the immortality of the
human soul 350
CHAPTER 15. Conclusion 355
Appendix 358
Index of Biblical References 372
Index of Persons 373
General Index 375
ANTONIO ROSMINI
PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 2
Development of the Human Soul
Translated by
DENIS CLEARY
and
TERENCE WATSON
ROSMINI HOUSE
DURHAM
Contents
Part Two
Development of the Human Soul
[INTRODUCTION] 3
Bookl
(analytical)
Activities oi the human soul ?
how the different activities are distinguished
from the essence of the soul
CHAPTER 1. Different human activities cannot be deduced
without some understanding of the essence of the soul 8
CHAPTER 2. The origin of the ontological notions of matter
and form, of potency and act 10
CHAPTER 3. Origin of the notion of first matter
Article 1. Reasoning teaches us to distinguish between body
and corporeal principle 12
Article 2. The perception of body furnishes three different
entities: the feit, the sensiferous and the foreign force 13
Article 3. The difference between the soul, the sensiferous
dement and the foreign force 15
Article 4. Body is an extended agent; the corporeal principle
can be an unextended agent 17
Article 5. Identity of substance between the sensiferous
dement and the foreign force 17
Article 6. How the sensiferous dement and brüte force clothe
themselves in what is feit 21
Article 7. How philosophers are right to deny second quali-
ties to bodies, and how common sense is right in attributing
them to bodies 22
Article 8. Origin of the concept of material substance 24
Contents vii
Article 9. How extension pertains to the primary qualities of
body 26
Article 10. Origin of the concept of first matter 28
Article 11. The concept of first matter 30
CHAPTER 4. The concept of form 35
CHAPTER 5. How the words matter and first matter were
used equivocally by the greatest philosophers 37
Article 1. Some philosophers confused reality with first
matter 37
Article 2. By using the second method of abstraction (hypo-
thetical abstraction), some philosophers made matter an
immaterial ens 38
Article 3. Is first matter inert? 41
CHAPTER 6. The intimate union of spirit and matter 43
CHAPTER 7. The human soul is devoid of all matter
Article 1. Demonstration 45
Article 2. The soul is a principle-ens and matter a term-ens 47
CHAPTER 8. The intrinsic order of being in corporeal entity
? The concept of act ? Substantial and accidental acts 49
CHAPTER 9. Substance-principle, substance-term and mixed
substance 50
CHAPTER 10. The sense in which the soul can be considered
as a mixed substance, comprising principle and term 51
CHAPTER IL Is substance distinguished from substantial
form in the soul? 51
CHAPTER 12. Act and potency
Article 1. The nature of act 55
Article 2. The nature of potency 55
Article 3. Receptive, active and passive potencies 57
Article 4. Principle-entia and term-entia considered as
potencies 59
CHAPTER 13. Act and potency are present in the human soul 59
CHAPTER 14. How accidental acts are contained in the
essence of the human soul 60
viü Contents
Article 1. Preliminary remarks 60
Article 2. Cohesion amongst the substances which make up
the universe ? their Classification from this point of view 61
Article 3. Explanation of the origin of the accidental acts of
substances 65
Article 4. Application to the acts of the soul 68
CHAPTER 15. How potencies are contained in the soul 77
CHAPTER 16. The distinction between the potentiality and
the essence of the soul 79
CHAPTER 17. The nature of habits, and how they are con-
tained in the essence of the soul 82
Article 1. The nature of habit 82
Article 2. Double meaning of habit 82
Article 3. Habits of potencies have primarily the same division
as potencies 84
Article 4. The origin of habits 84
Article 5. Multiple habits do not prejudice the unity of the
soul 88
CHAPTER 18. Is the soul the subject of all its potencies? 89
Book 2
(analytical)
Activities of the human soul ?
how the soul s potencies differ
[INTRODUCTION] 92
CHAPTER 1. Summary of the distinction between potencies
and habits 93
CHAPTER 2. Summary of the distinction between potencies
and their acts 95
CHAPTER 3. Activity and passivity of potencies 97
CHAPTER 4. We begin to explain how the terms which give
rise to the potencies of the human soul are distinguished 98
Contents ix
CHAPTER 5. The distinction between the actual and Virtual
potencies of the soul 101
Synoptic Schema 1. Potencies of the human soul 104
CHAPTER 6. Sense as primal potency
Article 1. The potency of sense in general ? Psychical
sensitivity 105
Article 2. Special sensitivities 107
Article 3. Corporeal sensitivity
§1. Different kinds of corporeal sensitivity 108
§2. The phrenology and philosophical works of Gatt and
Spurzheim 116
Article 4. Ideological sensitivity 120
Article 5. Theorie sensitivity 121
Synoptic Schema 2. Potency of se^se 125
CHAPTER 7. The intellect as a primal potency 127
CHAPTER 8. Reason as a resultant potency 128
Synoptic Schema 3. Reason and its faculties 146
CHAPTER 9. Instinct
Article 1. The nature of instinct; how instinct differs from will 148
Article 2. Animal instinct and rational instinct 149
Article 3. Subdivisions of animal instinct 150
Article 4. Rational and animal passions 151
Article 5. Different ways in which the instinetive power
proper to animal feeling adjusts itself; the resulting faculties 154
Article 6. Rational habits 156
Article 7. Two ways of classifying rational instinets 157
Synoptic Schema 4. Instinct 158
Article 8. The principle of instinct 160
Chapter 10. will 162
Synoptic Schema 5. Will 167
x Contents
Book 3
(synthetical)
Laws governing the activity of the soul.
How the different laws governing the activity of
the soul take their origin from the nature of the soul
[INTRODUCTION] 170
CHAPTER 1. Human nature: Summary ? Definition of
human being 173
CHAPTER 2. There are reciprocal connections or relation-
ships between entia which are essential to them and make
them what they are 174
CHAPTER 3. The essential relationships of extension and of
what is extended 175
Article 1. The extended dement has two essential relation-
ships: one constituting it as it is in itself; the other constitut-
ing it as term of a sensitive principle 175
Article 2. Extension is one thing; the extended dement
another 181
Article 3. The unity of extension and of the extended dement
comes from the simplicity of the animal-sentient principle,
that is, from the soul 184
CHAPTER 4. Essential relationships of a temporary ens with
the sentient principle
Article 1. Development of the concept of time 186
Article 2. Time is not found in material things 196
Article 3. Time is found in simple entia which are subject to
modifications. The sentient principle is such an ens 197
Article 4. The unity of succession is due to the sentient
principle 200
Article 5. Time in the rational principle 200
Article 6. Real time: real time as known: ideal time 201
CHAPTER 5. The essential relationship between feeling and 201
idea
Article 1. How the feit extended dement and the succession
of events are perceived by the intellective principle which
thus takes the name rational principle 202
Contents xi
Article 2. How the animal-sentient principle is perceived
intellectually 204
Article 3. How we perceive intellectively 1. the intellectual
principle whose term is the idea, and 2. the rational principle 205
CHAPTER 6. The unity and hence the nature of the human
being lies in the rational principle 208
CHAPTER 7. Every human activity begins from the rational
principle 209
Article 1. Five activities can be seen in the human world 209
Article 2. The first three activities are not, properly speaking,
human activities, but conditions or Instruments or human
activity 211
Article 3. The other two activities, that of the intellective prin-
ciple and the rational principle, form a single activity in
human beings 212
CHAPTER 8. We have to find the explanation of the laws of
human activity in the rational principle and its relationship
with lesser agents 214
CHAPTER 9. The concept and possibility of Operation
Article 1. Immanent acts and transient acts 215
Article 2. Different kinds of immanent acts 216
Article 3. Difficulties in explaining transient acts 217
CHAPTER 10. The connection between transient and imman-
ent acts 225
CHAPTER IL Corollaryl ? Granted the existence of tran-
sient acts, we can demonstrate the existence of God 226
CHAPTER 12. Corollary II ? Demonstration of creation 227
CHAPTER 13. No ens moves itself, that is, makes transient
acts solely by itself; it needs the concourse of something dif-
ferent from itself 228
CHAPTER 14. Different natural agents, and their different
way of operating. First, the action attributed to bodies 233
CHAPTER 15. Continuation ? The action of the sentient
principle and the origin of its transient acts 245
xn
Contents
CHAPTER 16. Continuation ? The action of the rational
principle and of its transient acts 249
CHAPTER 17. The subject of the following two books 253
Book 4
(synthetical)
Laws governing the activity of the soul ?
laws according to which
the rational principle operates
[INTRODUCTION] 258
CHAPTER 1. Classification of the laws of the rational prin-
ciple in its Operation ? ontological, cosmological and
psychological laws 261
CHAPTER 2. The ontological laws followed by the rational
principle in its Operation and imposed on speculative reason
? the supreme law
Article 1. Statement of the supreme law of thought 266
Article 2. The supreme law expressed in two propositions 267
Article 3. The law of intuition 269
Article 4. The law of perception 270
Article 5. The law of reflection 273
§1. Reflection as abstraction 273
§2. Reflection as Integration 282
CHAPTER 3. Continuation ? Derivation of the special onto-
logical laws which govern human thought 284
CHAPTER 4. Continuation ? Special laws ? First law: the
objectivity of thought 284
CHAPTER 5. Continuation ? Law of synthesism of thought 289
CHAPTER 6. Second special law: the term of thought is that
which is possible 292
CHAPTER 7. Third special law: the term of thought is a first
act 296
CHAPTER 8. Fourth special law: the term of thought is one 299
Contents xiii
CHAPTER 9. Fifth special law: the term of thought endures 301
CHAPTER 10. Sixth special law: the term of total, complex
thought can never be indefinite 311
CHAPTER 11. Seventh special law: the term of complex
thought is something finite or something infinite. Neither
can be changed into the other 317
CHAPTER 12. The ontological laws which govern practica!
reason in general 326
CHAPTER 13. Continuation ? The supreme law of practical
reason: Acknowledge ens
Article 1. Statement of the supreme law 327
Article 2. Explanation and demonstrationofthe supreme law 328
Article 3. The moral freedom of practical reason 330
Article 4. Specific difference between theoretical and practical
acts of reason 330
Article 5. Total thought and abstract thought considered in
relationship to practical reason ? The supreme rule of
prudence 331
Article 6. Application of the supreme rule to the different
generic acts of theoretical reason in relationship to practical
reason; first, to intuition ? The law inclining human beings
to contemplation 333
Article 7. Continuation ? The law inclining human beings to
every real ens 334
Article 8. Perception considered relative to practical reason ?
The law of moral Order 334
Article 9. Continuation ? The object of every moral act is the
infinite 335
Article 10. Reflection as an act of practical reason 336
CHAPTER 14. The special ontological laws of practical reason.
The first special law: objectivity 338
CHAPTER 15. The synthesism of practical reason. Moral good
is twofold: ontological and psychological 339
CHAPTER 16. The second special ontological law of practical
reason: its object is that which is possible 342
Article 1. Practical reason has as its term the essence of entia in
relationship to the essence s realisation 342
xiv Contents
Article 2. Practical reason has as its law adhesion to an
harmonious term 344
CHAPTER 17. The third special law of practical reason:
practical reason has an intelligent substance as its term 345
CHAPTER 18. The psychological laws of the rational principle
corresponding to the ontological laws in general 346
CHAPTER 19. The first psychological law: rational inertia 348
CHAPTER 20. Psychological inertia can be reconciled with the
various actions of the soul throügh the law of spontaneity
Article 1. How the spontaneity of the rational principle is
aroused 349
Article 2. Psychological development described 351
CHAPTER 21. Second psychological law: limitation and con-
centration of attention 368
CHAPTER 22. Third psychological law: the absence of
consciousness 371
CHAPTER 23. Fourth psychological law: knowledge obtained
throügh affirmation or denial (word) 372
CHAPTER 24. Corollary on the Classification of human
cognitions 378
CHAPTER 25. Summary 380
CHAPTER 26. The cosmological laws proper to the rational
principle in general ? Two species of cosmological laws,
laws of motion and laws which determine the rational
principle s quality of movement 3 81
CHAPTER 27. The cosmological law of motion
Article 1. The two parts of the law of motion 381
Article 2. The first part of the cosmological law of motion:
what is real as term of the rational principle is that which
arouses the attention of the principle and leads it to acts of
subjective knowledge 383
Article 3. The second part of the law of motion: attention and
thought are kept lively throügh the stability of what is real 384
Contents xv
CHAPTER 28. The cosmological law of harmony governing
the activity of the rational principle. ? How this law is
mingled with and distinguished from the psychological laws
Article 1. The law of harmony to which the rational soul is
subject is cosmological in so far as it proceeds from the
intrinsic order of animality 393
Article 2. The law of harmony according to which the sensit-
ive soul operates is mostly psychological 396
Article 3. The distinction between the psychological and the
cosmological in the law of harmony governingthe sensitive
soul 398
Article 4. Does the Variation in the feel of a Sensation result
from cosmological or psychological laws? 402
CHAPTER 29. Continuation of the cosmological law of har-
mony. How it is formed in animality 413
Article 1. The fitting action of entia ? The first law 414
Article 2. The fitting action of entia ? The second law 414
Article 3. The fitting action of entia ? The third law 419
Article 4. Conclusion to the cosmological law of harmony 426
CHAPTER 30. The psychological laws of the rational principle
which correspond to the cosmological laws in general 427
CHAPTER 31. The psychological laws of speculative reason
which correspond to the cosmological laws ? The law of
subjective analysis 427
CHAPTER 32. Continuation ? The law of subjective synthesis 434
CHAPTER 33. Continuation ? The law of subjective analogy 446
CHAPTER 34. Psychological laws corresponding to the cos-
mological laws directing practical reason ? The psychologi-
cal law of spontaneity 455
Article 1. Human life: direct and reflective 456
Article 2. The limitation of the radical power of the soul
sometimes suppresses, sometimes limits reflection 459
Article 3. Human life can never be entirely reflective; it
remains partly direct 462
Article 4. When we reason, reflection is concerned with the
last link in rational activity, not on previous links: this
explains hidden reasoning 462
Article 5. Continuation ? Synthetical reasoning 464
xvi Contents
Article 6. Continuation ? Prudence in wise people depends
on synthetical reasoning 465
Article 7. The Operations of the rational principle are some-
times aroused and directed by a hidden principle 467
Article 8. The hidden part of our rational activity provides
occasion for error and immorality 469
Article 9. How in the human mind a secret, spontaneous
Operation is carried out which orders our cognitions without
any realisation or free co-operation on our part 470
Article 10. Continuation ? Other unconscious mental
activity 471
Article 11. Granted a suitable occasion, things hidden in the
spirit sometimes manifest themselves with great impetus and
clarity 472
Article 12. Why we pass beyond an image to the ens it
represents 474
CHAPTER 35. Psychological laws corresponding to the cos-
mological laws directing practical reason ? the psychologi-
cal law of harmony 479
Article 1. Law of regularity 480
§1. Regularity of Operation proceeding from the natural
order constituting the agent 480
§2. Regularity of Operation resulting from the mode of
spontaneity 481
§3. Regularity of activity proceeding from the unity of the
agent 482
§4. Continuation ? Regularity proceeding from laws ofthe
Imagination 483
§5. Regularity arisingfrom the rational principle 490
Article 2. Continuation ? Does the sensitive principle enjoy
the numerical proportion present in its movements? 494
Article 3. The different rules applied by the rational principle
to regulär multiplicity uncovered in the multiplicity proper
to various kinds of simultaneous regularities 500
Article 4. Harmony in succession 502
Appendix 509
Index of Biblical References 530
Index of Persons 531
General Index 533
ANTONIO ROSMINI
PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 3
Laws of Animality
Translated by
DENIS CLEARY
and
TERENCE WATSON
ROSMINI HOUSE
DURHAM
Contents
Part Two
Book 5
Appendix: Laws of Animality
[INTRODUCTION] 2
CHAPTER 1. The law of life instinct
Article 1. The law explained 3
Article 2. Functions of the life instinct 4
Article 3. Observations on the functions of the life instinct 6
CHAPTER 2. The law of sensuous instincts
Article 1. The law explained 8
Article 2. Functions of the sensuous instinct 9
Schema 12
Article 3. Observations on the functions of the sensuous
instinct 13
CHAPTER 3. How animal movements arise 18
CHAPTER 4. Apparent Opposition between the laws of cor-
poreal matter and of animal activity 22
Article 1. Inertia 23
Article 2. Attraction 25
Article 3. The struggle we have described is twofold 27
CHAPTER 5. Different senses which can be given to the word
conciliation in the question Does the struggle between the
vital principle and foreign forces admit of conciliation? 28
CHAPTER 6. The struggle between life instinct and mech-
anical forces does not admit of conciliation
Article 1. Various assertions 29
Article 2. Reasons given by those denying the conciliation we
are seeking 29
Article 3. The reasons offered by those who affirm conciliation 30
Article 4. Reasons for the author s opinion 31
Contents vii
CHAPTER 7. The struggle seen to exist between life instinct
and attractive forces is consistent with conciliation because
the opposing actions can be reduced to the same principle 32
Article 1. Why animal phenomena do not appear in inorganic
bodies 32
Article 2. How attractive and animal forces can be reduced to
one and the same principle 36
Article 3. The prevalence of animal forces over attractive
forces 37
CHAPTER 8. The quantity of excitation needed for the fun-
damental feeling in each animal 42
CHAPTER 9. Confirmationof the proposition The phenomena
of the living body cannot be explained apart from a single
sensitive principle 45
Article 1. Necessity of a single principle on which animal
phenomena depend 45
Article 2. The history of opinions about the single principle
on which animal phenomena depend 48
CHAPTER 10. Application of the theory to explain the
phenomenon of sympathy between different parts of the
living body 52
Article 1. What does sympathy mean? 53
Article 2. The intellective principle and the final causes
posited by Stahl s school are excluded from the explanation 55
Article 3. What kind of animal movements are we endeavour-
ing to explain? 56
Article 4. Proposition 1. Experience shows that many
movements and functions of the living body are produced
by sensitive activity; consequently, there is a locomotive
force in feeling 56
Article 5. Proposition 2. Even when animal movements do
not appear at first sight to originate from sensitive activity,
we must reasonably presume that such is the case 63
Arfoticle 6. Explanation of the sympathy 1. between
symmetrical parts of the human body; 2. between parts
having a similar construction; 3. found in the exercise of
animal functions 69
CHAPTER IL How the proposed theory explains the acts of
animal nature 75
Article 1. How the sensuous instinct disorders animal nature
without diverging from its own laws 76
viii Contents
Article 2. How the life instinct produces a painful feeling
which causes a sensuous instinct to act; how this action,
which upsets the normal State of the animal machine, initiates
disease processes 88
CHAPTER 12. The universal cause of illness
Article 1. The uninterrupted, external sequence of subjective
and extrasubjective phenomena in the animal was considered
only partially by founders of medical Systems 93
Article 2. All causes of illness are reducible to one 94
Article 3. Health and illness depend not on the quantity but
on the appropriateness or inappropriateness of Stimuli 96
Article 4. Continuation: the appropriateness or inappropri-
ateness of Stimuli 100
CHAPTER 13. One defect of modern medicine consists in
considering illness as a passive condition , although it is
principally an active condition on a par with health 104
CHAPTER 14. Application of this theory to explain the varia-
tions in the cycfe or zoic course
Article 1. Variations in the zoic course 112
Article 2. Origin of the variations in the first steps of the life
instinct as it produces the fundamental feeling of continuity 113
Article 3. Origin of the variations in the first steps taken by
the sensuous instinct 115
Article 4. Variations in the first motion received by the
sensuous instinct in the power of the various conditions of
the fundamental feeling of continuity 120
Article 5. Variation in the motions which the sensuous
instinct receives in the power of the variations taking place in
the fundamental feeling of excitation
§1. The degree of multiplidty in the variable elements of
exätation 122
§2. The concept of Stimuli 123
§3. The varied movement received by the sensuous instinct
from the sense-experiences which in various ways
constitute the fundamental feeling of exätation 127
Article 6. The beginning of the zoic course as a result of
external Stimuli (causes of first movements), and the neces-
sity of their continual presence 131
Article 7. The Variation produced by primal movements in
the complex of sense-experiences which constitutes the fun-
damental feeling of excitation 133
Contents ix
Article 8. {Continuation) A summary of the laws which the
sensuous instinct, once aroused by the primal sense-
experiences, follows in its action 134
Article 9. {Continuation) The distinctive character of primal
and second sense-experiences 137
Article 10. {Continuation) Changes to which the fundamen-
tal feeling of continuity is susceptible must not be confused
with primal sense-experiences 138
Article 11. {Continuation) Variations in primal sense-
experiences 141
Article 12. Variations in the faculty of feeling, that is, in the
faculty of undergoing sense-experiences 146
CHAPTER 15. Digression: the importance and difficulty of
writing a new treatise on experimentation in mediane 159
Article 1. The desirable conciliation between empirical and
rational doctors 159
Article 2. The principal parts of a new treatise on experimen-
tation in medicine 161
Article 3. The distinction between analytical and synthetical
medicine 162
Article 4. Analytical medicine: its extreme difficulty in reach-
ing conclusions by sound logic, granted the complexity of
the zoic course 163
Article 5. Syllogisms proper to analytical and synthetical
medicine 179
Article 6. The wisdom and destinies of synthetical medicine 185
CHAPTER 16. Return to and continuation of the application
of the theory to explain the zoic course
Article 1. Definition and description of second sense-
experiences 185
Article 2. Affection and passions relative to the zoic course 186
Article 3. Animal habit relative to the zoic course 187
Article 4. The weakness of the life instinct and of the sensu-
ous instinct 189
Article 5. Three kinds of weakness: physiological, simple
pathological and diathetic 192
Article 6. The distinction between the proximate, efficient
cause of illnesses and their essence 193
Article 7. All illness contains some weakness 194
Article 8. The Systems of Stimulus and counter-stimulus 195
CHAPTER 17. Causes of weakness in animal instinct 200
x Contents
Article 1. The life instinct is per se a potency without assign-
able limits 201
Article 2. Two types to which all malfunctions in animality
can be reduced 202
Article 3. Enumeration of the causes of weakness in animal
instinct 203
§1. First cause of weakness in animal instinct. ? The
action of intelligence 203
§2. Second cause of weakness in animal instinct. ? The
disease-struggle 204
§3. Third cause of weakness in the animal instinct.
? Diminution of internal Stimuli 205
§4. Fourth cause of weakness in the animal instinct.
? Diminution of external Stimuli 206
§5. Fifth cause of weakness in the animal instinct.
? Excessive Stimulus 206
§6. Sixth cause of weakness in the animal instinct.? Con-
centration of instinctive activity in some locality 206
CHAPTER 18. Application of the theory to explain the phe-
nomena of locality in the living body 216
Article 1. Physiological laws of locality 217
Article 2. Pathological locality 230
Article 3. Therapeutic locality 233
CONCLUSION TO THE WHOLE WORK 234
Appendix 241
Index of Persons 248
General Index 250
ANTONIO ROSMINI
PSYCHOLOGY
Volume 4
Opinions about the Human Soul
Translated by
DENIS CLEARY
and
TERENCE WATSON
ROSMINI HOUSE
DURHAM
Contents
[INTRODUCTION]
CHAPTER 1. The principle tobeused in classifying the opinions
of the ancients about the nature of the soul 5
CHAPTER 2. First class ? Erroneous Systems about the nature
of the soul which confused the soul with matter 7
CHAPTER 3. Second class ? Erroneous Systems about the
nature of the human soul which reduced it to a sentient subject 18
CHAPTER 4. Third class ? Erroneous Systems about the
nature of the human soul which posited the nature of the soul
in ideas, that is, confused subject with object 20
CHAPTER 5. Fourth class ? Erroneous Systems which con-
fused the nature of the human soul with God 77
CHAPTER 6. Fifth class ?Erroneous Systems which posit the
nature of the soul in the subject, but err in determining it 116
CONCLUSION 148
Index of Persons 155
General Index 157
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:32:16Z |
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| isbn | 1899093257 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Rosmini, Antonio 1797-1855 Verfasser (DE-588)118602888 aut Psicologia Psychology 1 Essence of the human soul Antonio Rosmini Durham Rosmini House 1999 XXIII, 392 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aus dem Ital. übers. Philosophische Psychologie (DE-588)4174289-8 gnd rswk-swf Philosophische Psychologie (DE-588)4174289-8 s DE-604 (DE-604)BV012701690 1 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008637559&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rosmini, Antonio 1797-1855 Psychology Philosophische Psychologie (DE-588)4174289-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4174289-8 |
| title | Psychology |
| title_alt | Psicologia |
| title_auth | Psychology |
| title_exact_search | Psychology |
| title_full | Psychology 1 Essence of the human soul Antonio Rosmini |
| title_fullStr | Psychology 1 Essence of the human soul Antonio Rosmini |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psychology 1 Essence of the human soul Antonio Rosmini |
| title_short | Psychology |
| title_sort | psychology essence of the human soul |
| topic | Philosophische Psychologie (DE-588)4174289-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Philosophische Psychologie |
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