The colloidal domain: where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY u.a.
Wiley-VCH
1999
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Advances in interfacial engineering series
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XL, 632 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780471242475 0471242470 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Evans, Douglas Fennell |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The colloidal domain |b where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet |c D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY u.a. |b Wiley-VCH |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XL, 632 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| adam_text |
Titel: The colloidal domain
Autor: Evans, Douglas Fennell
Jahr: 1999
CONTENTS
Preface to the First Edition xxi
Preface to the Second Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Symbols xxvii
References xxxi
Author Biographies xxxii
Introduction / Why Colloidal Systems Are
Important xxxiii
The Colloidal Domain Encompasses Many Biological and
Technological Systems xxxiii
Understanding of Colloidal Phenomena Is Advancing
Rapidly xxxvi
Association Colloids Display Key Concepts That Guided
the Structures of This book xxxvii
1 / Solutes and Solvents, Self-Assembly of
Amphiphiles 1
1.1 Amphiphilic Self-Assembly Processes Are
Spontaneous, Are Characterized by Start-Stop
Features, and Produce Aggregates with
Well-Defined Properties 5
1.2 Amphiphilic Molecules Are Liquidlike in
Self-Assembled Aggregates 10
1.3 Surfactant Numbers Provide Useful Guides
for Predicting Aggregate Structures 13
1.4 Understanding the Origin of Entropy and Enthalpy
of Mixing Provides Useful Molecular Insight into
Many Colloidal Phenomena 18
1.4.1 The Ideal Mixing Model Provides a Basis for
Understanding the Formation of a Miscible
Phase 20
1.4.2 The Regular Solution Model Provides a
Simple Description of Nonideal Mixing whic
Ultimately Leads to the Formation of a
Liquid Two-Phase System 23
1.5 The Chemical Potential is a Central Thermodynamic
Concept in the Description of Multicomponent
Systems 25
vii
1.5.1 Having an Expression for the Free Energy
We Can Determine the Chemical Potential
by Differentiation 27
1.5.2 Mixtures and Solutions Differ Through the
Choice of Standard States 28
1.5.3 The Chemical Potential of the Solvent is
Often Expressed in Terms of the Osmotic
Pressure 29
1.5.4 The Chemical Potential Enters into Many
Thermodynamic Equalities 30
1.5.5 Chemical Potentials Can Be Generalized to
Include the Effect of External Fields 31
1.6 Understanding Brownian Motion Provides an
Important Enabling Concept in Analyzing Colloidal
Systems 33
1.6.1 The Diffusional Motion of Individual
Molecules Can be Analyzed in Terms of a
Random Walk 33
1.6.2 Diffusional Motion Leads to a Net Transport
of Molecules in a Concentration
Gradient 36
1.7 Solvophobicity Drives Amphiphilic
Aggregation 37
2 I Surface Chemistry and Monolayers 45
2.1 We Can Comprehend Surface pension in Terms of
Surface Free Energy 49
2.1.1 Molecular Origins of Surface Tension Can
Be Understood in Terms of the Difference in
Interaction Between Molecules in the Bulk
and at the Interface 49
2.1.2 Two Complementary Concepts Define
Surface Tension: Line of Force and Energy
Required to Create New Surface Area 51
2.1.3 The Work of Adhesion and Cohesion Is
Related to Surface Tension and Can
Determine the Spontaneous Spreading of
One Liquid on Another 53
2.1.4 The Young-Laplace Equation Relates
Pressure Differences Across a Surface to Its
Curvature 57
2.2 Several Techniques Measure Surface Tension 59
2.2.1 Surface Tension Governs the Rise of a Liquid
in a Capillary Tube 59
2.2.2 The Wilhelmy Plate Method Measures the
Change in Weight of a Plate Brought into
Contact with a Liquid 61
2.2.3 The Shapes of Sessile and Pendant Drops
Can Be Used to Determine Surface or
Interfacial Tension 63
viii / CONTENTS
2.2.4 Contact Angles Yield Information on Solid
Surfaces 64
2.3 Capillary Condensation, Ostwald Ripening, and
Nucleation Are Practical Manifestations of
Surface Phenomena 64
2.3.1 Surface Energy Effects Can Cause a Liquid to
Condense on a Surface Prior to Saturation in
the Bulk Phase 64
2.3.2 Surface Free Energies Govern the Growth
of Colloidal Particles 66
2.3.3 Surface Free Energies Oppose the Nucleation
of a New Phase 67
2.3.4 Combining the Kelvin Equation with a
Kinetic Association Model Provides an
Expression for the Rate of Homogeneous
Nucleation 69
2.4 Thermodynamic Equations That Include Surface
Contributions Provide a Fundamental Basis for
Characterizing Behavior of Colloidal Particles 73
2.4.1 The Gibbs Model Provides a Powerful Basis
for Analyzing Surface Phenomena by
Dividing a System into Two Bulk Phases
and an Infinitesimally Thin Dividing
Surface 73
2.4.2 The Gibbs Adsorption Equation Relates
Surface Excess to Surface Tension and the
Chemical Potential of the Solute 74
2.4.3 The Langmuir Equation Describes
Adsorption at Solid Interfaces Where We
Cannot Measure Surface Tension
Directly 77
2.5 Monolayers Are Two-Dimensional Self-Organizing
Systems 78
2.5.1 Monolayers Formed by Soluble Amphiphiles
Can Be Characterized by Surface Tension
Measurements Using the Gibbs Adsorption
Isotherm 78
2.5.2 Monolayers Formed by Insoluble
Amphiphiles Behave as Separate Phases and
Are More Readily Characterized Using the
Langmuir Balance 79
2.6 Ð5 Versus a0 Surface Isotherms for Monolayers
Containing Insoluble Amphiphiles Parallel Ñ
Versus V Isotherms for Bulk Systems 81
2.6.1. The Insoluble Monolayer Displays Several
Aggregation States 81
2.6.2 Fluorescence Microscopy Can Visualize the
Aggregation State of Monolayers
Directly 83
CONTENTS / ix
2.6.3 The Langmuir-Blodgett Technique Provides
a Way to Deposit Monolayers or Multilayers
onto Solid Surfaces 85
2.7 Scanning Tunneling and Atomic Force Microscopies
Permit Imaging of Molecular Structures at Solid
Interfaces 85
3 / Electrostatic Interactions in Colloidal
Systems 99
3.1 Intermolecular Interactions Often Can Be Expressed
Conveniently as the Sum of Five Terms 104
3.2 Multipole Expansion of the Charge Distribution
Provides a Convenient Way to Express Electrostatic
Interactions Between Molecules 105
3.3 When Electrostatic Interactions Are Smaller than
the Thermal Energy, We Can Use Angle-Averaged
Potentials to Evaluate Them and Obtain the
Free Energy 114
3.4 Induced Dipoles Contribute to Electrostatic
Interactions 115
3.5 Separating Ion-Ion Interactions from Contributions
of Dipoles and Higher Multipoles in the Poisson
Equation Simplifies Dealing with Condensed
Phases 118
3.6 The Poisson Equation Containing Solvent-Averaged
Properties Describes the Free Energy of Ion
Solvation 125
3.7 Self Assembly, Ion Adsorption, and Surface
Titration Play an Important Role in Determining
Properties of Charged Interfaces 127
3.8 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation Can be Used to
Calculate the Ion Distribution in Solution 131
3.8.1 The Gouy-Chapman Theory Relates Surface
Charge Density to Surface Potential and
Ion Distribution Outside a Planar
Surface 131
3.8.2 Linearizing the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation
Leads to Exponentially Decaying Potentials
and the Debye-Hückel Theory 136
3.8.3 The Gouy-Chapman Theory Provides Insight
into Ion Distribution near Charged
Surfaces 138
3.9 The Electrostatic Free Energy is Composed of One
Contribution from the Direct Charge-Charge
Interaction and One Due to the Entropy of the
Nonuniform Distribution of Ions in Solution 143
3.9.1 There Are Several Equivalent Expressions for
the Electrostatic Free Energy 143
3.9.2 In the Debye-Hückel Theory the Electrostatic
Contribution to the Chemical Potential of
? / CONTENTS
an Ion is Obtained by a Charging
Process 145
3.9.3 The Electrostatic Free Energy of a Planar
Charged Surface Can Be Calculated in Closed
Form 146
4 / Structure and Properties of Micelles 153
4.1 Micelle Formation is a Cooperative Association
Process 157
4.1.1 Several Models Usefully Describe Micellar
Aggregation 157
4.1.2 Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation
Provide Useful Relationships Between Free
Energies and Surfactant Chemical Potentials
and Explicit Relations for Enthalpy and
Entropy 163
4.2 We Can Measure Critical Micelle Concentrations,
Aggregation Numbers, and Characteristic Lifetimes
by a Number of Methods 165
4.2.1 We Can Determine CMCs by Surface Tension,
Conductance, and Surfactant Ion Electrode
Measurements 165
4.2.2 Micellar Aggregation Numbers Can Be
Measured Most Simply by Light Scattering or
with Fluorescent Probes 170
4.2.3 Kinetic Experiments Provide Valuable Insight
into the Time Scales of Dynamic Processes
in Micellar Solutions 177
4.2.4 Dynamics of Solutes Dissolved in Micelles
Provide a Measure of the Time Scales for
Solubilization Processes 180
4.2.5 Diffusion Plays an Important Role in Virtually
All Micellar Processes 181
4.3 The Properties of Many Micellar Solutions Can Be
Analyzed Quantitatively 183
4.3.1 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation Describes
Head Group Interactions in Ionic
Micelles 185
4.3.2 Variations in the CMC Caused by Electrostatic
Effects Are Well Predicted by the Poisson-
Boltzmann Equation 188
4.3.3 The Contribution of the Solvophobic Free
Energy ÅG[HP) Decreases when Micelles
Form in Nonaqueous Solvents 191
4.3.4 Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellization
Change Much More Rapidly with
Temperature than the Free Energy 191
4.3.5 Unchanged Surfactants Have Much Lower
CMCs than Ionic Ones 193
4.3.6 Micelles Can Grow in Size to Short Rods,
CONTENTS / xi
Long Polymer-Like Threads, and Even
Branched Infinite Aggregates 197
4.4 Micellar Solutions Play a Key Role in Many
Industrial and Biological Processes 198
4.4.1 Commercial Detergents Contain a Mixture of
Surfactants 198
4.4.2 Digestion of Fats Requires Solubilization by
Bile Salt Micelles 202
4.4.3 Solubilization in Micellar Solutions Involves
a Complex Combination of Solution Flow
and Surface Chemical Kinetics 204
4.4.4 Micellar Catalysis Exploits the Large Surface
Areas Associated with Micelles and Also
Illustrates the Graham Equation 210
5 / Forces In Colloidal Systems 217
5.1 Electrostatic Double-Layer Forces Are
Long-Ranged 225
5.1.1 A Repulsive Electrostatic Force Exists
Between a Charged and a Neutral
Surface 225
5.1.2 We Can Solve the Poisson-Boltzmann
Equation when Only Counterions Are Present
Outside the Charged Surface 229
5.1.3 Ion Concentration at the Midplane
Determines the Force Between Two
Identically Charged Surfaces 231
5.1.4 The Bulk Solution Often Provides a Suitable
Reference for the Potential 233
5.1.5 Two Surfaces with Equal Signs but Different
Magnitudes of Charge Always Repel Each
Other 236
5.1.6 As Surfaces Bearing Opposite Signs Move
Closer Together, Long-Range Electrostatic
Attraction Changes to Repulsion 238
5.2 Van der Waals Forces Comprise Quantum
Mechanical Dispersion, Electrostatic Keesom, and
Debye Forces 239
5.2.1 An Attractive Dispersion Force of Quantum
Mechanical Origin Operates Between Any
Two Molecules 239
5.2.2 We Can Calculate the Dispersion Interaction
Between Two Colloidal Particles by Summing
Over the Molecules on a Pairwise Basis 240
5.2.3 The Presence of a Medium Between Two
Interacting Particles Modifies the Magnitude
of the Hamaker Constant 245
5.2.4 The Derjaguin Approximation Relates the
Force Between Curved Surfaces to the
Interaction Energy Between Flat
Surfaces 248
xii / CONTENTS
5.2.5 The Lifshitz Theory Provides a Unified
Description of van der Waals Forces Between
Colloidal Particles 250
5.3 Electrostatic Interactions Generate Attractions by
Correlations 254
5.3.1 Ion Correlations Can Turn the Double-Layer
Interaction Atractive 254
5.3.2 Surface Dipoles Correlate to Yield an
Attraction 256
5.3.3 Domain Correlations Can Generate Long-
Range Forces 258
5.4 Density Variations Can Generate Attractive and
Oscillatory Forces 259
5.4.1 Packing Forces Produce Oscillatory Force
Curves with a Period Determined by Solvent
Size 261
5.4.2 Capillary Phase Separation Yields an
Attractive Force 264
5.4.3 A Non-Adsorbing Solute Creates an Attractive
Depletion Force 269
5.4.4 Adsorption Introduces on Average an
Increased Repulsion 271
5.5 Entropy Effects Are Important for Understanding the
Forces Between Liquidlike Surfaces 275
5.5.1 Reducing Polymer Configurational Freedom
Generates a Repulsive Force 276
5.5.2 Short Range Forces That Encompass a Variety
of Interactions Play Key Roles in Stabilizing
Colloidal Systems 276
5.5.3 Undulation Forces Can Play an Important
Role in the Interaction of Fluid Bilayers 278
5.6 The Thermodynamic Interpretation of the
Hydrophobie Interaction Is Problematic Due to
Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation 279
5.6.1 Understanding the Mysteries of Water 279
5.6.2 Strong Attraction Exists Between
Hydrophobie Surfaces Although Experiments
Have Failed to Establish the Distance-
Dependence of this Force 286
5.7 Hydrodynamic Interactions Can Modulate
Interaction Forces 289
6 / Bilayer Systems 295
6.1 Bilayers Show a Rich Variation with Respect to Local
Chemical Structure and Global Folding 300
6.1.1 Many Amphiphiles Form a Bilayer
Structure 300
6.1.2 Membrane Lipids Exhibit Chemical
Variations on a Common Theme 301
6.1.3 Comparing the Properties of Spherical
Micelles and Bilayers Provides Useful Insight
CONTENTS / xiii
Chain 358
xiv / CONTENTS
into the Many Distinctive Molecular
Properties of Bilayers 303
6.1.4 Pure Amphiphiles Form a Range of Bulk
Bilayer Phases 306
6.1.5 Vesicles Can be Formed by Several
Methods 308
6.2 Complete Characterization of Bilayers Requires a
Variety of Techniques 310
6.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction Uniquely Identifies a
Liquid Crystalline Structure and Its
Dimensions 310
6.2.2 Microscopy Yields Images of Aggregate
Structures 313
6.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Provides a
Picture of Bilayer Structure on the Molecular
Level 315
6.2.4 Calorimetry Monitors Phase Transitions and
Measures Transition Enthalpies 318
6.2.5 We Can Accurately Measure Interbilayer
Forces 320
6.2.6 Measurements of Interbilayer Forces Play a
Key Role in Testing Theories of Surface
Interactions 325
6.3 The Lipid Bilayer Membranes has Three Basic
Functions 327
6.3.1 Diffusional Processes Are Always Operating
in the Living System 328
6.3.2 The Lipid Membrane Is a Solvent for
Membrane Proteins 335
6.3.3 Cell Membranes Fold into a Range of Global
Structures 337
6.4 Transmembrane Transport of Small Solutes Is a
Central Physiological Process 340
6.4.1 Solutes Can Be Transported across the
Membrane by Carriers, in Channels, by
Pumps, or by Endocytosis/Exocytosis 340
6.4.2 The Chemiosmotic Mechanism Involves
Transformations Between Chemical,
Electrical, and Entropie Forms of Free Energy
Through Transmembrane Transport
Processes 343
6.4.3 Propagation of a Nerve Signal Involves a
Series of Transmembrane Transport
Processes 346
7 / Polymers in Colloidal Systems 351
7.1 Polymers in Solution 355
7.1.1 Chain Configurational Entropy and
Monomer-Monomer Interactions Determine
the Configuration of a Single Polymer
7.1.2 Persistence Length Describes the Stiffness of a
Polymer Chain 360
7.1.3 When Polymers Dissolve into a Solvent Many
More Coil Configurations Become
Accessible 362
7.1.4 Charged Polymer Chains Display a More
Extended Conformation 363
7.1.5 Protein Folding Is the Result of a Delicate
Balance Between Hydrophobie and
Hydrophilic Interactions and Configurational
Entropy 365
7.1.6 Scattering Techniques Provide Information
about Molecular Weight and Chain
Conformation 366
7.1.7 Polymer Self-Diffusion and Solution
Viscosity Reflect the Dynamic and Structural
Properties of a Polymer Coil 370
7.2 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of
Polymer Solution Change Dramatically with
Concentration 372
7.2.1 Different Concentration Regimes Must Be
Distinguished to Describe a Polymer
Solution 372
7.2.2 The Semidilute Regime is Well Described by
the Flory-Huggins Theory 375
7.2.3 In a Semidilute or Concentrated Solution,
Polymer Diffusion Can Occur Through
Reptation 376
7.2 A Polymer Solutions Show a Wide Range of
Rheological Properties 379
7.3 Polymers May Associate to Form a Variety of
Structures 382
7.3.1 Block Copolymers Show the Same Self-
Assembly Properties as Surfactants 382
7.3.2 Polymers with Amphiphilic Monomer Units
Often Form Ordered Helix Structures 383
7.3.3 Polymers Form Gels Through Chemical
Crosslinking and by Self-Association 386
7.3.4 Polymers Facilitate the Self-Assembly of
Amphiphiles 387
7A Polymers at Surfaces Play an Important Role in
Colloidal Systems 390
7ÁË Polymers Can Be Attached to a Surface by
Spontaneous Adsorption or by Grafting 390
7.4.2 Kinetics Often Determines the Outcome of a
Polymer Adsorption Process 393
7.4.3 Forces Between Surfaces Change Drastically
when Polymers Adsorb 393
CONTENTS / xv
7.4.4 Polyelectrolytes Can Be Used Both To
Flocculate and to Stabilize Colloidal
Dispersions 394
8 / Colloidal Stability 401
8.1 Colloidal Stability Involves Both Kinetic and
Thermodynamic Considerations 406
8.1.1 The Interaction Potential Between Particles
Determines Kinetic Behavior 406
8.1.2 Particles Deformed upon Aggregation Change
the Effective Interaction Potential 408
8.2 The DLVO Theory Provides Our Basic Framework
for Thinking About Colloidal Interactions 409
8.2.1 Competition Between Attractive van der
Waals and Repulsive Double-Layer Forces
Determines the Stability or Instability of
Many Colloidal Systems 409
8.2.2 The Critical Coagulation Concentration Is
Sensitive to Counterion Valency 412
8.2.3 A Colloidal Suspension Can Be Stabilized by
Adsorbing Surfactants or Polymers 415
8.3 Kinetics of Aggregation Allow Us To Predict How
Fast Colloidal Systems Will Coagulate 417
8.3.1 We Can Determine the Binary Rate Constant
for Rapid Aggregation from the Diffusional
Motion 417
8.3.2 We Can Calculate Complete Aggregation
Kinetics if We Assume That Rate Constants
Are Practically Independent of Particle
Size 420
8.3.3 Kinetics of Slow Flocculation Depends
Critically on Barrier Height 424
8.3.4 Aggregates of Colloidal Partices Can Show
Fractal Properties 426
8.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena Are Used to Determine
Zeta Potentials of Charged Surfaces and
Particles 428
8.4.1 We Can Relate the Electrophoretic Velocity of
a Colloidal Particle to the Electrical Potential
at the Slip Plane 429
8.4.2 We Can Determine the Zeta Potential for a
Surface by Measuring the Streaming
Potential 434
8.4.3 Electro-osmosis Provides Another Way to
Measure the Zeta-Potential 436
9 / Colloidal Sols 443
9.1 Colloidal Sols Formed by Dispersion or
Condensation Processes Usually Are
Heterogeneous 448
xvi I CONTENTS
9.1.1 Controlling Nucleation and Growth Steps Can
Produce Monodisperse Sols 449
9.2 The Concentration of Silver and Iodide Ions
Determines the Surface Potential of Silver Iodide
Sols 452
9.2.1 Potential-Determining Ions Play an Important
Role in Controlling Stability 455
9.3 Clays Are Colloidal Sols Whose Surface Charge
Density Reflects the Chemistry of Their Crystal
Structure 457
9.3.1 Directly Measurable Interaction Forces
Between Two Mica Surfaces Provide Insight
into the Complexities of Colloidal
Systems 460
9.3.2 Coagulated Structures Complicate the
Colloidal Stability of Clay Sols 463
9.4 Monodisperse Latex Spheres Can Model Various
States of Matter as Well as the Phase
Transformations Between Them 465
9.4.1 Long-Range Electrostatic Repulsions
Dominate the Solution Behavior of Ionic
Latex Spheres 466
9.4.2 Sterically Stabilized Latex Spheres Show
Only Short-Range Interactions and Form
Structured Solutions Only at Higher
Concentrations 470
9.5 Homocoagulation and Heterocoagulation Occur
Simultaneously in Many Colloidal Systems 473
9.6 Aerosols Involve Particles in the Gas Phase 479
9.6.1 Some Aerosols Occur Naturally, But Many
Others Are Produced in Technical
Processes 479
9.6.2 Aerosol Properties Differ Quantitatively from
Those of Other Colloidal Dispersions in
Three Respects 480
9.6.3 Aerosol Particles Interact by van der Waals
Forces as Well as Electrostatically and
Hydrodynamically 481
9.6.4 Aerosol Particles Possess Three Motion
Regimes 483
10 / Phase Equilibra, Phase Diagrams, and
Their Application 489
10.1 Phase Diagrams Depicting Colloidal Systems Are
Generally Richer Than Those for Molecular
Systems 493
10.1.1 Several Uncommon Aggregation States
Appear in Colloidal Systems 493
10.1.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule Guides the
Thermodynamic Description of Phase
Equilibria 498
CONTENTS / XVÜ
10.1.3 In a Multicomponent System with Two
Phases in Equilibrium, the Chemical
Potential of Each Component Is the Same
in Both Phases 499
10.1.4 Phase Diagrams Conveniently Represent
Phase Equilibria 501
10.1.5 Determining Phase Equilibria Is a
Demanding Task 503
10.2 Examples Illustrate the Importance of Phase
Equilibria for Colloidal Systems 505
10.2.1 Purely Repulsive Interactions Can Promote
the Formation of Ordered Phases 507
10.2.2 Ionic Surfactants Self-Assemble into a
Multiplicity of Isotropie and Liquid
Crystalline Phases 507
10.2.3 Temperature Changes Dramatically Affect
Phase Equilibria for Nonionic
Surfactants 509
10.2.4 Block Copolymers Exhibit as Rich a Phase
Behavior as Surfactants 520
10.2.5 Monomolecular Films Show a Rich Phase
Behavior 512
10.3 We Obtain an Understanding of the Factors That
Determine Phase Equilibria by Calculating Phase
Diagrams 514
10.3.1 The Regular Solution Model Illustrates
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation 514
10.3.2 Liquid State Miscibility and Solid State
Demixing Lead to a Characteristic Phase
Diagram 517
10.3.3 Two Lipids that Exhibit Different Melting
Points but Ideal Mixing in Both the Gel
and Liquid Crystalline Phases Produce a
Simple Phase Diagram 520
10.3.4 The Presence of an Impurity Broadens a
Phase Transtion by Introducing a Two-
Phase Area 522
10.3.5 The Short Range Stabilizing Force
Influences the Equilibrium Between Liquid
Crystalline and Gel Phases in Lecithin-
Water Systems 524
10.3.6 The Isotropie to Nematic Transition can be
Caused by an Orientation Dependent
Excluded Volume 526
10.4 Continuous Phase Transitions Can Be Described by
Critical Exponents 531
10.4.1 Phase Changes Can Be Continuous 531
10.4.2 Continuous Transitions Are Characterized
by the Values of Critical Exponents 532
10.4.3 We Can Use the Regular Solution Theory to
xviii / CONTENTS
Illustrate the Ising Model and to Calculate
Mean Field Critical Exponents 534
10.4.4 Nonionic Surfactants Show a Critical
Demixing When the Temperature
Increases 535
10.4.5 The Term Continuous Phase Transition
Sometimes Characterizes Less Weil-
Defined Phase Changes 536
11 / Micro- and Macroemulsions 539
11.1 Surfactant Form a Semiflexible Elastic Film at
Interfaces 544
11.1.1 We Can Characterize the Elastic Properties
of a Film Through Five Phenomenological
Constants 544
11.1.2 With Some Effort We Can Measure Elastic
Constants 548
11.2 Microemulsions Are Thermodynamically Stable
Isotropie Solutions That Display a Range of Self-
Assembly Structures 550
11.2.1 Microemulsions Can Contain Spherical
Drops or Bicontinuous Structures 550
11.2.2 Temperature Controls the Structure and
Stability of Nonionic Surfactant
Microemulsions 553
11.2.3 We Often Need Electrolytes to Obtain
Microemulsions for Ionic Surfactants 559
11.2.4 DDAB Double-Chain Surfactants Show
Bicontinuous Inverted Structures 561
11.3 Macroemulsions Consist of Drops of One Liquid in
Another 568
11.3.1 Forming Macroemulsions Usually Requires
Mechanical or Chemical Energy 568
11.3.2 Turbulent Flow during the Mixing Process
Governs Droplet Size 571
11.3.3 A Chemical Nonequilibrium State Can
Induce Emulsification 573
11.3.4 A Number of Different Mechanisms Affect
the Evolution of an Emulsion 575
11.3.5 To Stabilize an Emulsion, the Dispersed
Phase in Different Drops Should Be
Prevented from Reaching Molecular
Contact 577
11.3.6 Emulsion Structure and Stability Depend
on the Properties of the Surfactant
Film 580
11.3.7 We Can Catalyze Coalescence by Changing
the Spontaneous Curvature and by
Inducing Depletion Attraction 588
11.4 Foams Consist of Gas Bubbles Dispersed in a Liquid
or Solid Medium 590
CONTENTS / xix
11.4.1 A Surface Film Develops on Bubbles as
They Rise 591
11.4.2 Concentrated Foams Consist of Polyhedral
Gas Compartments Packed in an Intriguing
Way 593
11.4.3 Foams Disintegrate by Ostwald Ripening
and Film Rupture 594
11.4.4 Macroscopic Liquid Films Stabilized by
Surfactants Can Be Used to Study Surface
Forces and Film Stability 595
12 / Epilogue 601
12.1 Colloid Science has Changed from a Reductionistic
to a Holistic Perspective During this Century 602
12.2 Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, and
Thermodynamics Provide the Conceptual Basis for
Describing the Equilibrium Properties of the
Colloidal Domain 604
12.3 Intramolecular, Intermolecular, and Surface Forces
Determine the Equilibrium Properties and
Structure of Colloidal Systems 606
12.4 Crucial Interplay Between the Organizing Energy
and the Randomizing Entropy Governs the
Colloidal World 608
12.5 The Dynamic Properties of a Colloidal System Arise
from a Combination of the Thermal Brownian
Motion of the Individual Particles and the
Collective Motion of the Media 611 ;
Index 613
xx / CONTENTS |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Evans, Douglas Fennell Wennerström, Håkan |
| author_facet | Evans, Douglas Fennell Wennerström, Håkan |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Evans, Douglas Fennell |
| author_variant | d f e df dfe h w hw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012697860 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD549 |
| callnumber-raw | QD549 |
| callnumber-search | QD549 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 3549 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | VE 8000 |
| classification_tum | CHE 180f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)245814194 (DE-599)BVBBV012697860 |
| dewey-full | 541.345 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 541 - Physical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 541.345 |
| dewey-search | 541.345 |
| dewey-sort | 3541.345 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Chemie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV012697860 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-11T13:02:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780471242475 0471242470 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008629682 |
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| physical | XL, 632 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
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| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Advances in interfacial engineering series |
| spelling | Evans, Douglas Fennell Verfasser aut The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström 2. ed. New York, NY u.a. Wiley-VCH 1999 XL, 632 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in interfacial engineering series Kolloid Kolloidphysik (DE-588)4713763-0 gnd rswk-swf Kolloidchemie (DE-588)4134420-0 gnd rswk-swf Grenzflächenchemie (DE-588)4246080-3 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd rswk-swf Kolloid (DE-588)4164695-2 gnd rswk-swf Kolloid (DE-588)4164695-2 s DE-604 Kolloidphysik (DE-588)4713763-0 s Kolloidchemie (DE-588)4134420-0 s Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 s 1\p DE-604 Grenzflächenchemie (DE-588)4246080-3 s 2\p DE-604 Wennerström, Håkan Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008629682&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Evans, Douglas Fennell Wennerström, Håkan The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet Kolloid Kolloidphysik (DE-588)4713763-0 gnd Kolloidchemie (DE-588)4134420-0 gnd Grenzflächenchemie (DE-588)4246080-3 gnd Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd Kolloid (DE-588)4164695-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4713763-0 (DE-588)4134420-0 (DE-588)4246080-3 (DE-588)4126166-5 (DE-588)4164695-2 |
| title | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet |
| title_auth | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet |
| title_exact_search | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet |
| title_full | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström |
| title_fullStr | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström |
| title_full_unstemmed | The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet D. Fennell Evans and Håkan Wennerström |
| title_short | The colloidal domain |
| title_sort | the colloidal domain where physics chemistry biology and technology meet |
| title_sub | where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet |
| topic | Kolloid Kolloidphysik (DE-588)4713763-0 gnd Kolloidchemie (DE-588)4134420-0 gnd Grenzflächenchemie (DE-588)4246080-3 gnd Oberflächenchemie (DE-588)4126166-5 gnd Kolloid (DE-588)4164695-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kolloid Kolloidphysik Kolloidchemie Grenzflächenchemie Oberflächenchemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008629682&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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