Medical statistics: a commonsense approach
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
1999
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 4. Aufl. u.d.T.: Machin, David: Medical statistics |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 203 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471987212 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 650 | 4 | |a Medical statistics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Medicine |x Research |x Statistical methods | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804127344774873088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface
Preface to the Second Edition xi
Preface to the First Edition viii
Chapter 1 Uses and Abuses of Medical Statistics 1
Summary j
1.1 Introduction j
1.2 Why use statistics? 2
1.3 Statistics is about common sense and good design 2
1.4 How a statistician can help 3
1.5 Further reading 5
Chapter 2 Design 7
Summary 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Defining the objectives 7
2.3 Types of study g
2.4 The randomised clinical trial 9
2.5 Non randomised studies 13
2.6 Cohort studies 15
2.7 Case control studies lg
2.8 Cross sectional surveys 22
2.9 Reference ranges 23
2.10 Method comparison studies 24
2.11 Studies of diagnostic tests 24
2.12 Other designs 25
2.13 Questionnaire and form design 27
2.14 Methods of randomisation 31
2.15 Points when reading the literature 34
2.16 Exercise 34
Chapter 3 Probability and Decision Making 35
Summary 3g
3.1 Types of probability 35
3.2 Diagnostic tests 37
3.3 Bayes theorem 39
vi CONTENTS
3.4 Relative (receiver) operating characteristics 43
3.5 Points when reading the literature about a diagnostic test 47
Chapter 4 Data Description 49
Summary 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Data presentation 49
4.3 Types of data 50
4.4 Displaying continuous data 52
4.5 Displaying categorical data 58
4.6 Summarising continuous data 58
4.7 Summarising categorical data 62
4.8 Within subject variability 63
4.9 Presentation 65
4.10 Points when reading the literature 66
Chapter 5 From Sample to Population 67
Summary 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 The Normal distribution 68
5.3 The standard error 70
5.4 Confidence intervals 71
5.5 The binomial distribution 71
5.6 The Poisson distribution 74
5.7 Points when reading the literature 75
Chapter 6 Statistical Inference 77
Summary 77
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 The null hypothesis 77
6.3 The /rvalue 80
6.4 Statistical inference 81
6.5 Small samples of continuous data 82
6.6 The x2 test 85
6.7 Paired comparisons in contingency tables 88
6.8 When is large large enough? 89
6.9 Statistical power 89
6.10 Non Normal distributions 90
6.11 Degrees of freedom 91
6.12 Confidence intervals rather than p values 92
6.13 One sided and two sided tests 92
6.14 Points when reading the literature 92
Chapter 7 Correlation and Linear Regression 94
Summary 94
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Correlation 95 ;
i ¦
f
CONTENTS vii
7.3 Regression 99
7.4 Comparison of assumptions between correlation and regression 105
7.5 Multiple regression 106
7.6 Logistic regression 109
7.7 Correlation is not causation 113
7.8 Points when reading the literature 114
Chapter 8 The Randomised Controlled Trial 115
Summary 115
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 Design features 115
8.3 The protocol 117
8.4 Study size 119
8.5 One sided comparisons 121
8.6 Survival comparisons 122
8.7 Interim analysis and sequential trials 123
8.8 Ethical considerations 124
8.9 Checklists for the design, analysis and reporting of trials 124
8.10 Points when reading the literature 126
Chapter 9 Designed Observational Studies 127
Summary 127
9.1 Introduction 127
9.2 Rates 128
9.3 Cohort study 128
9.4 Case control study 131
9.5 Standardisation 134
9.6 Association and causality 136
9.7 Points when reading the literature 136
Chapter 10 Common Pitfalls in Medical Statistics 138
Summary 138
10.1 Introduction 138
10.2 Using the r test 138
10.3 Comparison of methods 139
10.4 Plotting change against initial value 141
10.5 Repeated measures 143
10.6 Clinical and statistical significance 147
10.7 Exploratory data analysis 147
10.8 Points when reading the literature 148
Appendix I Techniques 150
Al Notation and hints on calculation 150
A2 Calculation of median and interquartile range 151
A3 Calculation of mean and standard deviation 152
A4 Two sample z test 153
A5 Two sample f test 154
viii CONTENTS
A6 Paired / test 154
A7 Chi squared test (x2) in 2 x 2 tables 155
A8 Fisher s exact test for a 2 x 2 table 157
A9 rxc tables 158
A10 McNemar s test 160
All Non parametric tests 163
A12 Correlation coefficient 165
A13 Linear regression 166
A14 Confidence interval for an odds ratio (OR) from an unmatched
case control study 167
A15 Calculation and confidence interval of an SMR 168
A16 Sample size calculations 169
A17 Normal probability plots 171
A18 The Kaplan Meier survival curve and the logrank test 172
A19 Cronbach s alpha 174
A20 Cohen s kappa 175
Appendix II Multiple Choice Questions 176
Answers 183
References 186
Statistical Tables 192
Tl The Normal distribution function 192
T2 Student s / distribution function 193
T3 The x2 distribution function 194
T4 Random numbers 195
T5 Normal ordinates for cumulative probabilities 196
Index 197
|
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| discipline | Medizin |
| edition | 3. ed. |
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| spelling | Campbell, Michael J. 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)172014808 aut Medical statistics a commonsense approach Michael J. Campbell and David Machin 3. ed. Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 1999 XIV, 203 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 4. Aufl. u.d.T.: Machin, David: Medical statistics Geneeskunde gtt MEDICINA larpcal Statistieken gtt Medizin Biometry methods Medical statistics Medicine Research Statistical methods Research Design Statistics as Topic Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 gnd rswk-swf ESTATÍSTICA APLICADA larpcal (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 s DE-604 Machin, David 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)133115364 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008620245&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Campbell, Michael J. 1950- Machin, David 1939- Medical statistics a commonsense approach Geneeskunde gtt MEDICINA larpcal Statistieken gtt Medizin Biometry methods Medical statistics Medicine Research Statistical methods Research Design Statistics as Topic Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 gnd |
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| title | Medical statistics a commonsense approach |
| title_auth | Medical statistics a commonsense approach |
| title_exact_search | Medical statistics a commonsense approach |
| title_full | Medical statistics a commonsense approach Michael J. Campbell and David Machin |
| title_fullStr | Medical statistics a commonsense approach Michael J. Campbell and David Machin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Medical statistics a commonsense approach Michael J. Campbell and David Machin |
| title_short | Medical statistics |
| title_sort | medical statistics a commonsense approach |
| title_sub | a commonsense approach |
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