Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Geneva
World Health Organization
1998
|
| Series: | Environmental health criteria
202 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 883 S. |
| ISBN: | 9241572027 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS xiii
PREAMBLE xv
WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA
FOR SELECTED NON HETEROCYCLIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS xx
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR SELECTED NON
HETEROCYCLIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS xxii
1. SUMMARY 1
1.1 Selection of compounds for this monograph 1
1.2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, and analytical
methods 1
1.3 Sources of human and environmental exposure 4
1.4 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 6
1.5 Environmental levels and human exposure 7
1.5.1 Air 7
1.5.2 Surface water and precipitation 8
1.5.3 Sediment 8
1.5.4 Soil 8
1.5.5 Food 8
1.5.6 Aquatic organisms 8
1.5.7 Terrestrial organisms 9
1.5.8 General population 9
1.5.9 Occupational exposure 9
1.6 Kinetics and metabolism 10
1.7 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro 10
1.8 Effects on humans 12
1.9 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and the field 15
2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND
ANALYTICAL METHODS 17
2.1 Identity 17
2.1.1 Technical products 17
2.2 Physical and chemical properties 21
2.3 Conversion factors 27
2.4 Analytical methods 27
2.4.1 Sampling 27
2.4.1.1 Ambient air 27
2.4.1.2 Workplace air 36
Hi
2.4.1.3 Combustion effluents 37
2.4.1.4 Water 38
2.4.1.5 Solid samples 38
2.4.2 Preparation 38
2.4.3 Analysis 40
2.4.3.1 Gas chromatography 40
2.4.3.2 High performance liquid chromatography .. 41
2.4.3.3 Thin layer chromatography 42
2.4.3.4 Other techniques 43
2.4.4 Choice of PAH to be quantified 43
3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 47
3.1 Natural occurrence 47
3.2 Anthropogenic sources 48
3.2.1 PAH in coal and petroleum products 48
3.2.2 Production levels and processes 50
3.2.3 Uses of individual PAH 51
3.2.4 Emissions during production and processing of PAH . 52
3.2.4.1 Emissions to the atmosphere 52
3.2.4.2 Emissions to the hydrosphere 52
3.2.5 Emissions during use of individual PAH 52
3.2.6 Emissions of PAH during processing and use
of coal and petroleum products 53
3.2.6.1 Emissions to the atmosphere 53
3.2.6.2 Emissions to the hydrosphere 57
3.2.6.3 Emissions to the geosphere 62
3.2.6.4 Emissions to the biosphere 63
3.2.7 Emissions of PAH caused by incomplete combustion 63
3.2.7.1 Industrial point sources 63
3.2.7.2 Other diffuse sources 75
4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION,
AND TRANSFORMATION 97
4.1 Transport and distribution between media 97
4.1.1 Physicochemical parameters that dtermine
environmental transport and distribution 98
4.1.2 Distribution and transport in the gaseous phase 98
4.1.3 Volatilization 103
4.1.4 Adsorption onto soils and sediments 103
4.1.5 Bioaccumulation 103
4.1.5.1 Aquatic organisms 106
4.1.5.2 Terrestrial organisms 124
4.1.6 Biomagnification 124
iv
4.2 Transformation 126
4.2.1 Biotic transformation 126
4.2.1.1 Biodegradation 126
4.2.1.2 Biotransformation 150
4.2.2 Abiotic degradation 154
4.2.2.1 Photodegradation in the environment 159
4.2.2.2 Hydrolysis 174
4.2.3 Ultimate fate after use 174
5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 175
5.1 Environmental levels 176
5.1.1 Atmosphere 176
5.1.1.1 Source identification 176
5.1.1.2 Background and rural levels 179
5.1.1.3 Industrial sources 179
5.1.1.4 Diffuse sources 184
5.1.2 Hydrosphere 197
5.1.2.1 Surface and coastal waters 198
5.1.2.2 Groundwater 203
5.1.2.3 Drinking water and water supplies 205
5.1.2.4 Precipitation 208
5.1.3 Sediment 211
5.1.3.1 River sediment 212
5.1.3.2 Lake sediment 215
5.1.3.3 Marine sediment 216
5.1.3.4 Estuarine sediment 219
5.1.3.5 Harbour sediment 222
5.1.3.6 Time trends of PAH in sediment 222
5.1.4 Soil 225
5.1.4.1 Background values 225
5.1.4.2 Industrial sources 225
5.1.4.3 Diffuse sources 226
5.1.4.4 Time trends of PAH in soil 231
5.1.5 Food 232
5.1.5.1 Meat and meat products 232
5.1.5.2 Fish and marine foods 235
5.1.5.3 Dairy products: cheese, butter, cream
milk, and related products 235
5.1.5.4 Vegetables 236
5.1.5.5 Fruits and confectionery 239
5.1.5.6 Cereals and dried food products 239
5.1.5.7 Beverages 240
5.1.5.8 Vegetable and animal fats and oils 240
5.1.6 Biota 249
V
5.1.7 Animals 250
5.1.7.1 Aquatic organisms 250
5.1.7.2 Terrestrial organisms 263
5.2 Exposure of the general population 267
5.2.1 Indoor air 267
5.2.2 Food 273
5.2.3 Other sources 276
5.2.4 Intake of PAH by inhalation 276
5.2.5 Intake of PAH from food and drinking water 276
5.3 Occupational exposure 277
5.3.1 Occupational exposure during processing and use
of coal and petroleum products 281
5.3.1.1 Coal coking 281
5.3.1.2 Coal gasification and coal liquefaction 282
5.3.1.3 Pteroleum refining 282
5.3.1.4 Road paving 285
5.3.1.5 Roofing 286
5.3.1.6 Impregnation of wood with creosotes 289
5.3.1.7 Other exposures 289
5.3.2 Occupational exposure resulting from incomplete
combustion of mineral oil, coal, and their products .... 290
5.3.2.1 Aluminium production 290
5.3.2.2 Foundries 291
5.3.2.3 Other workplaces 291
6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY MAMMALS
AND HUMANS 295
6.1 Absorption 295
6.1.1 Absorption by inhalation 296
6.1.2 Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract 297
6.1.3 Absorption through the skin 298
6.2 Distribution 299
6.3 Metabolic transformation 300
6.3.1 Cytochromes P450 and PAH metabolism 302
6.3.1.1 Individual cytochrome P450 enzymes
that metabolize PAH 302
6.3.1.2 Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes
that metabolize PAH 304
6.3.2 Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene 305
6.4 Elimination and excretion 312
6.5 Retention and turnover 314
6.5.1 Human body burdens of PAH 314
6.6 Reactions with tissue components 315
6.6.1 Reactions with proteins 315
6.6.2 Reactions with nucleic acids 316
6.7 Analytical methods 316 *
W
7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO 325
7.1 Toxicity after a single exposure 325
7.1.1 Benzo[u]pyrene 325
7.1.2 Chrysene 329
7.1.3 Dibenz[fl,fr]anthracene 329
7.1.4 Fluoranthene 329
7.1.5 Naphthalene 329
7.1.6 Phenanthrene 330
7.1.7 Pyrene 330
7.2 Short term toxicity 330
7.2.1 Subacute toxicity 330
7.2.1.1 Acenaphthene 330
7.2.1.2 Acenaphthylene 330
7.2.1.3 Anthracene 330
7.2.1.4 Benzo[fl]pyrene 330
7.2.1.5 Benz[a]anthracene 333
7.2.1.6 Dibenz[fl,/i]anthracene 333
7.2.1.7 Fluoranthene 333
7.2.1.8 Naphthalene 333
7.2.1.9 Phenanthrene 334
7.2.1.10 Pyrene 334
7.2.2 Subchronic toxicity 334
7.2.2.1 Acenaphthene 334
7.2.2.2 Anthracene 334
7.2.2.3 Benzo[fl]pyrene 336
7.2.2.4 Fluorene 336
7.2.2.5 Fluoranthene 336
7.2.2.6 Naphthalene 337
7.2.2.7 Pyrene 337
7.3 Long term toxicity 338
7.3.1 Anthracene 338
7.3.2 Benz[a]anthracene 338
7.3.3 Dibenzfofcjanthracene 339
7.4 Dermal and ocular irritation and dermal sensitization 339
7.4.1 Anthracene 339
7.4.2 Benzo[a]pyrene 339
7.4.3 Naphthalene 340
7.4.4 Phenanthrene 340
7.5 Reproductive effects, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity 340
7.5.1 Benzo[a]pyrene 340
7.5.1.1 Teratogenicity in mice of different
genotypes 340
7.5.1.2 Reproductive toxicity 341
7.5.1.3 Effects on postnatal development 346
7.5.1.4 Immunological effects in pregnant
rats and mice 346
vii
7.5.2 Naphthalene 346
7.5.2.1 Embryotoxicity 346
7.5.2.2 Toxicity in cultured embryos 351
7.6 Mutagenicity and related end points 351
7.7 Carcinogenicity 352
7.7.1 Single substances 476
7.7.1.1 Benzo[fl]pyrene 476
7.7.1.2 Benzo[e]pyrene 477
7.7.2 Comparative studies 477
7.7.2.1 Carcinogenicity 478
7.7.2.2 Further evidence 481
7.7.3 PAH in complex mixtures 482
7.7.4 Transplacental carcinogenicity 483
7.7.4.1 Benzo[fl]pyrene 483
7.7.4.2 Pyrene 484
7.8 Special studies 484
7.8.1 Phototoxicity 484
7.8.1.1 Anthracene 484
7.8.1.2 Benzo[a]pyrene 485
7.8.1.3 Pyrene 485
7.8.1.4 Comparisons of individual PAH 485
7.8.2 Immunotoxicity 485
7.8.2.1 Benzo[a]pyrene 485
7.8.2.2 Dibenz[a,/i]anthracene 488
7.8.2.3 Fluoranthene 488
7.8.2.4 Naphthalene 488
7.8.2.5 Comparisons of individual PAH 489
7.8.2.6 Exposure in utero 489
7.8.2.7 Mechanisms of the immunotoxicity
of PAH 490
7.8.3 Hepatotoxicity 491
7.8.3.1 Benzo[a]pyrene 491
7.8.3.2 Comparisons of individual PAH 491
7.8.4 Renal toxicity 491
7.8.5 Ocular toxicity of naphthalene 492
7.8.6 Percutaneous absorption 492
7.8.7 Other studies 493
7.8.7.1 Benzo[fc]fluoranthene 493
7.8.7.2 Benzo[o]pyrene 493
7.8.7.3 Phenanthrene 494
7.8.7.4 Comparisons of individual PAH 494
7.9 Toxicity of metabolites 495
7.9.1 Benzo[a]pyrene 495
7.9.2 5 Methylchrysene 503
7.9.3 1 Methylphenanthrene 503
via
7.10 Mechanisms of carcinogenicity 503
7.10.1 History 503
7.10.2 Current theories 503
7.10.3 Theories under discussion 506
7.10.3.1 Acenaphthene and acenaphthylene 507
7.10.3.2 Anthracene 507
7.10.3.3 Benzo[fl]pyrene 507
7.10.3.4 Benz[«]anthracene 509
7.10.3.5 Benzo[c]phenanthrene 509
7.10.3.6 Chrysene 509
7.10.3.7 Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene 510
7.10.3.8 Fluorene 510
7.10.3.9 Indeno[l,2,3 of]pyrene 510
7.10.3.10 5 Methylchrysene 511
7.10.3.11 1 Methylphenanthrene 512
7.10.3.12 Naphthalene 513
7.10.3.13 Phenanthrene 513
7.10.3.14 Investigations of groups of PAH 513
8. EFFECTS ON HUMANS 515
8.1 Exposure of the general population 515
8.1.1 Naphthalene 515
8.1.1.1 Poisoning incidents 516
8.1.1.2 Controlled studies 517
8.1.2 Mixtures of PAH 517
8.1.2.1 PAH in unvented coal combustion
in homes 517
8.1.2.2 PAH in cigarette smoke 518
8.1.2.3 PAH in coal tar shampoo 518
8.2 Occupational exposure 519
8.3 Biomarkers of exposure to PAH 541
8.3.1 Urinary metabolites in general 541
8.3.2 1 Hydroxypyrene 542
8.3.2.1 Method of determination 542
8.3.2.2 Concentrations 543
8.3.2.3 Time course of elimination 560
8.3.2.4 Suitability as a biomarker 561
8.3.3 Mutagenicity in urine 562
8.3.4 Genotoxicity in lymphocytes 562
8.3.5 DNA adducts 563
8.3.5.1 Method of determination 563
8.3.5.2 Concentrations 564
8.3.5.3 Suitability as a biomarker 570
8.3.6 Antibodies to DNA adducts 571
8.3.7 Protein adducts 571
8.3.8 Activity of cytochrome P450 571
ix
8.3.9 Cell surface differentiation antigens in lung cancer .... 572
8.3.10 Oncogene proteins 572
9. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY
AND THE FIELD 573
9.1 Laboratory experiments 574
9.1.1 Microorganisms 574
9.1.1.1 Water 574
9.1.1.2 Soil 582
9.1.2 Aquatic organisms 582
9.1.2.1 Plants 582
9.1.2.2 Invertebrates 582
9.1.2.3 Vertebrates 602
9.1.2.4 Sediment dwelling organisms 618
9.1.2.5 Toxicity of combinations of PAH 619
9.1.3 Terrestrial organisms 620
9.1.3.1 Plants 620
9.1.3.2 Invertebrates 620
9.1.3.3 Vertebrates 621
9.2 Field observations 621
9.2.1 Microorganisms 621
9.2.1.1 Water 621
9.2.1.2 Soil 621
9.2.2 Aquatic organisms 622
9.2.2.1 Plants 622
9.2.2.2 Invertebrates 622
9.2.2.3 Vertebrates 622
9.2.3 Terrestrial organisms 623
9.2.3.1 Plants 623
9.2.3.2 Invertebrates 623
9.2.3.3 Vertebrates 623
10 EVALUATION OF RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND EFFECTS
ON THE ENVIRONMENT 625
10.1 Human health 625
10.1.1 Exposure 625
10.1.1.1 General population 625
10.1.1.2 Occupational exposure 628
10.1..2 Toxic effects 628
10.1.2.1 Bioavailability 628
10.1.2.2 Acute toxicity 628
10.1.2.3 Irritation and allergic sensitization 629
10.1.2.4 Medium term toxicity 629
10.1.2.5 Carcinogenicity 630
10.1.2.6 Reproductive toxicity 632
10.1.2.7 Immunotoxicity 632
10.1.2.8 Genotoxicity 633
x
10.2 Environment 633
10.2.1 Environmental levels and fate 633
10.2.2 Ecotoxic effects 634
10.2.2.1 Terrestrial organisms 634
10.2.2.2 Aquatic organisms 634
11 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN
HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 637
11.1 General recommendations 637
11.2 Protection of human health 637
11.3 Recommendations for further research 638
11.3.1 General 638
11.3.2 Protection of human health 638
11.3.3 Environmental protection 638
11.3.4 Risk assessment 638
12 PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES 641
12.1 International Agency for Research on Cancer 641
12.2 WHO Water Quality Guidelines 641
12.3 FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives 641
12.4 WHO Regional Office for Europe Air Quality Guidelines 643
APPENDIX I. SOME APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT FOR
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 645
I.I Introduction 645
1.2 Approaches to risk assessment 647
1.2.1 Toxicity equivalence factors and related approaches 647
1.2.1.1 Principle 648
1.2.1.2 Development and validation 649
1.2.1.2.1 Derivation of the potency of
benzo[fl]pyrene 649
12.1.2.2 Derivation of the relative potency of PAH
other than benzo[a]pyrene 651
1.2.1.3 Application 659
1.2.2 Comparative potency approach 661
1.2.2.1 Principle 661
1.2.2.2 Development and validation 661
1.2.2.3 Key implicit and explicit assumptions 662
1.2.2.4 Application 662
1.2.3 Benzo[a]pyrene as a surrogate for the PAH fraction
of complex mixtures 662
1.2.3.1 Principle 662
1.2.3.2 Development and validation 664
1.2.3.3 PAH profiles of complex mixtures 665
1.2.3.4 Potency of complex mixtures 670
xi
1.23.5 Key implicit and explicit assumptions 670
1.2.3.6 Application 671
1.3 Comparison of the three procedures 672
1.3.1 Individual PAH approach 672
1.3.2 Comparative potency approach 672
1.3.3 Benzo[a]pyrene surrogate approach 676
APPENDIX II; SOME LIMIT VALUES 677
11.1 Exposure of the consumer 677
11.2 Occupational exposure 677
11.3 Classification 677
11.3.1 European Union 677
11.3.2 USA 685
REFERENCES 687
RESUME 841
RESUMEN 863
xii
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| id | DE-604.BV012637347 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:31:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9241572027 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008585862 |
| oclc_num | 231782604 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Er8 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Er8 |
| physical | XXII, 883 S. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | World Health Organization |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Environmental health criteria |
| series2 | Environmental health criteria |
| spelling | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the coordination of R. F. Hertel ... Geneva World Health Organization 1998 XXII, 883 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental health criteria 202 Polycyclische Aromaten (DE-588)4175141-3 gnd rswk-swf Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf Polycyclische Aromaten (DE-588)4175141-3 s Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 s DE-604 Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s Hertel, Rolf F. Sonstige oth Environmental health criteria 202 (DE-604)BV000011459 202 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008585862&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Environmental health criteria Polycyclische Aromaten (DE-588)4175141-3 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175141-3 (DE-588)4060538-3 (DE-588)4061619-8 |
| title | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| title_auth | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| title_exact_search | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| title_full | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the coordination of R. F. Hertel ... |
| title_fullStr | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the coordination of R. F. Hertel ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the coordination of R. F. Hertel ... |
| title_short | Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| title_sort | selected non heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| topic | Polycyclische Aromaten (DE-588)4175141-3 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polycyclische Aromaten Toxikologie Umweltbelastung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008585862&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000011459 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hertelrolff selectednonheterocyclicpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons |