Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis Publ.
1999
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 326 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 156670281X |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |c Kathleen Sellers |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Lewis Publ. |c 1999 | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Ace Solvent Recovery Facility..................................................................1
1.1.1 Former Operations.........................................................................1
1.1.2 Scope of the Site Investigation......................................................2
1.1.3 Results of the Site Investigation — Soils.....................................3
1.1.4 Results of the Site Investigation — Groundwater........................4
1.2 What Do I Do Now?..................................................................................8
Problems............................................................................................................11
2 Basic Principles...............................................................................................13
2.1 The Significance of Numbers..................................................................13
2.2 Chemistry of Hazardous Materials..........................................................14
2.2.1 Terminology.................................................................................15
2.2.1.1 Units..............................................................................15
2.2.1.2 Charge and Polarity......................................................17
2.2.1.3 Solubility.......................................................................18
2.2.1.4 Sorption.........................................................................19
2.2.1.5 Volatility........................................................................20
2.2.1.6 Common Reactions.......................................................22
2.2.2 Common Contaminants...............................................................23
2.2.2.1 Alkanes..........................................................................23
2.2.2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons................................................23
2.2.2.3 Chlorinated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethenes..............24
2.2.2.4 Ketones..........................................................................25
2.2.2.5 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)..............25
2.2.2.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)...............................25
2.2.2.7 Metals and Other Inorganics........................................27
2.3 Overview of Hydrogeology.....................................................................29
2.3.1 Hydrologie Cycle.........................................................................29
2.3.2 Geologic Formations....................................................................30
2.3.3 Groundwater Flow.......................................................................31
2.3.4 Contaminant Transport................................................................35
2.3.4.1 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids...........................................35
2.3.4.1.1 LNAPL........................................................37
2.3.4.1.2 DNAPL.......................................................37
2.3.4.2 Dissolved Contamination..............................................39
2.4 How Clean is Clean?...............................................................................41
2.4.1 Detection Limits..........................................................................43
2.4.2 Background Levels......................................................................43
2.4.3 Regulatory Standards, Criteria, and Screening Levels...............43
2.4.4 Site-Specific Risk Assessment.....................................................45
2.4.4.1 Clean-Up Levels Based on Potential Human
Health Risks..................................................................45
2.4.4.1.1 Types of Health Risks................................46
2.4.4.1.2 Acceptable Risk..........................................47
2.4.4.1.3 Exposure Assumptions...............................48
2.4.4.1.4 Calculation of Clean-Up Levels.................50
2.4.4.2 Clean-Up Goals Based on Potential Risks
to an Ecosystem............................................................59
2.4.5 Clean-Up Goals Based on Protection of Groundwater...............61
2.4.6 Clean-Up Levels Based on Mass Removal.................................63
2.5 Reaction Engineering...............................................................................64
2.5.1 Types of Reactors........................................................................64
2.5.2 Mass Balance...............................................................................65
2.5.3 Rate of Reaction..........................................................................68
2.5.4 Treatability Testing......................................................................69
2.6 Environmental Regulations......................................................................70
2.6.1 Terminology.................................................................................70
2.6.2 Waste Site Remediation...............................................................71
2.6.3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal...................74
2.6.3.1 Waste Classification......................................................74
2.6.3.2 Land Disposal Restrictions...........................................76
2.6.3.3 Other RCRA Regulations.............................................78
2.6.4 Other Pertinent Regulations.........................................................78
2.6.4.1 Clean Water Act............................................................78
2.6.4.2 Safe Drinking Water Act..............................................80
2.6.4.3 Occupational Safety and Health...................................81
2.6.4.4 Transportation...............................................................81
2.7 Cost Estimation........................................................................................82
2.7.1 Level of Accuracy........................................................................82
2.7.2 Basis for Estimates......................................................................82
2.7.3 Components of Cost Estimates...................................................83
2.7.4 Sources of Information................................................................86
2.7.5 Shortcuts for Preliminary Estimates............................................87
2.7.5.1 Updating Capital Costs.................................................87
2.7.5.2 Scaling Equipment Costs..............................................88
2.7.5.3 Estimating Costs as a Percentage of Capital Costs.....88
2.7.6 Sensitivity Analysis......................................................................88
Problems............................................................................................................90
References.........................................................................................................95
3 Groundwater Remediation...........................................................................103
3.1 Physical Barriers....................................................................................105
3.2 Groundwater Extraction.........................................................................107
3.2.1 Extraction Wells.........................................................................107
3.2.1.1 Well Construction and Pumps....................................107
3.2.1.2 Modeling the Flow to a Single Extraction Well........110
3.2.1.3 Siting Extraction Wells...............................................114
3.2.1.4 Practical Considerations.............................................115
3.2.2 Well Point Systems....................................................................115
3.2.3 Interceptor Trenches..................................................................116
3.2.4 Effectiveness of Pump-and-Treat Remedies.............................118
3.2.5 Enhancements............................................................................119
3.3 Groundwater Discharge.........................................................................120
3.4 Groundwater Treatment.........................................................................121
3.4.1 Immobilization Technologies.....................................................122
3.4.2 Separation Technologies............................................................126
3.4.2.1 Sedimentation and Sludge Handling..........................126
3.4.2.2 Filtration......................................................................128
3.4.2.3 Oil-Water Separators and Dissolved Air Flotation.... 129
3.4.2.4 Air Stripping...............................................................131
3.4.2.5 Carbon Adsorption and Related Technologies...........135
3.4.2.6 Ion Exchange..............................................................140
3.4.2.7 Reverse Osmosis.........................................................143
3.4.3 Destruction Technologies...........................................................143
3.4.3.1 Biological Treatment..................................................143
3.4.3.1.1 Model for Bioreactors..............................144
3.4.3.1.2 General Design Considerations................145
3.4.3.1.3 Applications to Groundwater Treatment.. 148
3.4.3.2 Chemical Oxidation....................................................149
3.4.3.3 Reduction by Zero-Valent Iron
(Reductive Dehalogenation).......................................151
3.5 In Situ Treatment...................................................................................152
3.5.1 Natural Attenuation...................................................................153
3.5.1.1 Conditions for Microbial Growth;
Electron Acceptors......................................................154
3.5.1.2 Degradation of Hydrocarbons....................................155
3.5.1.3 Degradation of Chlorinated Solvents.........................155
3.5.2 Air Sparging...............................................................................157
3.5.2.1 Physical Principles......................................................157
3.5.2.2 Air Sparging Through Wells.......................................158
3.5.2.3 Effectiveness...............................................................159
3.5.2.4 In-Well Systems..........................................................160
3.5.3 In Situ Bioremediation...............................................................161
3.5.3.1 Aerobic Bioremediation..............................................162
3.5.3.2 Anaerobic Bioremediation..........................................163
3.5.4 Reductive Dehalogenation.........................................................164
3.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids...................................................................166
3.6.1 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids..............................................167
3.6.1.1 Extraction....................................................................167
3.6.1.1.1 Removal of LNAPL Only........................167
3.6.1.1.2 Removal of LNAPL and
Groundwater.............................................169
3.6.1.1.3 Vacuum Extraction/Multi-Phase
Extraction..................................................169
3.6.1.2 Disposal.......................................................................174
3.6.2 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids............................................174
3.6.2.1 Water Flooding...........................................................174
3.6.2.2 Surfactants and Cosolvents.........................................176
3.6.2.2.1 Surfactants.................................................176
3.6.2.2.2 Cosolvents/Alcohol Hooding...................179
3.6.2.3 Steam Injection...........................................................179
3.6.2.4 Oxidation.....................................................................183
3.7 Control of Air Emissions from Groundwater Treatment Units............185
3.7.1 Removal of Water or Other Liquids..........................................186
3.7.2 Vapor-Phase Carbon...................................................................186
3.7.3 Thermal Incineration..................................................................188
3.7.4 Catalytic Incineration.................................................................189
3.7.5 Biofilters.....................................................................................190
Problems..........................................................................................................190
References.......................................................................................................196
4 Soil Remediation...........................................................................................209
4.1 Soil Excavation and Materials Handling...............................................209
4.1.1 Planning.....................................................................................210
4.1.2 Mobilization, Excavation, and Production................................214
4.1.3 Materials Handling....................................................................217
4.1.4 Transportation Off Site..............................................................217
4.2 Immobilization Technologies.................................................................218
4.2.1 Disposal/Landfilling...................................................................218
4.2.2 Capping......................................................................................220
4.2.2.1 Construction of a Multilayer Cap...............................221
4.2.2.1.1 Bottom or Low-Permeability Layer.........221
4.2.2.1.2 Middle or Drainage Layer........................223
4.2.2.1.3 Top or Erosion-Control Layer..................224
4.2.2.2 Maintenance and Monitoring.....................................224
4.2.3 Asphalt Batching........................................................................224
4.2.3.1 Hot-Mix Process.........................................................224
4.2.4 Solidification/Stabilization.........................................................226
4.2.4.1 Mechanics of Treatment.............................................227
4.2.4.2 Reagents......................................................................228
4.2.4.2.1 Pozzolan- or Silicate-Based Processes.....228
4.2.4.2.2 Cement-Based Processes..........................229
4.2.4.3 Results of Treatment...................................................230
4.2.5 Vitrification................................................................................231
4.2.5.1 Vitrification of Excavated Soil...................................232
4.2.5.2 In Situ Vitrification.....................................................233
4.3 Separation Technologies........................................................................235
4.3.1 Soil Vapor Extraction.................................................................235
4.3.1.1 Physical Principles......................................................235
4.3.1.2 Design of a Soil Vapor Extraction System................237
4.3.1.2.1 Soil Vapor Extraction Wells.....................237
4.3.1.2.2 Optimizing Air Flow Through the Soil.... 239
4.3.1.2.3 Blowers and Vacuum Pumps....................240
4.3.1.2.4 Vapor Treatment System..........................241
4.3.1.3 Effectiveness...............................................................242
4.3.1.4 Related Technologies..................................................244
4.3.2 Thermal Desorption...................................................................245
4.3.2.1 Treatment of Excavated Soil......................................245
4.3.2.1.1 Pretreatment and Feed..............................246
4.3.2.1.2 Thermal Processor....................................246
4.3.2.1.3 Emissions Control.....................................249
4.3.2.1.4 Operating Considerations.........................249
4.3.2.2 In Situ Treatment........................................................250
4.3.3 Soil Washing, Solvent Extraction, and Soil Flushing...............251
4.3.3.1 Soil Washing...............................................................252
4.3.3.2 Solvent Extraction.......................................................253
4.3.3.3 Soil Hushing...............................................................253
4.3.4 Electrokinetic Remediation Technologies.................................255
4.3.4.1 Physical Effects...........................................................255
4.3.4.2 Remediation Processes...............................................259
4.4 Destruction Technologies.......................................................................262
4.4.1 Biological Processes..................................................................262
4.4.1.1 Bioremediation............................................................262
4.4.1.1.1 Overview...................................................262
4.4.1.1.2 Testing.......................................................263
4.4.1.1.3 Process Options........................................264
4.4.1.1.4 Operating Issues and Variations...............269
4.4.1.2 Phytoremediation........................................................270
4.4.1.2.1 Treatment Mechanisms.............................270
4.4.1.2.2 Limitations................................................271
4.4.2 Dechlorination............................................................................272
4.4.2.1 Glycolite Dehalogenation...........................................272
4.4.2.2 Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination..................................273
4.4.3 Incineration................................................................................273
4.4.3.1 Overview.....................................................................275
4.4.3.2 Process Options..........................................................277
4.4.3.3 Regulatory Requirements...........................................279
4.5 Control of Air Emissions from Soil Treatment Units...........................279
Problems..........................................................................................................280
References.......................................................................................................285
5 Solutions........................................................................................................297
5.1 Chapter One...........................................................................................297
5.2 Chapter Two...........................................................................................297
5.3 Chapter Three.........................................................................................302
5.4 Chapter Four..........................................................................................311
References.......................................................................................................317
Index....................................................................................................................319
|
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| spelling | Sellers, Kathleen Verfasser aut Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation Kathleen Sellers Boca Raton [u.a.] Lewis Publ. 1999 326 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hazardous waste site remediation Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd rswk-swf Grundwassersanierung (DE-588)4510696-4 gnd rswk-swf Sonderabfall (DE-588)4124209-9 gnd rswk-swf Sonderabfall (DE-588)4124209-9 s Grundwassersanierung (DE-588)4510696-4 s DE-604 Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008483748&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sellers, Kathleen Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation Hazardous waste site remediation Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd Grundwassersanierung (DE-588)4510696-4 gnd Sonderabfall (DE-588)4124209-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137352-2 (DE-588)4510696-4 (DE-588)4124209-9 |
| title | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |
| title_full | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation Kathleen Sellers |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation Kathleen Sellers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation Kathleen Sellers |
| title_short | Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |
| title_sort | fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation |
| topic | Hazardous waste site remediation Bodensanierung (DE-588)4137352-2 gnd Grundwassersanierung (DE-588)4510696-4 gnd Sonderabfall (DE-588)4124209-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hazardous waste site remediation Bodensanierung Grundwassersanierung Sonderabfall |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008483748&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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