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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Prescott, Lansing M. (Author), Harley, John P. (Author), Klein, Donald A. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boston [u.a.] WCB/McGraw-Hill 1999
Edition:	4. ed.
Subjects:	Microbiologia médica Microbiologia Microbiology Mikrobiologie Lehrbuch
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0697354393 0697354407

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adam_text	fourthedition LANSING M ^PRESCOTT Augustana College JOHN P HARLEY Eastern Kentucky University DONALD A KLEIN Colorado State University McGraw-Hill Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto BRIEF CONTENTS* Preface xvii To the Student xxv PART I Introduction to Microbiology 1 The History and Scope of Microbiology 1 2 The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation 16 3 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function 36 4 Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function 72 PART II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control 5 Microbial Nutrition 97 6 Microbial Growth 113 7 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents 135 PART V The Viruses 16 The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics 335 17 The Viruses: Bacteriophages 356 18 The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes 372 PART VI The Diversity of the Microbial World 19 Microbial Taxonomy 393 20 The Archaea 421 21 Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives 438 22 Bacteria: The Proteobacteria 458 23 Bacteria: The Low G+C Gram Positives 488 24 Bacteria: The High G+C Gram Positives 506 25 The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds 522 26 The Algae 540 27 The Protozoa 553 PART III Microbial Metabolism 8 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 1_51__ 9 Metabolism: The Generation of Energy 163 10 Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis 190 11 Metabolism: The Synthesis of Nucleic Acids and Proteins 211 12 Metabolism: Enzyme and Gene Regulation 236 PART IV Microbial Genetics 13 Microbial Genetics: General Principles 255 14 Microbial Genetics: Recombination and Plasmids 278 15 Recombinant DNA Technology 310 PART VII The Nature of Symbiotic Associations 28 Symbiotic Associations: Commensalism, Mutualism, and the Normal Microbiota of the Human Body 565 29 Symbiotic Associations: Parasitism, Pathogenicity, and Resistance 580 PART VIII The Fundamentals of Immunology 30 The Immune Response: Antigens and Antibodies 605 31 The Immune Response: Chemical Mediators, B- and T-Cell Biology, and Immune Disorders 626 32 The Immune Response: Antigen-Antibody Reactions 654 Chapters 1-27 constitute the paperbound Microbiology: General Topics The casebound version of Microbiology; 4th edition, contains all 44 chapters as listed in the Table of Contents PART IX Microbial Diseases and Their Control Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 677 Clinical Microbiology 697 The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease 720 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses 738 Human Diseases Caused Primarily by Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria 766 Human Diseases Caused by Other Bacteria (Chlamydiae, Mycoplasmas, and Rickettsias); Dental and Nosocomial Infections 799 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa 811 PART X Microorganisms and the Environment 40 Microorganisms as Components of Ecosystems 831 41 Marine and Freshwater Environments 852 42 Terrestrial Environments 885 PART XI Food and Industrial Microbiology 43 Microbiology of Food 907 — 44 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 931 APPENDIX I A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules A1 APPENDIX II Common Metabolic Pathways A12 APPENDIX III Classification of Bacteria According to the First Edition of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology A21 APPENDIX IV A Guide to the Location of Important Taxa in the Fourth Edition A26 APPENDIX V Classification of Viruses A28 Glossary G1 Credits CI Index II CONTENTS Preface xvii To the Student xxv PART I Introduction to Microbiology 1 The History and Scope of Microbiology 1 The Discovery of Microorganisms 2 The Spontaneous Generation Conflict 2 The Recognition of the Microbial Role in Disease 7 The Discovery of Microbial Effects on Organic and Inorganic Matter 9 Microbiology in the Twentieth Century 11 The Composition of the Microbial World 13 The Scope and Relevance of Microbiology 13 The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation 16 Lenses and the Bending of Light 17 The Light Microscope 18 The Bright-Field Microscope 18 Microscope Resolution 19 The Dark-Field Microscope 20 The Phase-Contrast Microscope 21 The Fluorescence Microscope 23— Preparation and Staining of Specimens 24 Fixation 25 Dyes and Simple Staining 25 i Differential Staining 25 Staining Specific Structures 25 Electron Microscopy 27 The Transmission Electron Microscope 28 Specimen Preparation 29 The Scanning Electron Microscope 31 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function 36 An Overview of Procaryotic Cell Structure 37 Size, Shape, and Arrangement 37 Procaryotic Cell Organization 39 Procaryotic Cell Membranes 40 The Plasma Membrane 41 Internal Membrane Systems 43 The Cytoplasmic Matrix 44 Inclusion Bodies 44 Ribosomes 47 Molecular Chaperones 48 The Nucleoid 50 The Procaryotic Cell Wall 51 Peptidoglycan Structure 52 Gram-Positive Cell Walls 53 Gram-Negative Cell Walls 53 The Mechanism of Gram Staining 56 The Cell Wall and Osmotic Protection 56 Components External to the Cell Wall 58 Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers 58 Pili and Fimbriae 59 Flagella and Motility 59 Chemotaxis 63 The Bacteria] Endospore 66 4 Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function 72 An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure 74 The Cytoplasmic Matrix, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules 74 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 77 The Golgi Apparatus 77 Lysosomes and Endocytosis 78 Eucaryotic Ribosomes 80 Mitochondria 81 Chloroplasts 81 The Nucleus and Cell Division 83 Nuclear Structure 83 The Nucleolus 84 Mitosis and Meiosis 85 External Cell Coverings 87 Cilia and Flagella 89 Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells 90 vii Contents PART II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control Microbial Nutrition 97 The Common Nutrient Requirements 98 Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 98 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms 99 Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur 100 Growth Factors 100 Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell 101 Facilitated Diffusion 102 Active Transport 103 Group Translocation 104 Iron Uptake 105 Culture Media 105 Synthetic or Defined Media 106 Complex Media 106 Types of Media 106 Isolation of Pure Cultures 107 The Spread Plate and Streak Plate 107 The Pour Plate 109 Colony Morphology and Growth 110 Microbial Growth 113 The Growth Curve 114 Lag Phase 114 Exponential Phase 114 Stationary Phase 115 Death Phase 115 The Mathematics of Growth 115 Measurement of Microbial Growth 116 Measurement of Cell Numbers 117 Measurement of Cell Mass 120 Growth Yields and the Effects of a Limiting Nutrient 120 The Continuous Culture of Microorganisms 121 TheChemostat 121 The Turbidostat 121 Balanced and Unbalanced Growth 122 The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth 123 Solutes and Water Activity 123 pH 124 Temperature 125 Oxygen Concentration 129 Pressure 130 Radiation 130 7 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents 135 Definition of Frequently Used Terms 136 The Pattern of Microbial Death 137 Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity 138 The Use of Physical Methods in Control 138 Heat 138 Filtration 141 Radiation 142 The Use of Chemical Agents in Control 143 Phenolics 143 Alcohols 145 Halogens 145 Heavy Metals 146 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 147 Aldehydes 147 Sterilizing Gases 147 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness 147 PART III Microbial Metabolism Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 151 Energy and Work 152 The Laws of Thermodynamics 152 Free Energy and Reactions 153 The Role of ATP in Metabolism 154 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers 155 Enzymes 157 Structure and Classification of Enzymes 157 The Mechanism of Enzyme Reactions 159 The Effect of Environment on Enzyme Activity 159 Enzyme Inhibition 160 Metabolism: The Generation of Energy 163 An Overview of Metabolism 164 The Breakdown of Glucose to Pyruvate 165 The Glycolytic Pathway 166 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 167 The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway 168 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 169 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 169 The Electron Transport Chain 170 Oxidative Phosphorylation 171 The Yield of ATP in Glycolysis and Aerobic Respiration 174 Fermentations 174 Anaerobic Respiration 176 Catabolism of Carbohydrates and Intracellular Reserve Polymers 178 Carbohydrates 178 Reserve Polymers 178 Lipid Catabolism 178 Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism 179 Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules 179 Photosynthesis 182 The Light Reaction in Eucaryotes and Cyanobacteria 182 The Light Reaction in Green and Purple Bacteria 185 Contents 10 Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis 190 Principles Governing Biosynthesis 191 The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2 193 The Carboxylation Phase 193 The Reduction Phase 193 The Regeneration Phase 194 Synthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides 194 The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen 194 Phosphorus Assimilation 196 Sulfur Assimilation 196 Nitrogen Assimilation 197 Nitrogen Fixation 198 The Synthesis of Amino Acids 200 Anaplerotic Reactions 201 The Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides 203 Purine Biosynthesis 203 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 204 Lipid Synthesis 204 Peptidoglycan Synthesis 206 Patterns of Cell Wall Formation 208 11 Metabolism: The Synthesis of Nucleic Acids and Proteins 211 Nucleic Acid Structure 212 DNA Structure 213 RN A Structure 213 The Organization of DNA in Cells 213 DNA Replication 216 Pattern of DNA Synthesis 217 Mechanism of DNA Replication 218 DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis 221 Transcription in Procaryotes 222 Transcription in Eucaryotes 223 Protein Synthesis 226 Transfer RNA and Amino Acid Activation 226 The Ribosome 228 Initiation of Protein Synthesis 228 Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain 229 Termination of Protein Synthesis 232 Protein Folding and Splicing 232 12 Metabolism: Enzyme and Gene Regulation 236 Metabolic Channeling 237 Control of Enzyme Activity 238 Allosteric Regulation 238 Covalent Modification of Enzymes 239 Feedback Inhibition 241 Regulation of mRNA Synthesis 242 Regulation by Sigma Factors 242 Induction and Repression 243 The Mechanism of Induction and Repression 243 Positive Operon Control and Catabolite Repression 245 Attenuation 248 Gene Regulation by Antisense RNA 250 Control of the Cell Cycle 250 PART IV Microbial Genetics 13 Microbial Genetics: General Principles 255 14 DNA as Genetic Material 256 The Genetic Code 258 Establishment of the Genetic Code 258 Organization of the Code 258 Gene Structure 258 Genes That Code for Proteins 260 Genes That Code for tRNA and rRNA 262 Mutations and Their Chemical Basis 262 Mutations and Mutagenesis 262 Spontaneous Mutations 264 Induced Mutations 265 The Expression of Mutations 265 Detection and Isolation of Mutants 269 Mutant Detection 269 Mutant Selection 269 Carcinogenicity Testing 271 1 DNA Repair 272 Excision Repair 272 Removal of Lesions 272 Postreplication Repair 273 Recombination Repair 273 Microbial Genetics: Recombination and Plasmids 278 Bacterial Recombination: General Principles 279 Bacterial Plasmids 281 Fertility Factors 282 Resistance Factors 282 Col Plasmids 284 Other Types of Plasmids 284 Transposable Elements 285 Bacterial Conjugation 289 F+ X F~ Mating 290 Hfr Conjugation 290 F Conjugation 290 DNA Transformation 290 Transduction 294 Generalized Transduction 295 Specialized Transduction 296 Mapping and Sequencing the Genome 298 Recombination and Genome Mapping in Viruses 305 X Contents 15 Recombinant DNA Technology 310 Historical Perspectives 311 Synthetic DNA 314 The Polymerase Chain Reaction 315 Preparation of Recombinant DNA 318 Isolating and Cloning Fragments 318 Gene Probes 321 Isolating and Purifying Cloned DNA 323 Cloning Vectors 324 Plasmids 324 Phage Vectors 324 Cosmids 325 Artificial Chromosomes 325 Inserting Genes into Eucaryotic Cells 326 Expression of Foreign Genes in Bacteria 326 Applications of Genetic Engineering 328 Medical Applications 328 Industrial Applications 330 Agricultural Applications 330 Social Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology 330 PART V The Viruses 16 The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics 335 Early Development of Virology 336 General Properties of Viruses 337 The Cultivation of Viruses 337 Virus Purification and Assays 339 Virus Purification 339 Virus Assays 341 The Structure of Viruses 342 Virion Size 343 General Structural Properties 343 Helical Capsids 344 Icosahedral Capsids 344 Nucleic Acids 346 Viral Envelopes and Enzymes 349 Viruses with Capsids of Complex Symmetry 349 Principles of Virus Taxonomy 352 17 The Viruses: Bacteriophages 356 Classification of Bacteriophages 357 Reproduction of DNA Phages: The Lytic Cycle 357 The One-Step Growth Experiment 358 Adsorption to the Host Cell and Penetration 359 Synthesis of Phage Nucleic Acids and Proteins 360 The Assembly of Phage Particles 363 Release of Phage Particles 364 Reproduction of RNA Phages 364 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny 365 18 The Viruses: Viruses ofEucaryotes 372 Classification of Animal Viruses 373 Reproduction of Animal Viruses 373 Adsorption of Virions 373 Penetration and Uncoating 376 Replication and Transcription in DNA Viruses 377 Replication and Transcription in RNA Viruses 378 Synthesis and Assembly of Virus Capsids 380 Virion Release 380 Cytocidal Infections and Cell Damage 381 Persistent, Latent, and Slow Virus Infections 383 Viruses and Cancer 383 Plant Viruses 384 Virion Morphology 384 Plant Virus Taxonomy 384 Plant Virus Reproduction 385 Transmission of Plant Viruses 386 Viruses of Fungi and Algae 387 Insect Viruses 387 Viroids and Prions 388 PART VI The Diversity of the Microbial World Microbial Taxonomy 393 General Introduction and Overview 394 Microbial Evolution and Diversity 395 Taxonomic Ranks 397 Classification Systems 398 Phenetic Classification 398 Numerical Taxonomy 398 Phylogenetic Classification 400 Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy 400 Classical Characteristics 400 Molecular Characteristics 401 Assessing Microbial Phylogeny 405 Molecular Chronometers 405 Phylogenetic Trees 405 rRNA, DNA, and Proteins as Indicators of Phylogeny 406 The Major Divisions of Life 407 Domains (Empires) 407 Kingdoms 409 Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 411 The First Edition of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 411 The Second Edition of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 412 A Survey of Bacterial Phylogeny and Diversity 413 Concents The Archaea 421 Introduction to the Archaea 422 Archaeal Cell Walls 422 Archaea! Lipids and Membranes 423 Genetics and Molecular Biology 423 Metabolism 425 Archaeal Taxonomy 425 Kingdom Crenarchaeota 428 Kingdom Euryarchaeota 429 The Methanogens 429 The Halobacteria 433 The Thermoplasms 433 The Thermococci 435 Bacteria:The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives 438 Aquifex and the Thermotogas 439 The Deinococci 440 Photosynthetic Bacteria 440 The Chloroflexi 442 Chlorobia 443 Prochloron and Cyanobacteria 443 The Planctomycetes 449 The Spirochetes 450 The Bacteroides 453 The Sphingobacteria 454 Bacteria:The Proteobacteria 458 The a-Proteobacteria 459 The Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria 460 Rickettsia and Coxiella 460 The Caulobacteraceae and Hyphomicrobiaceae 461 Family Rhizobiaceae 464 Nitrifying Bacteria 465 The P-Proteobacteria 466 Order Neisseriales 467 Order Burkholderiales 468 Order Nitrosomonadales 469 The 7-Proteobacteria 470 The Purple Sulfur Bacteria 471 Order Thiotrichales 472 Order Methylococcales 473 Order Pseudomonadales 475 Order Vibrionales 475 Order Entembacteriales 477 Order Pasteurellales 480 The 8-Proteobacteria 481 Order Desulfovibrionales 481 Order Myxococcales 482 The e-Proteobacteria 485 Bacteria: The Low G+C Gram Positives 488 Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas) 490 Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey s Manual 491 The Clostridia and Relatives 493 The Bacilli and Lactobacilli 495 Order Bacillales 495 Order Lactobacillales 497 Bacteria The High G+C Gram Positives 506 General Properties of the Actinomycetes 507 High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey s Manual 509 Suborder Actinomycineae 511 Suborder Micrococcineae 512 Suborder Corynebacterineae 513 Suborder Micromonosporineae 514 Suborder Propionibacterineae 515 Suborder Streptomycineae 516 Suborder Streptosporangineae 517 Suborder Frankineae 518 Order Bifidobacteriales 519 25 The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds 522 Distribution 524 Importance 524 Structure 524 Nutrition and Metabolism 527 Reproduction 528 Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions 530 Division Zygomycota 530 Division Ascomycota 530 Division Basidiomycota 534 Division Deuteromycota 534 Division Chytridomycota 534 Slime Molds and Water Molds 535 Division Myxomycota (Acellular Slime Molds) 535 Division Acrasiomycota (Cellular Slime Molds) 535 Division Oomycota 535 26 The Algae 540 Distribution of Algae 541 Classification of Algae 541 Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell 542 Algal Nutrition 543 Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) 543 Algal Reproduction 543 Characteristics of the Algal Divisions 544 Chlorophyta (Green Algae) 544 Charophyta (Stoneworts/Brittleworts) 546 Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) 546 Chrysopkyta (Golden-Brown and Yellow-Green Algae; Diatoms) Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) 548 Rhodophyta (Red Algae) 548 Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates) 549 27 The Protozoa 553 Distribution 554 Importance 554 Morphology 555 Nutrition 556 Encystment and Excystment 556 Locomotory Organelles 556 Reproduction 556 Classification 557 Representative Types 557 Phylum Sarcomastigophora 558 Phylum Labyrinthomorpha 561 Phylum Apicomplexa 561 Phylum Microspora 561 Phylum Ascetospora 562 Phylum Myxozoa 562 Phylum Ciliophora 562 xii Contents PART VII The Nature of Symbiotic Associations 28 Symbiotic Associations: Commensalism, Mutualism, and the Normal Microbiota of the Human Body 565 Types of Symbiosis, Functions, and Examples 566 Commensalism 566 Mutualism 566 Gnotobiotic Animals 571 Distribution of the Normal Microbiota of the Human Body 573 Skin 573 Nose and Nasopharynx 575 Oropharynx 576 Respiratory Tract 576 Oral Cavity (Mouth) 576 Eye 576 External Ear 576 Stomach 576 Small Intestine 577 Large Intestine (Colon) 577 Genitourinary Tract 577 29 Symbiotic Associations: Parasitism, Pathogenicity, and Resistance 580 Host-Parasite Relationships (Parasitism) 581 Determinants of Infectious Disease 582 Transmissibility of the Pathogen 584 Attachment and Colonization by the Pathogen 584 Invasion of the Pathogen 584 Growth and Multiplication of the Pathogen 585 Toxigenicity 586 General or Nonspecific Host Immune Defense Mechanisms 591 General Barriers 592 Physical Barriers 594 Chemical Barriers 595 Biological Barriers 597 PART VIII The Fundamentals of Immunology 30 The Immune Response: Antigens and Antibodies Nonspecific Resistance 607 Specific Immunity 607 Acquired Immunity 607 Origin of Lymphocytes 607 Function of Lymphocytes 609 Antigens 609 Haptens 610 Antibodies 611 Immunoglobulin Structure 611 Immunoglobulin Function 613 Immunoglobulin Classes 614 Diversity of Antibodies 615 Specificity of Antibodies 620 Sources of Antibodies 621 Immunization 621 Hybridomas 622 Catalytic Antibodies 624 B-Cell Biology 633 B-Cell Activation 633 T-Cell Biology 635 T-Cell Antigen Receptors 635 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules 635 Regulator T Cells 637 Acquired Immune Tolerance 639 Effector Cells 639 Superantigens 642 Hypersensitivities 643 Type I Hypersensitivity 643 Type II Hypersensitivity 644 Type III Hypersensitivity 644 Type IV Hypersensitivity 646 Autoimmune Diseases 646 Transplantation (Tissue) Rejection 648 Immunodeficiencies 649 Human Blood Types 650 Cell-Associated Differentiation Antigens (CDs) 651 31 The Immune Response: Chemical Mediators, B- and T-Cell Biology, and Immune Disorders 626 Cytokines 627 Mediators of Natural or Nonspecific Immunity to Microorganisms 628 Activators of Effector Cells 631 Mediators of Mature Cell Activation, Growth, and Differentiation 631 Mediators of Immature Cell Growth and Differentiation 632 Interleukins 8 Through 16 632 32 The Immune Response: Antigen-Antibody Reactions 654 Antigen-Antibody Binding 655 Antigen-Antibody Reactions in the Animal Body (In Vivo) 656 The Complement System 656 Toxin Neutralization 659 Viral Neutralization 659 Adherence Inhibiting Antibodies 659 Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 659 IgE and Parasitic Infections 661 Opsonization 661 Contents xiii Inflammation 662 Immunodiffusion 668 Immune Complex Formation 662 Immunoelectrophoresis 671 In Vivo Testing 663 Immunofluorescence 671 Antigen-Antibody Reactions In Vitro 663 Immunoprecipitation 672 Agglutination 663 Neutralization 672 Complement Fixation 666 Radioimmunoassay 673 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 666 Serotyping 674 PART IX Microbial Diseases and Their Control 33 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 677 The Development of Chemotherapy 678 General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs 679 Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity 681 Dilution Susceptibility Tests 681 Disk Diffusion Tests 681 Measurement of Drug Concentrations in the Blood 681 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 682 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs 684 Antibacterial Drugs 684 Sulfonamides or Sulfa Drugs 684 Quinolones 686 Penicillins 686 Cephalosporins 688 The Tetracyclines 689 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 689 Erythromycin and Other Macrolides 689 Chloramphenicol 689 Drug Resistance 690 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance 690 The Origin and Transmission of Dnig Resistance 690 Antifungal Drugs 692 Antiviral Drugs 693 34 Clinical Microbiology 697 Specimens 698 Collection 698 Handling 700 Transport 700 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens 702 Microscopy 702 Growth and Biochemical Characteristics 702 Rapid Methods of Identification 712 Immunologic Techniques 712 Bacteriophage Typing 714 Molecular Methods 714 Susceptibility Testing 7! 7 Computers in Clinical Microbiology 717 35 The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease Epidemiological Terminology 722 Measuring Frequency: The Tools of Epidemiologists 722 Infectious Disease Epidemiology 723 Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a Population 723 Correlation with a Single Causative Agent 724 Recognition of an Epidemic 724 The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease 727 What Pathogen Caused the Disease? 727 What Was the Source and/or Reservoir of the Pathogen? 727 How Was the Pathogen Transmitted? 728 Why Was the Host Susceptible to the Pathogen? 731 How Did the Pathogen Leave the Host? 731 Virulence and the Mode of Transmission 731 The Emergence of New Diseases 732 Control of Epidemics 732 The Role of the Public Health System: Epidemiological Guardian 734 Nosocomial Infections 734 Source 734 Control, Prevention, and Surveillance 735 The Hospital Epidemiologist 735 36 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses 738 Airborne Diseases 739 Chickenpox (Varicella) and Shingles (Zoster) 739 Influenza (Flu) 740 Measles (Rubeola) 741 Mumps 742 Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia 743 Rubella (German Measles) 743 Smallpox (Variola) 744 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 744 Colorado Tick Fever 744 Yellow Fever 745 Direct Contact Diseases 746 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 746 Cold Sores 752 Common Cold 753 Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease 754 Genital Herpes 755 Human Herpesvirus 6 Infections 756 Human Parvovirus B19 Infections 756 Leukemia 756 Mononucleosis (Infectious) 757 Rabies 757 Viral Hepatitides 758 Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases 760 Gastroenteritis (Viral) 760 Hepatitis A 761 Hepatitis E 761 Poliomyelitis 761 Slow Virus Diseases 762 Other Diseases 762 Warts 762 xiv Contents 37 Human Diseases Caused Primarily by Gram- Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria 766 Airborne Diseases 767 Diphtheria 767 Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Fever 768 Meningitis 769 Mycobacterium avium- M intracellulare Pneumonia 769 Pertussis 770 Streptococcal Diseases 770 Tuberculosis 773 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 775 Lyme Disease 775 Plague 777 Direct Contact Diseases 777 Anthrax 777 Bacterial Vaginosis 779 Cat-Scratch Disease 779 Chancroid 779 Gas Gangrene or Clostridial Myonecrosis 779 Gonorrhea 780 Leprosy 780 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastritis 781 Staphylococcal Diseases 782 Syphilis 786 Tetanus 788 Tularemia 789 Food-Bome and Waterborne Diseases 789 Cholera 789 Botulism 792 Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis 792 Salmonellosis 792 Shigellosis 793 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning 793 Traveler s Diarrhea and Escherichia coli Infections 793 Typhoid Fever 794 Sepsis and Septic Shock 794 38 Human Diseases Caused by Other Bacteria (Chlamydiae, Mycoplasmas, Rickettsias); Dental and Nosocomial Infections ~~799 Chlamydial Diseases 800 Chlamydial Pneumonia 800 Inclusion Conjunctivitis 800 Lymphogranuloma Venereum 801 Nongonococcal Urethritis 801 Psittacosis (Ornithosis) 801 Trachoma 802 Mycoplasmal Diseases 802 Genitourinary Diseases 802 Primary Atypical Pneumonia 802 Rickettsial Diseases (Rickettsioses) 803 Ehrlichiosis 803 Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus 804 Endemic (Murine) Typhus 804 Q Fever 804 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 805 Dental Infections 805 Dental Plaque 805 Dental Decay (Caries) 807 Periodontal Disease 807 Nosocomial Infections 808 Bacteremia 808 Burn Wounds 808 Respiratory Tract Infections 809 Surgical Site Infections 809 Urinary Tract Infections 809 Miscellaneous Infections 809 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa 811 Fungal Diseases 812 Superficial Mycoses 813 Cutaneous Mycoses 813 Subcutaneous Mycoses 815 Systemic Mycoses 816 Opportunistic Mycoses 818 Protozoan Diseases 821 Amebiasis 821 Cryptosporidiosis 822 Freshwater Amoeba Diseases 823 Giardiasis 823 Malaria 824 Hemoflagellate Diseases 826 Toxoplasmosis 828 Trichomoniasis 828 PART X Microorganisms and the Environment 40 Microorganisms as Components of Ecosystems 831 Microorganisms and the Structure of Ecosystems 832 The Physiological State of Microorganisms in Ecosystems 834 Nutrient Cycling Processes 836 Carbon Cycle 837 Sulfur Cycle 837 Nitrogen Cycle 837 Other Cycling Processes 839 Interactions between Microorganisms and Metals 840 Interactions in Substrate Use 842 Organic Substrate Use by Microorganisms 843 Disease-Causing Microorganisms—Survival and Fate 844 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms—Fate and Effects 845 Extreme Environments 846 Methods Used in Environmental Studies 847 41 Marine and Freshwater Environments 852 The Nature of Marine and Freshwater Environments 853 Nutrient Concentrations 853 Gradients 853 Surfaces and Biofilms 855 Microbial Mats 856 The Microbial Community in Marine and Freshwater Environments 858 Important Microorganisms 858 The Marine Environment 860 Contents XV The Freshwater Environment 865 Wastewater Treatment 868 Water and Disease Transmission 874 Water Purification 874 Microbiological Analysis of Water 876 Water and Human Diseases 879 Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment Systems 880 42 Terrestrial Environments 885 The Environments of Soil Microorganisms 886 Soil Microorganisms, Insects, and Other Animals—Contributions to Soils 887 Microorganisms and the Formation of Different Soils 889 Soil Microorganism Associations with Plants 890 The Rhizosphere and Rhizobium 892 Actinorhizae 895 Mycorrhizae 897 Tripartite and Tetrapartite Associations 899 Fungal and Bacterial Endophytes of Plants 899 Tumorigenicity of Agrobacterium—Genetic Applications 899 Soil Organic Matter and Soil Fertility 900 Degradation and Microorganisms—Fallibility and Recalcitrance 900 Soil Microorganism Interactions with the Atmosphere 902 PART XI Food and Industrial Microbiology 43 Microbiology of Food 907 Microorganisms and Food Spoilage 908 Intrinsic Factors 908 Extrinsic Factors 910 Food Spoilage 910 Food Preservation Alternatives 914 Filtration 914 Low or High Temperature 914 Chemicals and Radiation 915 Diseases and Foods 916 Diseases Transmitted by Foods 916 Detection of Disease-Causing Microorganisms 917 Microbiology of Fermented Foods 920 Dairy Products 920 Meat and Fish 924 Wine, Beer, and Other Fermented Alcoholic Beverages 924 Bread and Other Fermented Plant Products 926 Microorganisms as Sources of Food 928 44 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 931 Industrial Microbiology and the New Biotechnology 932 Microbial Growth Processes 933 Microbial Culture 933 Medium Development and Growth Conditions 934 Strain Selection, Improvement, and Preservation 935 Major Products of Industrial Microbiology 938 Antibiotics 939 Amino Acids 940 Organic Acids 942 Bioconversion Processes 943 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 945 Modification of Gene Expression 946 Design of Proteins and Peptides 946 Hypermutation and Evolutionary Biotechnology 947 Vectors for Product Expression 948 Other Microbial Products 949 Bioinsecticides 949 Biopolymers 951 Biosurfactants 952 Biodegradation and Its Management 952 Biodegradation Stimulation 953 Control of Biodeterioration 957 Biosensors 958 Impacts of Microbial Biotechnology 960 Appendix I: A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules A1 Appendix II: Common Metabolic Pathways A12 Appendix III: Classification of Bacteria According to the First Edition of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology A21 Appendix IV: A Guide to the Location of Important Taxa in the Fourth Edition A26 Appendix V: Classification of Viruses A28 Glossary G1 Credits CI Index II I
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dewey-sort	3579
dewey-tens	570 - Biology
discipline	Biologie
edition	4. ed.
format	Book
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genre	1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content
genre_facet	Lehrbuch
id	DE-604.BV012394819
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T18:26:50Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0697354393 0697354407
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008408045
oclc_num	41958988
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-634 DE-188
owner_facet	DE-634 DE-188
physical	Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	1999
publishDateSearch	1999
publishDateSort	1999
publisher	WCB/McGraw-Hill
record_format	marc
spelling	Prescott, Lansing M. Verfasser aut Microbiology Lansing M. Prescott ; John P. Harley ; Donald A. Klein 4. ed. Boston [u.a.] WCB/McGraw-Hill 1999 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microbiologia médica larpcal Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 s DE-604 Harley, John P. Verfasser aut Klein, Donald A. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008408045&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Prescott, Lansing M. Harley, John P. Klein, Donald A. Microbiology Microbiologia médica larpcal Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4316357-9 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Microbiology
title_auth	Microbiology
title_exact_search	Microbiology
title_full	Microbiology Lansing M. Prescott ; John P. Harley ; Donald A. Klein
title_fullStr	Microbiology Lansing M. Prescott ; John P. Harley ; Donald A. Klein
title_full_unstemmed	Microbiology Lansing M. Prescott ; John P. Harley ; Donald A. Klein
title_short	Microbiology
title_sort	microbiology
topic	Microbiologia médica larpcal Microbiologia larpcal Microbiology Mikrobiologie (DE-588)4316357-9 gnd
topic_facet	Microbiologia médica Microbiologia Microbiology Mikrobiologie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008408045&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT prescottlansingm microbiology AT harleyjohnp microbiology AT kleindonalda microbiology

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