Atomic absorption spectrometry:
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German English |
| Published: |
Weinheim [u.a.]
Wiley-VCH
1999
|
| Edition: | 3., completely rev. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 769 - 905. - Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Welz, Bernhard: Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 941 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527285717 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Atomic absorption spectrometry |c Bernhard Welz ; Michael Sperling |
| 250 | |a 3., completely rev. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim [u.a.] |b Wiley-VCH |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 941 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 769 - 905. - Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Welz, Bernhard: Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Espectroscopia atomica |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Atomic absorption spectroscopy | |
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| _version_ | 1816443404227182592 |
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| adam_text |
BERNHARD WELZ
MICHAEL
SPERLING
ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROMETRY
THIRD, COMPLETELY REVISED EDITION
WILEY-VCH
WEINHEIM YY
NEW YORK YY CHICHESTER
YY
TORONTO
YY
BRISBANE YY SINGAPORE
CONTENTS
1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION 1
1.1 THE EARLY HISTORY 1
1.2 SIR ALAN WALSH AND THE PERIOD 1952-1962 3
1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTRAL RADIATION SOURCES 7
1.4 SINGLE-BEAM, DOUBLE-BEAM, SINGLE-CHANNEL, MULTI-CHANNEL 12
1.5
THE NON-SPECIFIC ATTENUATION OF RADIATION 15
1.6 BURNERS AND FLAMES 20
1.7 ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION 27
1.7.1 BORIS L'VOV AND THE GRAPHITE CUVETTE 27
1.7.2 WALTER SLAVIN AND THE STPF CONCEPT 35
1.7.3 THE TWO-STEP ATOMIZER 38
1.7.4 GRAPHITE TUBES AND OTHER ATOMIZERS 41
1.8 CHEMICAL VAPOR GENERATION 47
1.8.1 THE COLD VAPOR TECHNIQUE 47
1.8.2 THE HYDRIDE-GENERATION TECHNIQUE 49
1.8.3 FURTHER TECHNIQUES OF CHEMICAL VAPOR GENERATION 55
1.9 ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES 56
2 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
63
2.1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND SPECTRA 63
2.1.1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 63
2.1.2 ATOMIC SPECTRA 63
2.1.3 SELECTION OF THE SPECTRAL LINES 65
2.2 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 69
2.3 LINE WIDTH AND LINE PROFILE 74
2.3.1 NATURAL LINE WIDTH 75
2.3.2 DOPPLER BROADENING 76
2.3.3 COLLISIONAL BROADENING 77
2.3.4 SELF-ABSORPTION AND SELF-REVERSAL 80
2.3.5 CONVOLUTION OF THE VARIOUS BROADENING MECHANISMS 81
2.4 HYPERFINE STRUCTURE 83
2.5 MEASURING THE ABSORPTION 86
2.5.1 THE ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 86
2.5.2 THE BEER-LAMBERT LAW 89
2.5.3 DEVIATIONS FROM THE LINEARITY OF THE CALIBRATION FUNCTION 92
2.6
THE ZEEMAN EFFECT 96
3
SPECTROMETERS
103
3.1 RADIATION SOURCES 103
3.1.1 LINE SOURCES 103
3.1.2 CONTINUUM SOURCES 110
X
CONTENTS
3.2 THE RADIATION TRAIN 110
3.3 DISPERSION AND SEPARATION OF THE RADIATION 113
3.3.1 SPECTRAL SLITWIDTH 115
3.3.2 RECIPROCAL LINEAR DISPERSION 119
3.4 THE MEASUREMENT AND CORRECTION OF BACKGROUND ATTENUATION. 120
3.4.1 BACKGROUND CORRECTION WITH CONTINUUM SOURCES 121
3.4.2 BACKGROUND CORRECTION UTILIZING THE ZEEMAN EFFECT 123
3.4.3 BACKGROUND CORRECTION WITH HIGH CURRENT PULSING 133
3.5 THE DETECTION OF RADIATION 136
3.6 THE MODULATION OF RADIATION 138
3.7 SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROMETERS 139
3.8 DATA ACQUISITION AND OUTPUT 142
3.8.1 MEASURED QUANTITIES 143
3.8.2 SIGNAL HANDLING 144
3.8.3 BASELINE OFFSET CORRECTION 146
3.8.4 INTEGRATED ABSORBANCE 147
4 ATOMIZERS AND ATOMIZER UNITS 149
4.1 FLAME ATOMIZATION 149
4.1.1 SPECTROSCOPIC FLAMES 150
4.1.2 NEBULIZER-BURNER SYSTEMS 154
4.1.2.1 BURNER HEADS 154
4.1.2.2 NEBULIZERS AND SPRAY CHAMBERS 156
4.1.3 SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT SOLUTION. 166
4.1.3.1 THE INJECTION TECHNIQUE 166
4.1.3.2 THE USEOF PUMPS 167
4.1.3.3 FLOW INJECTION 167
4.1.3.4 HYDRAULIC HIGH PRESSURE NEBULIZATION 169
4.2 ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION 170
4.2.1 GRAPHITE STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY 171
4.2.2 GRAPHITE ATOMIZERS 175
4.2.2.1 DIMENSIONS OF GRAPHITE TUBES 175
4.2.2.2 PROFILED TUBES 178
4.2.2.3 PLATFORMS 179
4.2.2.4 PROBES 182
4.2.2.5 TEMPORALLY AND SPATIALLY ISOTHERMAL ATOMIZERS 183
4.2.3 HEATING RATE AND TEMPERATURE PROGRAM 185
4.2.4 PROTECTIVE GAS AND PURGE GAS 188
4.2.5 METAL ATOMIZERS 192
4.2.6 ATOMIZER UNITS FOR GF AAS 193
4.2.7 ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES 197
4.2.7.1 DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES 197
4.2.7.2 AIDS FOR DIRECT SOLIDS ANALYSIS 198
4.2.7.3 ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSIONS 200
4.2.8 SIMULTANEOUS MULTIELEMENT DETERMINATIONS 202
CONTENTS
XI
4.3 CHEMICAL VAPOR GENERATION 203
4.3.1 SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL VAPOR GENERATION 203
4.3.1.1 BATCH SYSTEMS 203
4.3.1.2 FLOW SYSTEMS 206
4.3.1.2.1 CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS 206
4.3.1.2.2 FLOW INJECTION SYSTEMS 208
4.3.1.2.3 GAS-LIQUID SEPARATORS (GLS) 209
4.3.1.2.4 ON-LINE SAMPLE PREPARATION 211
4.3.1.3 MATERIALS FOR CONTAINERS AND TUBING 212
4.3.1.4 SPECIAL APPARATUS FOR CV AAS 214
4.3.2 COLLECTION AND PRECONCENTRATION 215
4.3.2.1 PRECONCENTRATION OF MERCURY 215
4.3.2.2 PRECONCENTRATION OF HYDRIDES 217
4.3.3 ATOMIZATION UNITS 217
4.3.3.1 ABSORPTION CELLS FOR CV AAS 218
4.3.3.2 ATOMIZATION UNITS FOR HG AAS 218
5 THE INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD 221
5.1 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION 222
5.1.1 SAMPLING 222
5.1.2 SAMPLE CONSERVATION AND STORAGE 223
5.1.3 SAMPLE PRETREATMENT 226
5.2 MEASUREMENT, CALIBRATION, EVALUATION 229
5.2.1 SAMPLES AND MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS 229
5.2.2 CALIBRATION 234
5.2.2.1
STANDARD CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE 235
5.2.2.2
BRACKETING TECHNIQUE 238
5.2.2.3
ANALYTE ADDITION TECHNIQUE 239
5.2.2.4
REFERENCE ELEMENT TECHNIQUE 241
5.2.2.5
SELECTION OF THE CALIBRATION FUNCTION AND ITS QUALITY OF FIT 242
5.2.3 EVALUATION 244
5.2.3.1
EVALUATION FUNCTION AND SENSITIVITY 245
5.2.3.2
PRECISION 246
5.2.3.3
LIMITS OF DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION, AND QUANTITATION 252
5.2.3.4 MEASUREMENT RANGE; WORKING RANGE 256
5.2.3.5
TRUENESS 261
5.3 OPTIMIZING INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS 263
5.3.1 ERROR RECOGNITION AND INSTRUMENT OPTIMIZATION 263
5.3.2 DETERMINING SMALLER CONCERTRATIONS OR MASSES 267
5.3.3 DETERMINING HIGHER ANALYTE CONTENTS 271
5.4 INTERFERENCES IN AAS 274
5.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERFERENCES 274
5.4.1.1
SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 274
5.4.1.2
NON-SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 281
5.4.2 RECOGNIZING INTERFERENCES 283
XII
CONTENTS
5.4.3 AVOIDING AND ELIMINATING INTERFERENCES 285
5.4.3.1
ELIMINATING SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 285
5.4.3.2
ELIMINATION OF NON-SPECTTRAL INTERFERENCES 287
5.5 METHODS DEVELOPMENT, QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT 290
5.5.1
METHODS DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION 291
5.5.2 INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL 294
6 MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION
297
6.1 FLOW INJECTION 297
6.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSPORT AND CHANGE OF MEASUREMENT SOLUTIONS 300
6.3
AUTOMATIC ADDITION OF REAGENTS OR CALIBRATION SOLUTIONS 301
6.4
AUTOMATIC DILUTION 302
6.5 AUTOMATIC SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION 305
6.5.1 FI ON-LINE SORBENT EXTRACTION , 306
6.5.2 FI ON-LINE PRECIPITATION AND COPRECIPITATION 313
6.5.3 FI ON-LINE SOLVENT EXTRACTTION 315
6.6 ON-LINE SAMPLE PRETREATMENT 316
6.7 AUTOMATIC SETUP AND OPTIMIZATION OF INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS 317
6.8
AUTOMATIC DATA HANDLING 318
7 SPECIATION ANALYSIS
323
7.1 NON-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 324
7.1.1 THE HYDRIDE-GENERATION TECHNIQUE 324
7.1.2 PRECONCENTRATION ON PACKED COLUMNS 324
7.2 CHROMATOGRAPHIE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 326
7.2.1 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIE (GC) SEPARATION 326
7.2.2 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIE (HPLC) SEPARATION 329
7.2.3 THE COUPLING OF HYDRIDE-GENERATION, PRECONCENTRATION, AND
GC
SEPARATION 332
8 THE TECHNIQUES OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
335
8.1 THE FLAME TECHNIQUE 335
8.1.1 ATOMIZATION IN FLAMES 335
8.1.1.1
THE PROCESS OF VOLATILIZATION 336
8.1.1.2
THE PROCESS OF DISSOCIATION 337
8.1.1.3
DEVIATIONS FROM EQUILIBRIUM 339
8.1.1.4
THE KINETIC ASPECT 340
8.1.1.5
THE SOLVENT EFFECT 341
8.1.2 INTERFERENCES 342
8.1.2.1
SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 342
8.1.2.2
TRANSPORT INTERFERENCES 343
8.1.2.3
SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION INTERFERENCES 345
8.1.2.4
SOLUTE-VOLATILIZATION INTERFERENCES 346
8.1.2.4.1
THE VOLATILIZATION OF PARTICLES 346
8.1.2.4.2
REACTIONS DURING VOLATILIZATION 348
CONTENTS XIII
8.1.2.4.3
THE ALKALINE-EARTH ELEMENTS 350
8.1.2.4.4 THE FLAME EFFECT 355
8.1.2.5
VAPOR-PHASE INTERFERENCES 357
8.1.2.5.1
DISSOCIATION INTERFERENCES 358
8.1.2.5.2
IONIZATION INTERFERENCES 358
8.2 THE GRAPHITE FURNACE TECHNIQUE 361
8.2.1 THE ATOMIZATION SIGNAL 362
8.2.2 METHODS TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS 366
8.2.2.1
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES 367
8.2.2.1.2 PYROLYSIS AND ATTOMIZATION CURVES 367
8.2.2.1.2
TIME-RESOLVED SIGNALS 368
8.2.2.1.3
MOLECULAR ABSORPTION 372
8.2.2.1.4 TIME-RESOLVED AND SPATIALLY-RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS 373
8.2.2.2 TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING THE GAS PHASE 377
8.2.2.2.1
ETV-F AAS AND ETV-ICP-MS 377
8.2.2.2.2
MASS SPECTROMETRIC (MS) INVESTIGATIONS 377
8.2.2.3
TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATING THE CONDENSED PHASE 379
8.2.2.3.1 THE USE OF RADIOTRACERS 379
8.2.2.3.2
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 380
8.2.2.3.3
X-RAY DIFFRACTTION ANALYSIS (XRD) 381
8.2.2.3.4 MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES OF SURFACE ANALYSIS 381
8.2.2.4
DERIVED PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES 383
8.2.2.4.1
ARRHENIUS DIAGRAMS 383
8.2.2.4.2
HIGH-TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIA CALCULATIONS 384
8.2.2.4.3
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 384
8.2.3 ATOMIZATION MECHANISMS 384
8.2.3.1
THE ALKALI METALS 387
8.2.3.2
THE ALKALINE-EARTH ELEMENTS 387
8.2.3.3
YTTRIUM AND THE RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) 389
8.2.3.4
VANADIUM, CHROMIUM, AND MOLYBDENUM 390
8.2.3.5
MANGANESE AND THE IRON GROUP 392
8.2.3.6
THE NOBLE METALS 394
8.2.3.7
ZINC AND CADMIUM 395
8.2.3.8
ALUMINIUM AND BORON 395
8.2.3.9
GALLIUM, INDIUM, THALLIUM 399
8.2.3.10 SILICON, GERMANIUM, TIN 400
8.2.3.11
LEAD 402
8.2.3.12
ARSENIC 404
8.2.3.13
SELENIUM 406
8.2.4 INTERFERENCES 409
8.2.4.1
THE STPF CONCEPT 409
8.2.4.1.1
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION 410
8.2.4.1.2
ISOTHERMAL ATOMIZATION 415
8.2.4.1.3
CONTROLOF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE ATOMIZER 416
8.2.4.2
SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 418
8.2.4.3
NON-SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 424
XIV CONTENTS
8.2.4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF NON-SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 424
8.2.4.3.2 INTERFERENCE MECHANISMS 425
8.2.4.3.3 AVOIDING NON-SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 428
8.2.5 ABSOLUTE ANALYSES 432
8.3 THE HYDRIDE-GENERATION TECHNIQUE 434
8.3.1 GENERATION AND TRANSPORT OF THE HYDRIDE 434
8.3.1.1 REDUCTION TO THE HYDRIDE 434
8.3.1.2 DRIVING THE HYDRIDE OUT OF SOLUTION 435
8.3.1.3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYDRIDE-GENERATION SYSTEM 436
8.3.1.4 THE INFLUENCE OF THE OXIDATION STATE OF THE ANALYTE 437
8.3.1.5 TRANSPORT OF THE HYDRIDE 439
8.3.2 THE ATOMIZATION OF HYDRIDES 440
8.3.2.1 NON-HEATED FLAME-IN-TUBE ATOMIZERS (FIT ATOMIZERS) 440
8.3.2.2 ATOMIZATION IN HEATED QUARTZ TUBES (QTAS) 442
8.3.2.3 ATOMIZATION IN GRAPHITE FURNACES 451
8.3.3 INTERFERENCES 454
8.3.3.1 SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES 455
8.3.3.2 INTERFERENCES DURING HYDRIDE GENERATION 455
8.3.3.2.1 INFLUENCE OF THE ANALYTE SPECIES 455
8.3.3.2.2 INTERFERENCES CAUSED BY CONCOMITANTS 456
8.3.3.2.3 MEMORY INTERFERENCES 461
8.3.3.3 INTERFERENCES IN THE ATOMIZER 463
8.3.3.3.1 QUARTZ TUBE ATOMIZERS 463
8.3.3.3.2 GRAPHITE TUBE ATOMIZERS 468
8.4 THE COLD VAPOR TECHNIQUE 469
8.4.1 MOBILITY, CONTAMINATION, AND LOSSES 469
8.4.2 DIGESTION PROCEDURES 471
8.4.3 INTERFERENCES 473
8.4.3.1 INTERFERENCES ON THE RELEASE OF MERCURY 473
8.4.3.2 INTERFERENCES TO AMALGAMATION 474
9 THE INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS 477
9.1 ALUMINIUM (AI) 479
9.2 ANTIMONY(SB) 482
9.3 ARSENIC (AS) 483
9.4 BARIUM (BA) 486
9.5 BERYLLIUM (BE) 488
9.6 BISMUTH(BI) 589
9.7 BORON (B) 490
9.8 CADMIUM(CD) 492
9.9 CALCIUM (CA) 493
9.10 CESIUM(CS) 495
9.11 CHROMIUM(CR) 496
9.12 COBALT(CO) 499
9.13 COPPER(CU) 500
CONTENTS XV
9.14 GALLIUM (GA) 502
9.15 GERMANIUM (GE) 503
9.16 GOLD (AU) 504
9.17 HAFNIUM (HF) 506
9.18 INDIUM (IN) 506
9.19 IODINE (I) 508
9.20 IRIDIUM (IR) 508
9.21 IRON (FE) 510
9.22 LANTHANUM (LA) AND THE RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) 512
9.23 LEAD(PB) 516
9.24 LITHIUM (LI) 519
9.25 MAGNESIUM (MG) 520
9.26 MANGANESE (MN) 522
9.27 MERCURY (HG) 523
9.28 MOLYBDENUM (MO) 529
9.29 NICKEL (NI) 531
9.30 NIOBIUM (NB) 533
9.31 NON-METALS 534
9.32 OSMIUM (OS) 535
9.33 PALLADIUM (PD) 537
934 PHOSPHORUS (P) 538
9.35 PLATINUM (PT) 538
9.36 POTASSIUM(K) 541
9.37 RHENIUM (RE) 542
9.38 RHODIUM (RH) 542
9.39 RUBIDIUM (RB) 544
9.40 RUTHENIUM (RU) 545
9.41 SCANDIUM (SC) 546
9.42 SELENIUM(SE) 547
9.43 SILICON (SI) 551
9.44 SILVER(AG) 553
9.45 SODIUM(NA) 554
9.46 STRONTIUM (SR) 555
9.47 SULFUR(S) 556
9.48 TANTALUM (TA) 557
9.49 TECHNETIUM (TC) 557
9.50 TELLURIUM (TE) 558
9.51 THALLIUM (TL) 559
9.52 TIN (SN) 561
9.53 TITANIUM(TI) 565
9.54 TUNGSTEN (W) 567
9.55 URANIUM(U) 567
9.56 VANADIUM (V) 568
9.57 YTTRIUM (Y) 569
9.58 ZINC (ZN) 570
9.59 ZIRCONIUM (ZR) 572
XVI
CONTENTS
10 APPLICATIONS OF
AAS
575
10.1 BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES 575
10.1.1 THE ELECTROLYTES 577
10.1.2 TRACE ELEMENTS 581
10.1.3 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY 598
10.1.4 THERAPEUTICALLY ADMINISTERED ELEMENTS 608
10.1.5 THE ANALYSIS OF TISSUES 610
10.2 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 614
10.2.1 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PRETREATMENT 616
10.2.2 DIGESTION PROCEDURES FOR F AAS AND GF AAS 616
10.2.3 DETERMINATION PROCEDURES FOR F AAS 623
10.2.4 DETERMINATION PROCEDURES FOR GF AAS 628
10.2.5 DIGESTION PROCEDURES FOR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USING
CHEMICAL
VAPOR GENERATION 640
10.2.6 SPECIATION ANALYSIS 648
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 655
10.3.1 WATER ANALYSIS 656
10.3.1.1 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE CONSERVATION 657
10.3.1.2 METHODS FOR F AAS 658
10.3.1.3 METHODS FOR GF AAS 662
10.3.1.4 METHODS FOR HG AAS 672
10.3.1.5 METHODS FOR CV AAS 675
10.3.1.6 METHODS OF SPECIATION ANALYSIS 676
10.3.1.7 INDIRECT DETERMINATION METHODS 681
10.3.2 SOILS, SEDIMENTS, SLUDGES 682
10.3.2.1 SAMPLING 682
10.3.2.2 DETERMINING THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF ANALYTES 682
10.3.2.3
SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS AND
BONDING
FORMS 688
10.3.2.4 SPECIATION ANALYSIS IN SOILS, SEDIMENTS, AND SLUDGES 691
10.3.3
COAL, ASH, DUST, AND AIR 694
10.3.3.1 SAMPLING DUSTS 695
10.3.3.2 DIGESTION PROCEDURES 697
10.3.3.3 THE DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES AND SLURRIES 699
10.3.3.4
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MERCURY 700
10.3.3.5 SPECIATION ANALYSIS 702
10.4 ROCKS, MINERALS, ORES 703
10.4.1 DIGESTION PROCEDURES 703
10.4.2 DIRECT DETERMINATIONS FROM DIGESTION SOLUTIONS 705
10.4.3 EXTRACTION AND PRECONCENTRATION PROCEDURES 708
10.4.4 THE DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES 710
10.5 CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 711
10.5.1 ORIGIN-SPECIFIC ELEMENTS AND CONTAMINATION IN CRUDE OIL 712
10.5.2
ADDITIVES TO FUELS, LUBRICATING OILS, AND GREASES 716
10.5.3 WEAR METALS AND LUBRICATING OILS 719
CONTENTS XVII
10.5.4 RUBBER AND PLASTICS 722
10.6 METALLURGICAL SAMPLES 724
10.6.1 IRON, STEEL AND FERROUS ALLOYS 724
10.6.1.1 DIGESTION PROCEDURES 725
10.6.1.2 DIRECT DETERMINATIONS BY F AAS 726
10.6.1.3 SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION PROCEDURES 727
10.6.1.4 THE APPLICATION OF GF AAS 728
10.6.1.5 THE APPLICATION OF HG AAS 729
10.6.1.6 DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES 730
10.6.2 NON-FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS 731
10.6.2.1 LIGHT METALS AND ALLOYS 731
10.6.2.2 LEAD, TIN, AND LEAD-TIN ALLOYS 732
10.6.2.3 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS 733
10.6.2.4 NICKEL, CHROMIUM, COBALT, MANGANESE AND THEIR ALLOYS 736
10.6.2.5
HARD AND REFRACTORY METALS 738
10.6.2.6 ULTRAHIGH-PURITY METALS 739
10.6.2.7 NOBLE METAL ANALYSIS 740
10.6.2.8 ELECTROLYTIC BATHS 741
10.7 MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 742
10.7.1 THE ANALYSIS OF GLASS 742
10.7.2 CERAMIC MATERIALS, SUPERCONDUCTORS 744
10.7.3 CEMENT AND ITS RAW MATERIALS 746
10.7.4 CHEMICALS 748
10.7.5 PHARMACEUTICALS ANDCOSMETICS 752
10.7.5.1 DETERMINATION OF METALLIC ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND IMPURITIES 752
10.7.5.2
INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC ACTIVE INGREDIENTS 754
10.7.6
CATALYSTS 755
10.7.7 SEMICONDUCTORS 759
10.7.8 NUCLEAR MATERIALS 762
10.7.9 FERTILIZERS, FUNGICIDES AND PESTICIDES 763
10.7.10 PAINTS, VARNISHES, PIGMENTS 765
10.7.11 PAPERS, TEXTILES, LEATHER 766
10.8 MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS 768
10.8.1 FORENSIC ANALYSIS 768
10.8.2 ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDS 769
BIBLIOGRAPHY 771
INDEX 907 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Welz, Bernhard 1936-2018 Sperling, Michael |
| author_GND | (DE-588)106263897 |
| author_facet | Welz, Bernhard 1936-2018 Sperling, Michael |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Welz, Bernhard 1936-2018 |
| author_variant | b w bw m s ms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV012350446 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD96 |
| callnumber-raw | QD96.A8 |
| callnumber-search | QD96.A8 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 296 A8 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | VG 8730 VG 8731 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)40610453 (DE-599)BVBBV012350446 |
| dewey-full | 544/.6 543.0858 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 544 - [Unassigned] 543 - Analytical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 544/.6 543.0858 |
| dewey-search | 544/.6 543.0858 |
| dewey-sort | 3544 16 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| edition | 3., completely rev. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV012350446 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-22T17:10:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527285717 |
| language | German English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008374145 |
| oclc_num | 40610453 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-20 DE-522 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-522 DE-11 |
| physical | XXII, 941 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Welz, Bernhard 1936-2018 Verfasser (DE-588)106263897 aut Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie Atomic absorption spectrometry Bernhard Welz ; Michael Sperling 3., completely rev. ed. Weinheim [u.a.] Wiley-VCH 1999 XXII, 941 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 769 - 905. - Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Welz, Bernhard: Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie Espectroscopia atomica larpcal Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (DE-588)4068917-7 gnd rswk-swf Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (DE-588)4068917-7 s DE-604 Sperling, Michael Verfasser aut DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008374145&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Welz, Bernhard 1936-2018 Sperling, Michael Atomic absorption spectrometry Espectroscopia atomica larpcal Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (DE-588)4068917-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068917-7 |
| title | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
| title_alt | Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie |
| title_auth | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
| title_exact_search | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
| title_full | Atomic absorption spectrometry Bernhard Welz ; Michael Sperling |
| title_fullStr | Atomic absorption spectrometry Bernhard Welz ; Michael Sperling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atomic absorption spectrometry Bernhard Welz ; Michael Sperling |
| title_short | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
| title_sort | atomic absorption spectrometry |
| topic | Espectroscopia atomica larpcal Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (DE-588)4068917-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Espectroscopia atomica Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008374145&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT welzbernhard atomabsorptionsspektrometrie AT sperlingmichael atomabsorptionsspektrometrie AT welzbernhard atomicabsorptionspectrometry AT sperlingmichael atomicabsorptionspectrometry |