Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials:
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| Previous Title: | Elwood, J. Mark Causal relationships in medicine |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
1998
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Oxford medical publications
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | X, 448 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0192627457 0192627449 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface and acknowledgements v
Introduction 1
1. The importance of causal relationships in medicine and health care 3
What is causation? 4
A direct test of causation 7
Methods of counting events 9
Summary 12
Self test questions % 12
2. Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation 14
Relationship of study design to the definition of causation 14
A classification of comparative studies: classification by the
groups of people compared 15
Classification by time relationships 18
More complex designs 20
Characteristics of the different study designs: intervention trials 22
Observational cohort studies 27
Case control studies 29
Cross sectional surveys 32
Summary of comparisons 33
Summary 33
Self test questions 36
3. The results obtained from studies of causation 37
Cohort and intervention studies 37
Relative risk and relative odds 39
Risk difference (attributable risk) 39
Preventive factors, and application to intervention studies;
number needed to treat 41
Person time as the denominator of rates 42
More than one causal agent 43
Case control studies 45
Use of the odds ratio 47
Different sampling schemes in case control studies: why a case
can also be a control 49
Surveys 51
viii Contents
General applicability of these analytical approaches 51
Summary 52
Self test questions 53
4. Selection of subjects for study 55
Target, source, eligible, and participant populations 55
The distinction between internal and external validity 59
Selection bias and its effects 61
Methods of reducing selection problems 63
Selection of subjects for comparative studies 66
Selection of the comparison subjects 67
Selection of subjects in randomized intervention trials 68
Selection of the subjects for a cohort study 75
Selection of subjects for a case control study 82
Assessment of selection issues in a completed study 89
Summary 91
Self test questions 93
5. Error and bias in observations 94
Sources of error and of bias 94
Practical issues in reducing bias and error 100
Examples of bias 101
Assessment of bias and error 103
Assessment of the consistency of information 104
Effects of misclassification on study results 109
Summary 113
Self test questions 114
6. Confounding 116
Confounding—definition and non mathematical examples 116
Confounding in cohort and intervention studies 120
Confounding in case control studies 124
Methods for the control of confounding 126
Control of confounding: restriction 126
Randomization 127
Stratification 135
Matching 145
Multivariate methods 150
Application of the definition of confounding to study design 155
Application of the definition of confounding to analysis 156
Summary 257
Self test questions 158
Contents ix
7. Chance variation 161
The concept of significance 162
Simple statistical tests for a two by two table 163
The Mantel Haenszel test 167
The concept of precision; confidence limits 172
Statistical power and the size of a study 177
Repeated testing in trials: stopping rules and data monitoring
groups 183
Ordered exposure variables and tests of trend . 185
Assumptions in stratification: interaction 186
Statistical tests in matched analysis 189
Statistical tests in multivariate analysis 190
Issues in the interpretation of results 193
Summary 194
Self test questions 196
8. Combining results from several studies: meta analysis 198
The process of meta analysis 199
Publication bias 200
Finding and selecting studies for inclusion 202
Analyses based on original data, or on published results 205
Limitations of meta analysis 206
Exploring differences between studies 206
Statistical methods in meta analysis 207
The Cochrane collaboration 215
Summary 215
Self test questions 216
9. The diagnosis of causation 218
Questions 1 to 5: what evidence do we have? 218
A. Description of the evidence 219
B. Internal validity—consideration of non causal explanations 221
C. Internal validity—consideration of positive features of causation 222
D. External validity—generalization of the results 228
E. Comparison of the results with other evidence 229
Assessing causal relationships and making decisions 236
Further application of these concepts 237
Application of the scheme in designing a study 239
The application of critical appraisal to health care decisions:
evidence based medicine 239
Summary 243
Self test questions 244
x Contents
Introduction to Chapters 10 15 245
10. Critical appraisal of a randomized clinical trial 247
11. Critical appraisal of a randomized trial of a preventive agent 263
12. Critical appraisal of a prospective cohort study 283
13. Critical appraisal of a retrospective cohort study 300
14. Critical appraisal of a matched case control study 317
15. Critical appraisal of a large, population based, case control study 331
Answers to self test questions 348
References 359
Appendices 373
Appendix 1: Statistical analysis methods: formulae and worked
examples: list of contents 373
Appendix 2: Iifetable methods: list of contents 419
Appendix 3: Statistical tables: list of tables 430
Index 443
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:25:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0192627457 0192627449 |
| language | English |
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| physical | X, 448 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
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| series2 | Oxford medical publications |
| spelling | Elwood, J. Mark Verfasser aut Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials J. Mark Elwood 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 1998 X, 448 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford medical publications Epidemiología - Investigaciones Epidemiología - Investigaciones - Evaluación Etiología (Enfermedades) Metodología en epidemiología Pruebas clínicas Pruebas clínicas - Evaluación 1. Aufl. u.d.T. Elwood, J. Mark Causal relationships in medicine HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008364674&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Elwood, J. Mark Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials Epidemiología - Investigaciones Epidemiología - Investigaciones - Evaluación Etiología (Enfermedades) Metodología en epidemiología Pruebas clínicas Pruebas clínicas - Evaluación |
| title | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials |
| title_auth | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials |
| title_exact_search | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials |
| title_full | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials J. Mark Elwood |
| title_fullStr | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials J. Mark Elwood |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials J. Mark Elwood |
| title_old | Elwood, J. Mark Causal relationships in medicine |
| title_short | Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials |
| title_sort | critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials |
| topic | Epidemiología - Investigaciones Epidemiología - Investigaciones - Evaluación Etiología (Enfermedades) Metodología en epidemiología Pruebas clínicas Pruebas clínicas - Evaluación |
| topic_facet | Epidemiología - Investigaciones Epidemiología - Investigaciones - Evaluación Etiología (Enfermedades) Metodología en epidemiología Pruebas clínicas Pruebas clínicas - Evaluación |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008364674&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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