Element analysis of biological samples: principles and practice
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
1998
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 255 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0849354242 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Element analysis of biological samples |b principles and practice |c G. Venkatesh Iyengar ; K. S. Subramanian ; Joost R. W. Woittez |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 1998 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | 1 Emerging Trends in
Bioanalytical Chemistry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 1
II. Milestones in Biological Trace Element Research 2
m. Developments in Metrology 3
A. Definition of Metrology 3
B. Harmonization of Measurements 4
1. Metrology and Chemical Realities 4
C. Traceability of Measurements 5
IV. Developments in Bioanalytical Concepts 5
A. A Case for Analytical and Biological Standardization 5
B. Biological Standardization 6
1. Multidisciplinary Perspectives 6
2. Metal Free Environment Concept 7
3. Trace Element Speciation and Bioavailability 7
4. Total Analytical Quality Assurance 7
5. The Bio sources of Analytical Errors 8
a. Creatinine Values as a Biosource of Error 8
C. Analytical Standardization 10
1. Sampling and Sample Preparation 10
2. Special Features of Biofluids 10
a. Medico Legal Implications 11
b. Sampling and Preparatory Aspects 11
3. Contamination and Loss of Analytes 13
4. Matrix Problems and Sample Treatment 13
5. Storage and Preservation 13
6. Specimen Banking 14
D. Baseline Values 14
V. Concluding Remarks 14
VI. The Future 15
References 15
2 Presampling Factors
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 19
II. Definition of Presampling Factors 20
A. Biological Variations 20
1. Genetic Parameters 21
2. Physiological Factors 21
a. Long Term Physiological Influences 21
b. Short Term Physiological Influences 22
c. Stress Linked Changes 23
d. Recent Dietary Intake 23
3. Geographical and Environmental Factors 23
4. Influence of Diet 24
5. Influence of Habits 24
6. Seasonal Changes 24
B. Post Mortem Changes 26
1. Cell Swelling 26
2. Imbibition 26
3. Autolysis 26
C. Endogenous Situations 27
1. Internal Contamination 28
2. Intrinsic Bias 29
3. Inadvertent Error 31
D. Anatomical Differences between Segments of an Organ 33
IH. Presampling vs. Preanalytical Factors 33
IV. Concluding Remarks 33
References 34
I. INTRODUCTION
Even after a span of two decades and the considerable efforts expended to establish guidelines
to understand problems related to bioanalytical intricacies, there is still concern among trace
analysis researchers dealing with biological systems that analytical data obtained for organic
and inorganic constituents, especially for those at very low concentration levels, are inaccu¬
rate.1 11 Major efforts are therefore necessary to generate reproducible and reliable results,
e.g., to build up a reference data base for human tissues and body fluids. Unless this is
achieved, true variations in trace component concentrations arising from physiological
changes, pathological influences, and occupational and environmental exposures remain
submerged in the wide ranges associated with the reported analytical data. Unless sustainable
improvements are introduced in the working procedure, very little progress can be anticipated
in applying the results gained from such studies to practical problems in human health.
19
*2 Sampling and Sample
Preparation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 39
II. Changes in Trace Element Composition 42
A. Element Specific Changes 42
1. Contamination 42
2. Losses 53
B. Sample Specific Changes 55
HI. Presampling Considerations 56
IV. Aspects of Sampling 60
A. Establishment of Analytical Control 61
B. Sampling Error in a Test Portion 64
C. Uniformity of Laboratory Samples 66
D. Uniformity of Subsamples 67
E. The Gross Sample 67
References 68
A Storage and Preservation of
Biomedical Specimens*
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 75
II. The Need for Preservation and Storage 76
III. Factors Affecting Preservation and Storage 77
A. Container 77
B. Cleaning Methods for Containers 79
C. Blood Collecting Devices 80
D. Storage Temperature 82
E. Duration of Storage 82
IV. Freeze Drying 83
V. Chemical Preservation 84
VI. Laboratory Environment 84
VII. Literature Studies on Stability 86
A. Whole Blood, Serum, Plasma 86
1. Aluminum 86
2. Calcium 88
3. Na, K, Mg, Li, and Cu 89
4. Zinc 90
5. Chromium 91
6. Manganese 91
7. Mercury 92
8. Lead 92
9. Cadmium 93
10. Other Elements 95
B. Urine and Other Biological Fluids 95
C. Biological Tissues 96
VIII. Recommendations 96
A. Whole Blood, Serum, Plasma 96
B. Urine 96
IX. Conclusions 97
References 97
£ Sample Decomposition
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 103
II. Analytical Requirements 104
III. Decomposition Mechanism 105
IV. Modes of Decomposition 105
A. Wet Ashing 106
1. Low Pressure Wet Ashing 108
a. H2SO4, HNO3 and HC1O4 109
b. H2SO4 and H2O2 109
c. Reflux with HNO3 and HC1O4 109
d. Other Successful Procedures 110
2. High Pressure Wet Ashing 110
3. Microwave Decomposition 112
B. Dry Ashing 114
1. High Temperature Ashing 114
a. Muffle Furnace Dry Ashing 115
b. Heated Tube Dry Ashing 116
c. Closed Vessel O2 Combustion 116
d. Open Vessel O2 Combustion 117
2. Low Temperature Ashing 118
V. Concluding Remarks 119
A. Comparison of Decomposition Techniques 120
B. Comparison of Analytical Techniques 120
C. Selected Trace Element Analytical Problems 125
References 125
fa Sample Preparation Methods
for Various Instrumental
Techniques*
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 136
II. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 136
A. Introduction 36
B. Dilution 38
C. Protein Precipitation 3S
D. Acid Extraction 39
E. Chelation/Solvent Extraction 39
F. Destruction of Organic Matter l4°
G. Hydride Forming Elements 14()
H. Cold Vapor AAS 141
I. Tissue Solubilization 141
J. Solid Sampling 142
K. Methods for Various Elements 142
1. Introduction 2. Electrolyte Elements Na, K, Ca, and Mg 142
3. Essential Elements Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, and Mn I42
4. Therapeutic Elements Au and Li 144
5. Nonessential Elements Pb, Cd, Ni, As, and Hg I44
L. Methods for Urine, Hair, Nail, Feces, Milk, Tooth, and Bone 145
III. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry l4
147
A. Introduction ,,_
14/
B. Direct Methods C. Dilution ^
D. Deproteinization E. Matrix Modification F. Dissolution of Tissues G. Complete Oxidation of Tissues and Fluids *
H. Solid Sampling ,„
IV. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry 3
A. Direct Methods .,.
B. Deproteinization .,.
C. Oxidative Decomposition ,,
D. Solid Sampling
7 Analysis of Trace Element
Species
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 175
II. Comprehensive Trace Element Species Analysis in Biological Systems 177
HI. Theoretical Considerations 181
A. Analytical Aspects 181
B. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects 182
FV. Practical Considerations 185
A. Neutron Activation Analysis of Protein Bound Trace Elements
in Human Serum 186
1. Desalting 187
2. Fractionation 189
3. Results by Neutron Activation Analysis 190
B. Evaluation of Literature Data by Mass Balance Charts 190
V. Concluding Remarks 194
References 196
Q Specimen Banking and
Chemical Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction 204
A. Analytical Chemistry and Specimen Banking 204
B. Toxic Substances in the Environment 204
C. Bioenvironmental Surveillance 205
D. Real Time and Long Term Biomonitoring 207
II. Specimen Banking 207
A. Emerging Discipline 207
B. Objectives 207
C. Preservation Vs. Storage 208
D. Existing Specimen Banks and Their Goals 209
1. Canada 209
2. Germany 210
3. Japan 211
4. Sweden 212
5. United Kingdom 212
6. United States 212
E. Funding and Management 214
F. Notable Outcomes of Some ESB Programs 214
III. Establishment of Specimen Banks 214
A. Infrastructure 214
B. Specimen Collection, Transportation, and Storage 215
C. Scope and Size 216
D. Interdisciplinary Parameters 216
1. Biostatistical Aspects 217
2. Bioanalytical Perceptions 218
E. Medico Legal and Ethical Issues 218
F. Access to Banked Specimens 220
G. Data Management 220
H. Major Facilities in Operation 221
1. Germany (Juelich) 221
2. Germany (Muenster) 222
3. U.S. (Gaithersburg, MD) 222
IV. Analytical Aspects 223
A. Sampling and Sample Handling Strategies 223
B. Storage and Preservation Strategies 223
C. Determination of Organic Constituents 224
D. Determination of Inorganic Constituents 225
E. Chemical Speciation 226
F. Analytical Quality Assurance 226
203
G. Certified Reference Materials 226
1. CRMs for Inorganic Constituents 226
2. CRMs for Organic Constituents 227
H. Research Needs 227
V. Human Tissue Banking for Biomonitoring 228
A. Human Specimens for Biomonitoring 228
B. Specimens for Monitoring Inorganic Pollutants 228
C. Specimens for Monitoring Organic Pollutants 229
1. Adipose Tissue and Liver 229
2. Blood and Other Specimens 229
3. Breast Milk 229
a. Organohalogens in Breast Milk 230
b. Organophosphorus in Blood and Milk 230
D. Sampling and Processing Liver Specimens 231
E. Constituents Determined in Human Specimens 232
1. Organic Compounds 232
2. Inorganic Analytes 233
VI. Summary and Conclusions 234
References 236
|
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849354242 |
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| physical | 255 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Iyengar, Govindaraja V. 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)121079422 aut Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice G. Venkatesh Iyengar ; K. S. Subramanian ; Joost R. W. Woittez Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 1998 255 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trace elements Analysis Biologisches Material (DE-588)4145633-6 gnd rswk-swf Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd rswk-swf Biologisches Material (DE-588)4145633-6 s Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 s DE-604 Subramanian, Kunnath S. Verfasser aut Woittiez, Joost R. W. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008361847&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Iyengar, Govindaraja V. 1943- Subramanian, Kunnath S. Woittiez, Joost R. W. Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice Trace elements Analysis Biologisches Material (DE-588)4145633-6 gnd Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4145633-6 (DE-588)4009840-0 |
| title | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice |
| title_auth | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice |
| title_exact_search | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice |
| title_full | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice G. Venkatesh Iyengar ; K. S. Subramanian ; Joost R. W. Woittez |
| title_fullStr | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice G. Venkatesh Iyengar ; K. S. Subramanian ; Joost R. W. Woittez |
| title_full_unstemmed | Element analysis of biological samples principles and practice G. Venkatesh Iyengar ; K. S. Subramanian ; Joost R. W. Woittez |
| title_short | Element analysis of biological samples |
| title_sort | element analysis of biological samples principles and practice |
| title_sub | principles and practice |
| topic | Trace elements Analysis Biologisches Material (DE-588)4145633-6 gnd Chemische Analyse (DE-588)4009840-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Trace elements Analysis Biologisches Material Chemische Analyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008361847&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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