Catalysis and zeolites: fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | German |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1999
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 564 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540636501 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Catalysis and zeolites |b fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables |c J. Weitkamp ... (eds.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1999 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 564 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
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| adam_text | J. WEITKAMP * L. PUPPE (EDS.) CATALYSIS AND ZEOLITES FUNDAMENTALS AND
APPLICATIONS WITH 211 FIGURES AND 48 TABLES SPRINGER CONTENTS 1
SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINOSIIICATE ZEOLITES AND RELATED SILICA-BASED MATERIALS
1 JEAN-LOUIS GUTH AND HENRI KESSLER 1.1 SCOPE 1 1.2 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2.1
STRUCTURE, COMPOSITUM, NOMENCLATURE 1 1.2.2 HISTORY OF ZEOLITE SYNTHESIS
4 1.3 THEORETICAL PART 5 1.3.1 CRYSTALLOGENESIS 5 1.3.1.1 NUCLEATION 5
1.3.1.2 CRYSTAL GROWTH 9 1.3.1.3 ADVANCEMENT OF THE CRYSTALLIZATION WITH
TIME 13 1.3.1.4 OSTWALD S RULE 14 1.3.2 ZEOLITE SYNTHESIS, MECHANISM AND
CHEMISTRY 16 1.3.2.1 PRESENTATION OF THE SYNTHESIS SYSTEM 16 1.3.2.2
FRAMEWORK T ELEMENTS 18 1.3.2.3 MINERALIZER AND T ELEMENT SPECIES IN THE
SOLUTION 20 1.3.2.4 TEMPLATES 22 1.4 EXPERIMENTAL PART 23 1.4.1
EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS 23 1.4.1.1 NATURE OF THE REACTANTS 24 1.4.1.2
COMPOSITION OF THE REACTION MIXTURE 25 1.4.1.3 PREPARATION PROCEDURE OF
THE REACTION MIXTURE 25 1.4.1.4 AGING 26 1.4.1.5 SEEDING 26 1.4.1.6
NATURE OF THE REACTOR 26 1.4.1.7 CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE 27 1.4.1.8
PRESSURE 27 1.4.1.9 AGITATION 27 1.4.1.10 HEATINGTIME 27 1.4.2 REVIEW OF
ZEOLITES OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS REACTION SYSTEMS . . 28 1.4.2.1
ALL-SILICA MOLECULAR SIEVES (T = SI) 28 1.4.2.2 (SI, AI) SYSTEMS WITH
INORGANIC CATIONS 28 1.4.2.3 (SI, AI) SYSTEMS WITH INORGANIC AND ORGANIC
TEMPLATES 29 CONTENTS 1.4.2.4 (SI,AL) SYSTEMS WITH ORGANIC TEMPLATES 29
1.4.2.5 (SI, T 11 ) SYSTEMS, T N = BE, CO, CU, ZN 30 1.4.2.6 (SI, T M )
SYSTEMS, T RA = B, FE, GA 31 1.4.2.7 (SI, T IV ) SYSTEMS, T IV = GE, TI,
ZR 32 1.4.2.8 OTHER SI-BASED SYSTEMS - V, CR AND MO IN TETRAHEDRAL
FRAMEWORKS 32 1.4.3 SYNTHESIS OF SOME SELECTED IMPORTANT ZEOLITES 33
1.4.3.1 ZEOLITES WITH THE LTA-TYPE STRUCTURE 33 1.4.3.2 ZEOLITES WITH
FAU-TYPE STRUCTURES AND POLYTYPES 34 1.4.3.3 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITE BETA
36 1.4.3.4 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITE LTL 37 1.4.3.5 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES
WITH THE MAZ-TYPE STRUCTURE 37 1.4.3.6 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES WITH THE
MFI-TYPE STRUCTURE 38 1.4.3.7 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES WITH THE MOR-TYPE
STRUCTURE 41 1.4.3.8 SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES WITH THE OFF- AND/OR THE
ERI-TYPE STRUCTURE 42 1.5 SYNTHESIS OF OTHER SELECTED MATERIALS 44 1.5.1
TITANOSILICATES WITH MIXED OCTAHEDRAL-TETRAHEDRAL FRAMEWORKS 44 1.5.2
SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS ALUMINOSILICATES 45 1.6 ACTIVATION OF ZEOLITES
46 REFERENCES 46 2 PHOSPHATE-BASED ZEOLITES AND MOLECULAR SIEVES 53
JOHAN A. MARTENS AND PIERRE A. JACOBS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 53 2.2
STRUCTURAL, SYNTHETIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CONCEPTS RELEVANT TO
PORO-TECTO-PHOSPHATES 54 2.2.1 A1P0 4 (GAP0 4 ) TOPOLOGICAL CONCEPT 54
2.2.2 AI (GA) COORDINATION CONCEPT 56 2.2.3 TEMPLATE: FRAMEWORK
STOICHIOMETRY CONCEPT 60 2.3 RATIONALIZATION OF PROPERTIES OF
PORO-TECTO-PHOSPHATES WITH STRUCTURAL, SYNTHETIC AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL
CONCEPTS .... 62 2.3.1 PORESIZE 62 2.3.2 THERMAL STABILITY 62 2.3.3
ADSORPTION PROPERTIES 65 2.3.4 ISOMORPHIC SUBSTITUTION 68 2.3.5
ISOMORPHIC SUBSTITUTIONS SM LA, IB AND IIA GENERATING FRAMEWORK CHARGES
71 2.3.6 ISOMORPHIC SUBSTITUTIONS IC AND IIB GENERATING ELECTRONEUTRAL
FRAMEWORKS 73 2.3.7 SI INCORPORATION ACCORDING TO SM III GENERATING SI
AND AIP DOMAINS 74 2.3.8 SI INCORPORATION ACCORDING TO COMBINATIONS OF
SM IIA AND SM III GENERATING SIAL AND SIALP DOMAINS 75 REFERENCES 76
CONTENTS IX 3 MODIFICATION OF ZEOLITES 81 GUENTER H. KUEHL 3.1 ION
EXCHANGE OF ZEOLITES 81 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY 81 3.1.2 AQUEOUS
ION EXCHANGE 81 3.1.2.1 ION-EXCHANGE ISOTHERMS 84 3.1.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL
86 3.1.2.3 THERMOCHEMISTRY OF ION EXCHANGE 88 3.1.3 ION EXCHANGE OF
ZEOLITES X AND Y 88 3.1.3.1 UNIVALENT ION EXCHANGE 90 3.1.3.2 DIVALENT
ION EXCHANGE 93 3.1.3.3 TRIVALENT ION EXCHANGE 98 3.1.4 ION EXCHANGE
OFZSM-5 100 3.1.4.1 UNIVALENT ION EXCHANGE 100 3.1.4.2 DIVALENT ION
EXCHANGE 102 3.1.4.3 TRIVALENT ION EXCHANGE 103 3.1.4.4
ALUMINUM-INDEPENDENT ION EXCHANGE 103 3.2 METALS SUPPORTED ON ZEOLITES
104 3.2.1 REDUCTION OF METAL IONS IN ZEOLITES 105 3.2.1.1 GROUP IB 105
3.2.1.2 GROUP VIIIA, FOURTH PERIOD 113 3.2.1.3 GROUP VIIIA, FIFTH PERIOD
116 3.2.1.4 GROUP VIIIA, SIXTH PERIOD 123 3.3 DEALUMINATION OF ZEOLITES
127 3.3.1 THERMAL TREATMENT 127 3.3.1.1 HYDROGEN ZEOLITES 128 3.3.1.2
DEHYDROXYLATION 132 3.3.2 EXTRACTION OF FRAMEWORK ALUMINUM WITH ACID 133
3.3.2.1 THE ALUMINUM-DEFICIENT FORM 134 3.3.2.2 ANNEALING OF TETRAHEDRAL
VACANCIES; HIGH-SILICA FAUJASITE .... 135 3.3.3 HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT
136 3.3.3.1 THE STABILIZED FORM 136 3.3.3.2 THE ULTRASTABLE FORM 140
3.3.3.3 DEALUMINATION OF HIGH-SILICA ZEOLITES 142 3.3.4 DIRECT
REPLACEMENT OF ALUMINUM WITH SILICON 145 3.3.4.1 REACTION WITH SILICON
HALIDES 145 3.3.4.2 REACTION WITH HEXAFLUOROSILICATES 151 3.3.5 REMOVAL
OF OTHER FRAMEWORK ELEMENTS 154 3.4 INSERTION INTO THE ZEOLITE FRAMEWORK
155 3.4.1 REINSERTION OF HYDROLYZED ALUMINUM 155 3.4.2 REACTION WITH
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS 157 3.4.2.1 AQUEOUS ALUMINATE 157 3.4.2.2 ALUMINUM
OXIDE 158 3.4.2.3 ALUMINUM HALIDES 161 3.4.2.4 COMPLEX ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
163 X CONTENTS 3.4.2.5 GENERATION OF VACANCIES PRIOR TO ALUMINATION 163
3.4.3 INSERTION OF OTHER ELEMENTS 164 3.4.3.1 GROUP IIIA ELEMENTS 165
3.4.3.2 ELEMENTS OF OTHER GROUPS 167 3.5 OTHER MODIFICATIONS 169 3.5.1
REACTIONS OF OH-GROUPS 169 3.5.1.1 REACTION WITH SILANES 170 3.5.1.2
REACTION WITH PHOSPHINES 172 3.5.2 REACTION WITH OXOACIDS 174 3.5.2.1
REACTION WITH DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHOROUS ACID 174 3.5.2.2 REACTION WITH
PHOSPHORIC ACID 175 REFERENCES 179 4 CHARACTERIZATION OF ZEOLITES -
INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY
DIFFRACTION . . 198 HELLMUT G. KARGE, MICHAEL HUNGER, AND HERMANN K.
BEYER LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 198 INTRODUCTION 199 4.1 IR SPECTROSCOPY 201
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 201 4.1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 201 4.1.3
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 204 4.1.3.1 TRANSMISSION IR SPECTROSCOPY 204
4.1.3.2 DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE IR (FOURIER TRANSFORM) SPECTROSCOPY (DRIFT)
206 4.1.3.3 PHOTOACOUSTIC IR SPECTROSCOPY (PAS) 207 4.1.3.4 CELLS FOR
STUDYING ZEOLITES AND ZEOLITE ADSORBATE SYSTEMS BY IR SPECTROSCOPY 208
4.1.4 STUDY OF FRAMEWORK VIBRATIONS OF ZEOLITES 211 4.1.5 IR
INVESTIGATION OF ACIDIC AND BASIC SITES IN ZEOLITES 215 4.1.5.1 BR0NSTED
ACID SITES (ACIDIC HYDROXYLS) 216 4.1.5.2 LEWIS ACID SITES - TRUE LEWIS
SITES 230 4.1.5.3 LEWIS ACID SITES - CATIONS 231 4.1.6 BASIC SITES
(BASIC HYDROXYLS, BASIC OXYGENS) 233 4.1.7 ZEOLITE-ADSORBATE SYSTEMS 235
4.1.8 MOTION, DIFFUSION AND REACTION OF GUEST MOLECULES IN ZEOLITES .
238 4.2 NMR SPECTROSCOPY 239 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 239 4.2.2 THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND 240 4.2.2.1 ZEEMAN INTERACTION AND RELAXATION EFFECTS 240
4.2.2.2 SOLID-STATE INTERACTIONS 242 4.2.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 245
4.2.3.1 METHODSOFHIGH-RESOLUTION SOLID-STATE NMR 245 CONTENTS XI 4.2.3.2
CROSS-POLARIZATION AND OTHER SELECTED PULSE TECHNIQUES .... 248 4.2.3.3
TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY 249 4.2.4 APPLICATIONS 250 4.2.4.1 29
SI MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF SI0 4 TETRAHEDRA IN THE ZEOLITE FRAMEWORK 250
4.2.4.2 27 AL NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF FRAMEWORK AND NON-FRAMEWORK ALUMINUM
IN ZEOLITES 256 4.2.4.3 31 P MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF P0 4 TETRAHEDRA IN
ALUMINOPHOSPHATE-, SILICOALUMINOPHOSPHATE-, AND GALLOPHOSPHATE-TYPE
ZEOLITES 262 4.2.4.4 N B MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF BORON-MODIFIED ZEOLITES
.... 266 4.2.4.5 SOLID-STATE 17 0 NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE ZEOLITE
FRAMEWORK . . 266 4.2.4.6 : H MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF ACIDIC AND
NON-ACIDIC HYDROXYL GROUPS IN ZEOLITES 267 4.2.4.7 SOLID-STATE 23 NA NMR
SPECTROSCOPY OF SODIUM CATIONS IN HYDRATED AND DEHYDRATED ZEOLITES 275
4.2.4.8 133 CS MAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF CESIUM CATIONS IN HYDRATED AND
DEHYDRATED MORDENITES AND FAUJASITES 282 4.2.4.9 129 XE NMR
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ZEOLITIC PORE ARCHITECTURE ... 285 4.2.4.10
INVESTIGATIONS OF BRENSTED AND LEWIS ACID SITES BY PROBE MOLECULES 291
4.3 APPLICATION OF POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY IN ZEOLITE RESEARCH 295
4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 295 4.3.2 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE INTENSITY OF BRAGG
REFLECTIONS 296 4.3.3 CALCULATION OF STRUCTURE FACTORS 299 4.3.4
POWDER-DATA STRUCTURE REFINEMENT 302 4.3.4.1 PROFILE-FITTING METHOD 303
4.3.4.2 RIETVELD METHOD 304 4.3.4.3 APPLICATION OF THE RIETVELD METHOD
IN ZEOLITE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 306 4.3.5 CRYSTALLINITY DETERMINATION 308
4.3.6 DETERMINATION OF FRAMEWORK ALUMINUM FROM X-RAY DATA . . . 310
4.3.7 DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTALLITE SIZE 314 REFERENCES 316 5
SHAPE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS IN ZEOLITES 327 JENS WEITKAMP, STEFAN ERNST,
AND LOTHAR PUPPE 5.1 SCOPE 327 5.2 INTRODUCTION 328 5.2.1 MOLECULAR
DIMENSIONS 328 5.2.2 POROUS SOLIDS: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND EFFECTIVE PORE
DIAMETER . . 329 5.2.3 MOLECULAR SIEVING 331 XII CONTENTS 5.3 CATALYSIS
AND SELECTIVITY 333 5.3.1 INCENTIVES FOR APPLYING A CATALYST 333 5.3.2
INTRINSIC, GRAIN AND REACTOR SELECTIVITY 334 5.3.3 SHAPE-SELECTIVE
CATALYSIS 335 5.4 INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL SURFACE OF ZEOLITES 336 5.4.1
EFFECT OFTHECRYSTALLITESIZE 336 5.4.2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 337 5.5
EXAMPLES FOR SHAPE-SELECTIVE REACTIONS AND MODELS FOR RATIONALIZING THE
OBSERVED EFFECTS 340 5.5.1 EARLY OBSERVATIONS 340 5.5.2 THE CLASSICAL
CONCEPT AFTER WEISZ AND CSICSERY 341 5.5.2.1 MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS:
REACTANT AND PRODUCT SHAPE SELECTIVITY . 341 5.5.2.2 INTRINSIC CHEMICAL
EFFECTS: RESTRICTED TRANSITION STATE SHAPE SELECTIVITY 343 5.5.2.3
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN MASS TRANSFER AND INTRINSIC CHEMICAL EFFECTS 344
5.5.3 OTHER CONCEPTS 345 5.5.3.1 THE CAGE OR WINDOW EFFECT 345 5.5.3.2
MOLECULAR TRAFFIC CONTROL 346 5.5.3.3 SHAPE SELECTIVITY AT THE EXTERNAL
SURFACE: THE NEST EFFECT .... 347 5.5.3.4 TIP-ON ADSORPTION OF MOLECULES
DIFFUSING INSIDE THE PORE SYSTEM 349 5.5.3.5 SECONDARY SHAPE
SELECTIVITY/INVERSE SHAPE SELECTIVITY 350 5.6 TAILORING THE
SHAPE-SELECTIVE PROPERTIES OFZEOLITE CATALYSTS . . 351 5.6.1 VARIATION
OF THE ZEOLITE TYPE AND ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION . . 351 5.6.2 VARIATION
OF THE CRYSTALLITE SIZE AND COMPOSITIONAL ZONING . . . 353 5.6.3 ION
EXCHANGE AND PORE SIZE ENGINEERING 354 5.6.4 SELECTIVE POISONING OF THE
EXTERNAL SURFACE 355 5.7 CATALYTIC TEST REACTIONS FOR PROBING THE
EFFECTIVE PORE WIDTH OF MICROPOROUS MATERIALS 356 5.7.1 TEST REACTIONS
FOR ACIDIC MOLECULAR SIEVES 357 5.7.1.1 COMPETITIVE CRACKING OF N-HEXANE
AND 3-METHYLPENTANE (THE CONSTRAINT INDEX, CI) 357 5.7.1.2 ISOMERIZATION
AND DISPROPORTIONATION OF META-XYLENE 359 5.7.1.3 REACTIONS OF OTHER
ALKYL AROMATICS 360 5.7.2 TEST REACTIONS FOR BIFUNCTIONAL MOLECULAR
SIEVE CATALYSTS .... 361 5.7.2.1 ISOMERIZATION AND HYDROCRACKING OF
LONG-CHAIN N-ALKANES (THE REFMEDOR MODIFIED CONSTRAINT INDEX, CI*) 362
5.7.2.2 HYDROCRACKING OF BUTYLCYCLOHEXANE (THE SPACIOUSNESS INDEX, SI)
364 5.8 MORE RECENT DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES IN SHAPE-SELECTIVE
CATALYSIS 365 5.8.1 TREND TOWARDS BULKIER MOLECULES 365 5.8.2
SHAPE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS ON TRANSITION METALS IN ZEOLITES . . . 367
5.8.3 STEREOSELECTIVE CATALYSIS IN ZEOLITES 367 5.8.4 HOST/GUEST
CHEMISTRY IN ZEOLITES 368 REFERENCES 370 CONTENTS XIII 6 ZEOLITE EFFECTS
IN ORGANIC CATALYSIS 377 PATRICK ESPEEL, RUDY PARTON, HELGE TOUFAR,
JOHAN MARTENS, WOLFGANG HOELDERICH, AND PIERRE JACOBS 6.1 REPORTED
CATALYTIC TECHNOLOGY WITH ZEOLITES 377 6.2 GENERALITIES ON CATALYTIC
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY WITH ZEOLITES . . . 379 6.3 ESTABLISHED GENERALITIES
ON SHAPE SELECTIVITY WITH ZEOLITES . . . 382 6.4 GENERATION OF ACTIVE
SITES IN ZEOLITES 388 6.5 THE LATEST VISIONS ON ZEOLITE ACIDITY 393 6.6
ZEOLITE SUPERACIDITY 397 6.7 ZEOLITE SPECIFICITY IN ORGANIC CATALYSIS
WITH FUNCTIONAL MOLECULES: ZEOLITE EFFECTS 398 6.7.1 ZEOLITE EFFECT I:
SHAPE SELECTIVITY 398 6.7.1.1 GENERAL PROCEDURES 399 6.7.1.2
MANIFESTATION OF SHAPE SELECTIVITY IN ORGANIC REACTIONS .... 400 6.7.2
ZEOLITE EFFECT II: SPECIFIC ADSORPTION 409 6.7.2.1 DIELS-ALDER
CYCLOADDITIONS 409 6.7.2.2 FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION 409 6.7.2.3
BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT 410 6.7.3 ZEOLITE EFFECT III: FUNCTIONAL
SELECTIVITY 411 6.7.3.1 HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES 411
6.7.3.2 PREPARATION OF ALLYL-SUBSTITUTED AROMATICS BY FRIEDEL-CRAFTS
METHODS 411 6.7.4 ZEOLITE EFFECT IV: MULTIFUNCTIONAL SYNERGY 412 6.7.4.1
HYDROGENATION + ALKYLATION 412 6.7.4.2 HYDROLYSIS + HYDROGENATION 413
6.7.4.3 HYDRATION + DEHYDROGENATION 413 6.7.4.4 ISOMERIZATION +
DEHYDROGENATION 413 6.7.4.5 COMPLETE PROCESS CHANGES BY ZEOLITE
CATALYSTS: -CAPROLACTAM PRODUCTION 413 6.7.5 ZEOLITE EFFECT V: NEW
CHEMISTRY WITH ZEOLITES 414 6.7.5.1 PSEUDO-SOLID-SOLVENT EFFECT 414
6.7.5.2 NEW COMPLEXES THROUGH ENCAPSULATION 414 6.7.5.3 TI-ZEOLITES 415
6.8 CASE STUDY: ZEOLITES AS NON-CORROSIVE, ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION CATALYSTS 416 6.8.1 INTRODUCTION 416 6.8.2
FRIEDEL-CRAFTS CHEMISTRY OVER ZEOLITES FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 417
6.8.3 OVERVIEW OF FRIEDEL-CRAFTS LITERATURE WITH ZEOLITES 417 6.8.3.1
GROUP 1 REACTIONS: ALKYLATION OF ALKYL AROMATICS WITHOLEFINS 417 6.8.3.2
GROUP 2 REACTIONS: ALKYLATION OF ALKYL AROMATICS WITH ALCOHOLS, ETHERS,
ALDEHYDES, AMINES ETC 420 6.8.3.3 GROUP 3 REACTIONS: ALKYLATION OF
HETEROATOM-SUBSTITUTED AROMATICS WITH OLEFINS 422 CONTENTS 6.8.3.4 GROUP
4 REACTIONS: ALKYLATION OF HETEROATOM-SUBSTITUTED AROMATICS WITH
ALCOHOLS, ALDEHYDES, HALOALKANES ETC 424 6.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION: SOLVENT EFFECTS 427 REFERENCES 429 7 ZEOLITES
AS CATALYSTS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 437 P.M.M. BLAUWHOFF, J.W.
GOSSELINK, E. P. KIEFFER, S. T.SIE, AND W.H.J.STORK 7.1 INTRODUCTION AND
GENERAL OVERVIEW 438 7.1.1 OIL REFINING: BASICS 438 7.1.2 THE
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 443 7.2 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING 444 7.2.1
FEEDSTOCKS AND PRODUCTS 446 7.2.2 APPLICATION OF FLUID CATALYTIC
CRACKING (FCC) 451 7.2.3 REACTION MECHANISM 453 7.2.4 THE FCC CATALYST
455 7.2.4.1 CATALYST CONSTITUENTS 455 7.2.4.2 EFFECT OF METALS ON FCC
CATALYST BEHAVIOR 459 7.2.4.3 NOVEL ZEOLITES IN FCC CATALYSTS 459
7.2.4.4 PHYSICAL CATALYST PARAMETERS 460 7.2.4.5 MECHANICAL ASPECTS 461
7.3 HYDROCRACKING 461 7.3.1 PROCESS CONFIGURATIONS 462 7.3.2 FEEDSTOCKS
AND PRODUCTS 465 7.3.3 APPLICATION OF HYDROCRACKING 467 7.3.4 CATALYTIC
ASPECTS 469 7.3.4.1 HYDROCRACKING MECHANISM AND IDEAL HYDROCRACKING
469 7.3.4.2 HYDROGENATION FUNCTION 471 7.3.4.3 ACIDIC FUNCTION 472
7.3.4.4 HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS 477 7.3.5 CHALLENGES IN HYDROCRACKING
478 7.4 CATALYTIC DEWAXING 479 7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 479 7.4.2 PRINCIPLES
OF CATALYTIC DEWAXING 480 7.5 UPGRADING OF NAPHTHA AND TOPS 484 7.5.1
CRACKING OF NORMAL PARAFFINS 484 7.5.2 DESULFURIZATION OF NAPHTHA EX
FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING 486 7.5.3 ISOMERIZATION OF LIGHT PARAFFINS 486
7.5.3.1 ISOMERIZATION OVER AMORPHOUS CATALYSTS 488 7.5.3.2 ISOMERIZATION
OVER ZEOLITIC CATALYSTS 491 7.5.4 ISOMERIZATION OF LIGHT OLEFINS 492
7.5.5 PARAFFIN/OLEFIN ALKYLATION 492 7.5.6 ZEOLITE-SUPPORTED
(DE)HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS 494 CONTENTS XV 7.5.6.1 AROMATIZATION
CATALYSTS 494 7.5.6.2 SULFUR-TOLERANT HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS FOR
PRODUCTION OF LOW AROMATICS DIESEL 496 7.6 ZEOLITES IN SYNFUELS
PRODUCTION 496 7.6.1 CONVERSION OF METHANOL TO GASOLINE (MTG) 496
7.6.1.1 REACTION MECHANISM 496 7.6.1.2 THE FIXED-BED MTG PROCESS 497
7.6.1.3 THE FLUID-BED MTG PROCESS 501 7.6.2 INTEGRATION OF METHANOL
SYNTHESIS AND METHANOL CONVERSION (TIGAS PROCESS) 502 7.6.3 DIRECT
CONVERSION OF SYNTHESIS GAS INTO GASOLINE 505 7.6.4 CONVERSION OF
METHANOL TO SYNFUELS VIA LIGHT OLEFINS 506 7.6.4.1 METHANOL TO LIGHT
OLEFINS (MTO) PROCESS 507 7.6.4.2 LIGHT OLEFINS TO GASOLINE AND
DISTILLATES (MOGD) PROCESS ... 509 7.6.5 UPGRADINGOF FISCHER-TROPSCH
PRODUCTS WITH ZEOLITES 510 7.6.6 AROMATICS FROM LIGHT PARAFFINS (CYCLAR
PROCESS) 512 7.7 APPLICATION OF ZEOLITES IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 513
7.7.1 INTRODUCTION 513 7.7.2 ACID-CATALYZED REACTIONS GIVING HYDROCARBON
PRODUCTS .... 514 7.7.2.1 ETHYLBENZENE FROM BENZENE PLUS ETHYLENE 514
7.7.2.2 ISOPROPYLBENZENE (CUMENE) FROM BENZENE PLUS PROPYLENE . . . 516
7.7.2.3 HIGHER ALKYLBENZENES 517 7.7.2.4 P-ETHYLTOLUENE FROM TOLUENE
PLUS ETHYLENE 517 7.7.2.5 ALKYLATION OF BINUCLEAR AROMATICS 518 7.7.2.6
XYLENES PRODUCTION: ISOMERIZATION (INCLUDING ETHYLBENZENE) AND TOLUENE
DISPROPORTIONATION 518 7.7.3 OXIDATION AND AMMOXIMATION PROCESSES 522
7.7.3.1 HYDROXYLATION OF PHENOL WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE 523 7.7.3.2
EPOXIDATION OF PROPYLENE 525 7.7.3.3 AMMOXIMATION OF CYCLOHEXANONE 525
7.7.4 AMINATION 526 7.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 528 REFERENCES 530 SUBJECT
INDEX 539
|
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| id | DE-604.BV012300095 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:25:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540636501 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008339804 |
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| physical | XVIII, 564 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
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| publisher | Springer |
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| spelling | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables J. Weitkamp ... (eds.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1999 XVIII, 564 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd rswk-swf Zeolith (DE-588)4067660-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Zeolith (DE-588)4067660-2 s DE-604 Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 s Weitkamp, Jens Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008339804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd Zeolith (DE-588)4067660-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4029921-1 (DE-588)4067660-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables |
| title_auth | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables |
| title_exact_search | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables |
| title_full | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables J. Weitkamp ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables J. Weitkamp ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables J. Weitkamp ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Catalysis and zeolites |
| title_sort | catalysis and zeolites fundamentals and applications with 48 tables |
| title_sub | fundamentals and applications ; with 48 tables |
| topic | Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd Zeolith (DE-588)4067660-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Katalyse Zeolith Aufsatzsammlung |
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