Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere): unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | German |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Cramer
1998
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Dissertationes botanicae
296 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 344364208X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) |b unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe |c Winfried Meier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Cramer |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a X, 485 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Dissertationes botanicae |v 296 | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Vegetation |0 (DE-588)4187458-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere)
Autor: Meier, Winfried
Jahr: 1998
V
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Teil I: Einleitung, Flora, Vegetation, Bedrohung und Schutz
1 Einführung und Danksagung..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Einführung.............................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Danksagung............................................................................................................ 4
2 Das Untersuchungsgebiet.......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Geographie und Geologie....................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Geographie.......................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Geologie und Tektonik........................................................................................ 9
2.1.2.1 Geologie........................................................................................................... 9
2.1.2.2 Tektonik........................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Klima...................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Klima allgemein....................................................................................................................................................................................................13
2.2.2 Temperatur....................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
2.2.3 Wind........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17
2.2.4 Niederschlag, Gewitter und Hagel............................................................................................................................................17
2.2.5 Nebel......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
2.2.5.1 Nebelhäufigkeit und Nebelniederschlag......................................................................................................................18
2.2.5.2 Nebelverteilung................................................................................................................................................................................................20
2.2.5.3 Chemismus des Nebels..........................................................................................................................................................................21
2.3 Böden..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
2.4 Natürliche Einflüsse auf die Vegetation des Nationalparks......................................................................23
2.4.1 Große Niederschlagsereignisse mit Überschwemmungsfolge........................................................23
2.4.2 Trockenheit und Feuer..................................................................................................................................................................................24
2.4.3 Hurricanes......................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
2.4.4 Erdbeben............................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
2.5 Vegetation im Überblick................................................................................................................................................................................25
2.5.1 Erforschung......................................................................................................... 25
2.5.2 Vegetationstypen................................................................................................. 27
3 Material und Methoden............................................................................................. 33
3.1 Rahmenbedingungen der Untersuchungen............................................................. 33
3.1.1 Bestimmung der Arten................................................................................................................................................................................33
3.1.2 Zugänglichkeit des Untersuchungsgebietes................................................................................................................34
3.1.3 Wettereinflüsse........................................................................................................................................................................................................35
3.2 Floristik des Nationalparks..........................................................................................................................................................................35
3.2.1 Erarbeitung eines Supplements zur „Flora del Avila ........................................ 35
3.2.2 Erstellung von Datenbanken............................................................................... 37
3.3 Pflanzensoziologie der Nebelwälder...................................................................... 37
3.3.1 Aufnahme der Vegetation......................................................................................................................................................................37
3.3.2 Auswertung..................................................................................................................................................................................................................39
3.3.3 Pflanzensoziologie und andere Klassifikationssysteme in den Tropen..............................40
3.4 Vegetationsstruktur................................................................................................................................................................................................41
3.5 Vegetationsprofile....................................................................................................................................................................................................42
3.6 Phänologie............................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
3.7 Phytogeographie..........................................................................................................................................................................................................43
VI
4 Auswertung und Diskussion.................................................................................. ^
4.1 Floristik...........................................................................................................
4.1.1 Bedeutung von Floristik und Systematik für die Erforschung ^
der tropischen Wälder..........................................................................................
4.1.2 Überblick zu floristischen und taxonomischen Veränderungen
gegenüber der „Flora del Avila ..........................................................................
4.1.3 Endemische Arten des Nationalparks....................................................................................................................................^9
4.1.4 Unterschiede zwischen Nord- und Südseite des Avila................................................................................5
4.2 Charakterisierung der Nebelwälder................................................................................................................................................54
4.3 Pflanzengesellschaften der Nebelwaldstufe......................................................................................................................56
4.3.Î //etfyosmumpseurfocmrfromecfcr-GeseUschaftsgruppe..................................................................................58
4.3.1.1 Chusqueafendleri-Geseikchaft....................................................................... ^6
4.3.1.1.1 Meliosma venezuelensis-Bestand.................................................................. 66
4.3.1.1.2 inselartige Pionierbestände der Wachspalme „palma bendita
(Ceroxylon ceriferum)................................................................................... ^7
4.3.1.2 Podocarpus o/e;/o/;wi-Gesellschaft.................................................................. 68
4.3.1.3 Clusia mulliflora-GeseWschañ......................................................................... 7
4.3.1.3.1 Reine Ausbildung.......................................................................................... 73
4.3.1.3.2 Elaphoglossum-Ausbildwg.......................................................................... 73
4.3.2 Protium /ovariHse-Geseilschaftsgruppe.............................................................. 77
4.3.2.1 Myrcia/â//ax-Gesellschaft............................................................................... 78
4.3.2.2 Micropholis crofono/rfes-Gesellschaft............................................................. 80
4.3.2.2.1 Siphoneugena rfwssii-Ausbildung....................................................................................................................................81
4.3.2.2.2 Eschweilera /ewax-Ausbildung............................................................................................................................................81
4.3.2.3 Matayba longipes-GeseWschañ................................................................................................................................................83
4.3.2.4 Ehemalige Kaffeeplantagen............................................................................................................................................................84
4.3.3 Myrcianthes Ws/ewcwa-Gesellschaftsgruppe......................................................................................................84
4.3.3.1 Elateriopsis carocasami-Lianenbestände......................................................... 86
4.3.3.2 Croton huberi-Montanoa quadrangularis-Gesellschaft.................................. 87
4.3.3.3 Myrcianthes fazrMem cma-Gesellschaft............................................................. 88
4.3.3.3.1 Reine Ausbildung....................................................................................................................................................................................92
4.3.3.3.2 Rhipidocladum omp/i/7or«m-Ausbildung............................................................................................................92
4.3.3.3.3 Philodendron venosum-Ausbildung.............................................................. 94
4.3.4 Diplazium ceílidi/oítum-Gesellschaftsgruppe und
Diplazium celtidifolium-Gesellschaft................................................................... 94
4.3.4.1 Diplazium celtidifolium-Gesellschañ............................................................... 95
4.3.4.1.1 Meriania macrophylla-Ausbildung............................................................... 95
4.3.4.1.2 Saurauia excelsa-Diplazium ce/rtói/o/íum-Ausbildung................................ 95
4.3.5 Diskussion der verschiedenen Gesellschaften..................................................... 96
4.4 Strukturanalyse ausgewählter Gesellschaften........................................................104
4.4.1 Clusia m^/fi/fora-Gesellschaft............................................................................104
4.4.2 Micropholis crotonoides-Gesellschaft................................................................108
4.4.3 Mkrop/ioiw-Mjrrianrhes-Übergangswald..........................................................112
4.4.4 Myrcianthes fairsiem ana-Gesellschaft........................................................ 118
4.4.5 Myrcianthes karsleniana-W a d der oberen Nebelwaldstufe...............................122
4.4.6 Vergleich der Waldtypen anhand der Strukturparameter....................................126
4.5 Phänologie....................................................................................................................................................y 22
VII
4.6 Phytogeographie.....................................................................................................136
4.6.1 Phytogeographische Spektren der Nebelwälder..................................................136
4.6.1.1 Der Avila als Beispiel eines Nebelwaldes der oberen Gebirgslagen
(1700-2200 m).................................................................................................136
4.6.1.2 Cerro La Chapa/El Amparo als Beispiel eines Nebelwaldes der tieferen
Gebirgslagen (1000-1350 m)...........................................................................140
4.6.1.3 Vergleich der beiden Nebelwaldgebiete...........................................................141
4.6.1.4 Die Talamanca-Region als Beispiel eines Eichennebelwaldes in Costa Rica.. 144
4.6.1.5 Vergleich mit der Gehölzflora anderer neotropischer Regionen......................145
4.6.2 Absolute östliche Verbreitungsgrenze von Pflanzenarten im Avila-
Nationalpark........................................................................................................147
4.6.3 Höhenverbreitung der Baumtaxa.........................................................................148
5 Bedrohung und Schutz..............................................................................................153
5.1 Bedrohung der Nebelwälder...................................................................................153
5.1.1 Globale Bedrohung der Nebelwälder..................................................................153
5.1.2 Bedrohung der venezolanischen Nebelwälder....................................................154
5.1.3 Folgen der Nebelwaldzerstörung.........................................................................156
5.2 Einflüsse des Menschen auf den Nationalpark.......................................................157
5.2.1 Feuer....................................................................................................................157
5.2.2 Besiedlung...........................................................................................................159
5.2.3 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzung..............................................................................160
5.2.4 Verkehrswege......................................................................................................161
5.2.5 Immissionen........................................................................................................162
5.2.6 Tourismus............................................................................................................162
5.2.7 Abfalle.................................................................................................................163
5.2.8 Wassernutzung....................................................................................................164
5.2.9 Köhlerei und andere Holznutzungen...................................................................164
5.3 Schutz der Vegetation und Fauna...........................................................................165
5.3.1 Geschichte des Naturschutzgedankens und der Schutzsysteme in Venezuela.... 165
5.3.2 Bestehende Schutzmaßnahmen im Avila-Nationalpark......................................171
5.3.3 Schutz durch private und kleine Organisationen.................................................173
5.4 Vorschläge zum Management des Nationalparkes.................................................175
6 Zusammenfassung-Summary-Resumen....................................................................186
7 Literatur (Teil I undTeil II).......................................................................................191
Anhang zu Teil 1............................................................................................................220
Teil II: Supplement zur „Flora del Avila
1 Einleitung zum Supplement der „Flora del Avila ...................................................237
2 Supplement................................................................................................................241
2.1 Pteridophyten.........................................................................................................241
2.2 Spermatophyten......................................................................................................278
Acanthaceae............................................................................................................278
Actinidiaceae..........................................................................................................278
Amaryllidaceae.......................................................................................................278
Anacardiaceae........................................................................................................279
Annonaceae............................................................................................................280
Apocynaceae..........................................................................................................281
VIII
Aquifoliaceae.........................................................................................................2g3
Araceae...................................................................................................................2g5
Araliaceae...............................................................................................................
Arecaceae siehe Palmae
Asclepiadaceae.......................................................................................................
Asteraceae siehe Compositae
Begoniaceae...........................................................................................................
Bignoniaceae..........................................................................................................
Bixaceae.................................................................................................................
?94
Bombacaceae..........................................................................................................
Boragmaceae..........................................................................................................
Bromeliaceae..........................................................................................................^97
Brunelliaceae..........................................................................................................298
Burseraceae............................................................................................................299
Cactaceae................................................................................................................302
Caesalpiniaceae siehe Leguminosae
Cannaceae...............................................................................................................302
Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)................................................................................302
Caprifoliaceae.........................................................................................................304
Caryophyllaceae.....................................................................................................305
Celastraceae............................................................................................................305
Chloranthaceae.......................................................................................................306
Chrysobalanaceae...................................................................................................306
Cochlospermaceae..................................................................................................307
Combretaceae.........................................................................................................308
Commelinaceae......................................................................................................308
Compositae.............................................................................................................308
Crassulaceae...........................................................................................................316
Cucurbitaceae.........................................................................................................316
Cunoniaceae...........................................................................................................317
Cyclanthaceae.........................................................................................................317
Cyperaceae.............................................................................................................318
Elaeocarpaceae.......................................................................................................321
Ericaceae................................................................................................................322
Erythroxylaceae......................................................................................................323
Euphorbiaceae........................................................................................................324
Flacourtiaceae..................................................................................................... 328
Gentianaceae............................................................................................................................................................................328
Gesneriaceae..................................................................................................................................................................329
Gramineae..................................................................................................................................................................................330
Bambusoideae............................................................................................................................33Q
sonstige Gramineen............................................................................................................................................33g
Guttiferae....................................................................................................................33g
Hippocrateaceae......................................................................................................................................3^1
Juglandaceae..............................................................................................................................................
Lauraceae..............................................................................................................................................^43
Lecvthidaceae......................................................................................................2^2
Leguminosae.....................................................................................................................................^
Unterfamilie Caesalpinioideae (Familie Caesalpiniaceae)....................... 353
IX
Unterfamilie Mimosoideae (Familie Mimosaceae).........................................355
Unterfamilie Papilionoideae (Familie Papilionaceae).....................................357
Liliaceae.................................................................................................................361
Loranthaceae..........................................................................................................362
Lythraceae..............................................................................................................366
Magnoliaceae.........................................................................................................368
Malpighiaceae........................................................................................................368
Malvaceae...............................................................................................................369
Marantaceae............................................................................................................370
Marcgraviaceae......................................................................................................370
Melastomataceae....................................................................................................371
Meliaceae...............................................................................................................375
Menispermaceae.....................................................................................................379
Mimosaceae siehe Leguminosae
Moraceae................................................................................................................380
Musaceae................................................................................................................387
Myricaceae.............................................................................................................388
Myrsinaceae...........................................................................................................388
Myrtaceae...............................................................................................................393
Olacaceae................................................................................................................412
Oleaceae.................................................................................................................412
Orchidaceae............................................................................................................414
Palmae....................................................................................................................417
Papilionaceae siehe Leguminosae
Passifloraceae.........................................................................................................427
Phytolaccaceae.......................................................................................................428
Piperaceae...............................................................................................................429
Poaceae siehe Gramineae
Podocarpaceae........................................................................................................434
Polygalaceae...........................................................................................................436
Polygonaceae..........................................................................................................437
Proteaceae...............................................................................................................438
Rhamnaceae...........................................................................................................441
Rosaceae.................................................................................................................441
Rubiaceae...............................................................................................................442
Rutaceae.................................................................................................................445
Sabiaceae................................................................................................................445
Sapindaceae............................................................................................................446
Sapotaceae..............................................................................................................448
Saxifragaceae..........................................................................................................452
Scrophulariaceae....................................................................................................452
Simaroubaceae.......................................................................................................453
Solanaceae..............................................................................................................453
Staphyleaceae.........................................................................................................460
Sterculiaceae...........................................................................................................460
Styracaceae.............................................................................................................460
Symplocaceae.........................................................................................................461
Theaceae.................................................................................................................464
Theophrastaceae.....................................................................................................465
X
Thymelaeaceae.......................................................................................................465
Tiliaceae.................................................................................................................467
Ulmaceae................................................................................................................469
Urticaceae...............................................................................................................469
Valerianaceae.........................................................................................................470
Verbenaceae...........................................................................................................470
Vochysiaceae..........................................................................................................472
Zingiberaceae.........................................................................................................472
3 Artenindex.................................................................................................................473
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Parque Nacional El Avila (DE-588)4543064-0 gnd Küstenkordillere (DE-588)4033475-2 gnd Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Parque Nacional El Avila Küstenkordillere Venezuela |
| id | DE-604.BV012251226 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:24:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 344364208X |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008301247 |
| oclc_num | 40859928 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29T DE-703 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-29T DE-703 DE-188 |
| physical | X, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Cramer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Dissertationes botanicae |
| series2 | Dissertationes botanicae |
| spelling | Meier, Winfried Verfasser aut Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe Winfried Meier Berlin [u.a.] Cramer 1998 X, 485 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dissertationes botanicae 296 Zugl.: Diss. Plantkunde gtt Nebelwald (DE-588)4171364-3 gnd rswk-swf Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd rswk-swf Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd rswk-swf Parque Nacional El Avila (DE-588)4543064-0 gnd rswk-swf Küstenkordillere (DE-588)4033475-2 gnd rswk-swf Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Venezuela (DE-588)4062512-6 g Küstenkordillere (DE-588)4033475-2 g Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 s Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 s DE-604 Parque Nacional El Avila (DE-588)4543064-0 g Nebelwald (DE-588)4171364-3 s Dissertationes botanicae 296 (DE-604)BV000003467 296 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008301247&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Meier, Winfried Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe Dissertationes botanicae Plantkunde gtt Nebelwald (DE-588)4171364-3 gnd Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171364-3 (DE-588)4061016-0 (DE-588)4187458-4 (DE-588)4543064-0 (DE-588)4033475-2 (DE-588)4062512-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe |
| title_auth | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe |
| title_exact_search | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe |
| title_full | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe Winfried Meier |
| title_fullStr | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe Winfried Meier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe Winfried Meier |
| title_short | Flora und Vegetation des Avila-Nationalparks (Venezuela, Küstenkordillere) |
| title_sort | flora und vegetation des avila nationalparks venezuela kustenkordillere unter besonderer berucksichtigung der nebelwaldstufe |
| title_sub | unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nebelwaldstufe |
| topic | Plantkunde gtt Nebelwald (DE-588)4171364-3 gnd Tropischer Regenwald (DE-588)4061016-0 gnd Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plantkunde Nebelwald Tropischer Regenwald Vegetation Parque Nacional El Avila Küstenkordillere Venezuela Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008301247&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000003467 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meierwinfried floraundvegetationdesavilanationalparksvenezuelakustenkordillereunterbesondererberucksichtigungdernebelwaldstufe |