Tourism: principles and practice
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow
Longman
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 530 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0582312736 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xvii
List of Case Studies xix
List of Boxes xxi
About the authors and contributors xxiii
Preface xxvii
Abbreviations xxxi
An introduction to tourism 1
Introduction 1
Chapter learning objectives 1
Tourism myths and realities 1
The subject of tourism 3
A tourism system 4
Definitions of tourism 8
Conclusion 16
Chapter discussion questions 16
Recommended further reading 16
Bibliography 16
1. Concepts, definitions and indicators of tourism demand 23
Introduction 23
Chapter learning objectives 23
Overview 24
Definitions of tourism demand 24
Concepts of tourism demand 24
Indicators of tourism demand 25
Conclusion 28
Chapter discussion questions 28
vi !¦ Contents
Recommended further reading 29
Bibliography 29
) 2. Consumer behaviour and tourism demand 30
Introduction 30
Chapter learning objectives 30
The individual decision making process 31
The fundamentals of consumer behaviour and tourism 31
Energisers and effectors of demand 32
Roles and the decision making process in tourism 37
Determinants of demand for tourism 40
Determinants of demand and suppressed demand for tourism 46
Conclusion 46
Chapter discussion questions 47
Recommended further reading 47
Bibliography 47
3. Models and patterns of tourism demand 50
Introduction 50
Chapter learning objectives 50
(Models of consumer behaviour in tourism 51
. The buying decision process in tourism 52
¦ Quantitative models of tourism demand 58
, Macro determinants of demand and propensity to travel 63
Step analysis 64
Patterns of demand for tourism 68
Conclusion 73
Chapter discussion questions 74
Recommended further reading 74
Bibliography 74
4. Measuring demand for tourism 77
Introduction 77
Chapter learning objectives 78
Demand for international tourism 78
Demand for domestic tourism 83
Using tourism statistics 87
Researching tourism markets: the value of research 88
The research process 89
Conclusion 95
Chapter discussion questions 96
Recommended further reading 96
Bibliography 96
5. The destination 101
Introduction 101
Chapter learning objectives 102
The destination as a focus for tourism 102
Common features of tourist destinations 102
Contents WMk vii
Components of the destination amalgam 205
Infrastructure and superstructure 207
Sustainable tourism destinations 2 08
Destination evolution 214
Future developments 217
Conclusion 221
Chapter discussion questions 221
Recommended further reading 221
Bibliography 221
6. The economic impact of tourism 224
Introduction 224
Chapter learning objectives 224
Overview 125
The generation of economic impacts by tourist spending 230
Direct, indirect and induced economic effects 230
Negative economic impacts 230
The measurement of economic impact 231
The multiplier concept 232
Types of multiplier 234
Methodological approaches 235
Weaknesses and limitations of multiplier models 240
Some examples of multiplier values 241
The policy implications of multiplier analysis 245
Conclusion 246
Chapter discussion questions 247
Recommended further reading 247
Bibliography 247
7. The environmental impact of tourism 249
Introduction 249
Chapter learning objectives 250
Environmental impact 250
Environmental impact assessment 252
The EIA process 254
Environmental auditing 2 59
Environment impact actions 262
Conclusion 266
Chapter discussion questions 267
Recommended further reading 267
Bibliography 267
8. The socio cultural impact of tourism 268
Introduction 268
Chapter learning objectives 269
The nature of socio cultural impacts of tourism 269
Approaches to the study of socio cultural impacts of tourism 169
The tourism development process 2 71
The psychological basis of tourism development 2 72
The sociological basis of tourism development 2 73
Some specific socio cultural impacts of tourism 2 77
viii ¦¦ Contents
Methods of measuring the socio cultural impact of tourism 180
Conclusion 182
Chapter discussion questions 183
Recommended further reading 183
Bibliography 183
9. Carrying capacity 185
Introduction 185
Chapter learning objectives 185
Carrying capacity 185
The dynamics of carrying capacity 188
Other factors influencing carrying capacity 189
The process of determining carrying capacity 189
Measurement criteria 195
Conclusion 197
Chapter discussion questions 198
Recommended further reading 198
Bibliography 198
10. Tourism and development planning 199
Introduction 199
Chapter learning objectives 199
Integrated planning and development 200
Development planning layers 207
The tourism development planning process 208
Tourism development planning: when it goes wrong! 214
Conclusion 218
Chapter discussion questions 218
Recommended further reading 218
Bibliography 218
^?^XT!n^BWl!WiBi!iP?iy!BMM^^WBS^^^^ y*:~ ¦ . 221
11. Government organisations 225
Introduction 225
Chapter learning objectives 225
Public policy framework 226
Administrative framework 230
Impact of the public sector 234
Intervention policy 244
Conclusion 245
Chapter discussion questions 245
Recommended further reading 246
Bibliography 246
12. Intermediaries 247
Introduction 247
Chapter learning objectives 247
The nature of intermediation 248
Contents IB ix
The role of the retail agent 252
The role of the tour operator/wholesaler 256
Conclusion 268
Chapter discussion questions 268
Recommended further reading 269
Bibliography 269
13. Transportation 270
Introduction 270
Chapter learning objectives 271
Definitions and background 271
Transport as a component of the tourist product 271
Mode of transportation 273
Elements of transportation 275
A competitive analysis 278
Political influences on transport for tourism 282
Regulation of competition 283
External environment and future trends 285
Conclusion 287
Chapter discussion questions 287
Recommended further reading 287
Bibliography 288
14. Attractions 289
Introduction 289
Chapter learning objectives 290
Characteristics of attractions 290
Classification 290
Natural resources 293
Artificial attractions 298
Environment 306
Conclusion 310
Chapter discussion questions 310
Recommended further reading 3]]
Bibliography 311
15. Accommodation 313
Introduction 313
Chapter learning objectives 314
Accommodation and the tourism product 314
Defining the accommodation sector 315
Sectoral overlap 323
Quality issues and grading in the accommodation sector 326
The accommodation sector and environmental issues 329
Information technology and the accommodation sector 336
Human resources and the accommodation sector 337
Conclusion 33 7
Chapter discussion questions 338
Recommended further reading 338
Bibliography 338
x :¦¦ Contents
16. Marketing for tourism the historical roots 343
Introduction 343
Chapter learning objectives 343
What is marketing? 343
The evolution of marketing 344
Definitions and concepts of marketing 346
The differences between marketing and selling 347
Different business philosophies 348
Marketing orientation 349
Conclusion 351
Chapter discussion questions 351
Recommended further reading 351
Bibliography 351
17. Marketing management for tourism 353
Introduction 353
Chapter learning objectives 354
The service product 354
Tourism products and risk 356
Planning the service encounter 357
Quality management 358
Management tasks 366
The adoption of a marketing orientation 367
Criticisms of the marketing concept 367
A societal marketing approach 370
Conclusion 3 71
Chapter discussion questions 371
Recommended further reading 371
Bibliography 3 71
18. Marketing planning 373
Introduction 3 73
Chapter learning objectives 373
What is marketing planning? 374
The marketing environment of the organisation 377
The purpose of the marketing plan 3 78
Successful planning 3 79
Structure of the marketing plan 380
Conclusion 389
Chapter discussion questions 389
Recommended further reading 389
Bibliography 390
19. The marketing mix 391
Introduction 391
Chapter learning objectives 391
What is the marketing mix? 392
Product 393
Price 396
Contents fli xi
Promotion 403
Place (distribution) 406
The marketing mix revisited: are the four Ps sufficient? 409
Destination marketing 41 j
Conclusion 414
Chapter discussion questions 425
Recommended further reading 415
Bibliography 415
20. Information technology 423
Introduction 423
Chapter learning objectives 423
Defining information technologies 424
The impact of information technologies on organisational structure 424
Tourism and information technologies 425
The growth of global distribution systems in tourism 426
The Internet and the World Wide Web 426
Information technologies and tourism demand 428
Information technologies and tourism supply 428
A conceptual synthesis of information technologies in tourism 429
Information technologies and airlines 431
Information technologies and hotels 432
Information technologies and tour operation 435
Information technologies and travel agencies 436
Information technologies and destinations 440
Conclusion 441
Chapter discussion questions 441
Recommended further reading 44 j
Bibliography 444
21. The future of tourism 447
Introduction 44 7
Chapter learning objectives 448
The pace of change 448
The drivers of change 448
Careers, human resources and training 4^8
Emergent patterns 460
Conclusion 462
Chapter discussion questions 462
Recommended further reading 462
Bibliography 462
Major Case Study 1: Destinations in decline 469
Case Study objectives 469
Introduction 469
xii :S Contents
Setting the scene 469
The problem 469
Strategies 470
Discussion 472
Bibliography 472
Major Case Study 2: Visitor management 473
Case Study objectives 473
Introduction 473
Setting the scene 473
Approaching visitor management 475
Discussion 476
Bibliography 477
Major Case Study 3 Tourism planning in Eastern Europe 478
Case Study objectives 478
Introduction 478
Tourism in Eastern Europe 478
Tourism in Hungary 479
Planning for tourism in Szolnok 479
Elements of the tourism plan 481
Conclusion 483
Bibliography 483
Major Case Study 4: Tourism project assistance from the European Union 484
Case Study objectives 484
Introduction 484
Background 485
Funding policy 486
Evaluation 486
Project monitoring 489
Conclusion 489
Questions 490
Bibliography 490
Major Case Study 5: Relationship marketing 492
Case Study objectives 492
Introduction 492
Airline loyalty schemes: competitive strategies 492
Relationship marketing 493
Frequent flyer programmes 494
Expansion of FFPs outside the USA 495
The approach to loyalty schemes 495
The relationship marketing problems of FFPs 497
Conclusion 498
Questions 499
Bibliography 499
Major Case Study 6: Information technology 500
Case Study objectives 500
Introduction 500
Ownership of Amadeus 501
Contents M xiii
Goals and objectives of Amadeus 501
The Amadeus product 501
The benefits of Amadeus 503
Future strategy 503
Conclusion 504
Questions 504
A compendium of tourism sources 505
General texts 505
Geographical and regional studies 506
Historical perspectives 507
Research 507
Leisure and recreation 507
Development, planning and policy 508
Impacts and sustainability 509
Socio cultural and heritage perspectives 310
The industry 510
Legal perspectives 511
Human resource management/education and training 512
Transportation 512
Marketing 512
Information technology 513
Dictionaries, yearbooks and encyclopaedias 514
Abstracts 514
Statistical sources 514
Tourism journals 514
Hospitality journals 515
Leisure journals 515
Index 517
List of Figures
1 Study of tourism choice of discipline and approach 4
2 Basic tourism system 5
3 Geographical elements in a tourism system with two destinations 6
4 Supply side definition of the tourism industry 9
5 Leisure, recreation and tourism 11
6 Airline pricing and purpose of visit categories 12
1.1 Individual s demand for product X 27
1.2 Derivation of a market demand curve 28
2.1 Consumer decision making framework 32
2.2 Maslow s hierarchy of needs 33
2.3 The range of motivators for overseas travel from the UK 36
2.4 Cohen s classification of tourists 38
2.5 Traditional leisure paradox 45
31 Model of consumer behaviour 52
3 2 Wahab, Crampon and Rothfield model of consumer behaviour 54
3 3 The Schmoll model 55
3 4 Travel buying behaviour 56
3 5 The Mathieson and Wall model 57
3 6 An activities based model of destination choice 58
3 7 Regular patterns of demand 62
3 8 International travel arrivals, 1950 90 69
4.1 Classification of international visitors 80
4.2 Classification of internal visitors 84
4.3 The research process 90
51 Hypothetical tourist area life cycle 114
6.1 Index of tourist receipts in real prices (1992 = 100) 128
6.2 The multiplier process 133
6.3 Basic input output transactions table 138
7.1 The environmental impact assessment process 157
8.1 Psychographic positions of destinations 172
8.2 Levels of cultural penetration 179
9.1 The determinants and influences of carrying capacity 190
9.2 The relationships among tourists, destinations and tolerance level 193
List of Figures ¦¦ xv
10.1 Typical hotel employment structure 202
10.2 Fixed cost effects 206
10.3 The planning process 209
10.4 Basic tourism development plan 215
10.5 Modified basic development plan 216
11.1 Statutory tourist board framework in Britain 228
11.2 Structure of a national tourism organisation 232
11.3 Price controls 2^6
11.4 Economics of consumer protection 240
11.5 Distributive effects of a tourist tax 241
11.6 Impact of financial incentives 243
12.1 Structure of distribution channels 249
12.2 Extent of forward vertical integration 251
12.3 Tour operating cycle of an abroad summer programme 258
12.4 Time charter aircraft patterns: (a) w pattern; (b) radial pattern 260
12.5 Financial structure of tour operations 264
131 Competition between the aeroplane and the high speed train on international
routes in Europe 274
13 2 The five freedoms of the air as agreed at the Chicago Convention 1944 284
14.1 Clawson s classification of recreation resources 291
14.2 Optimal resource allocation 293
14.3 Visitor access function 297
14.4 Public provision 300
14.5 Fixed cost effects 301
14.6 Market orientation 303
14.7 Seasonal demand 304
14.8 The concept of sustainable development 307
14.9 Control versus market solutions 309
16.1 The sales and marketing concepts compared 347
16.2 Four possible business philosophies 348
17.1 Services and goods continuum 354
17.2 Planning the service encounter 35s
17.3 Self reinforcing system of service encounters 3 52
17.4 Managing the perceived service quality 354
17.5 Service quality model 365
17.6 The marketing system 367
18.1 A model of marketing planning 3s 1
18.2 Involvement levels for marketing planning 382
18.3 Tourism demand problems 386
19.1 The marketing mix 392
19.2 Price elasticity of demand 397
19.3 Income elasticity for different tourism segments by income 398
19.4 Price cutting: (a) Reactive price cutting medium/long term stabilisation
but with less total revenue; (b) Lower prices increasing market size,
but not necessarily to total revenue levels before the price cut 395
195 Pricing policy considerations 402
19.6 Development of promotional objectives 403
19.7 Promotional effect on demand: (a) Demand shift through better awareness;
(b) Demand becomes more inelastic due to image improvement 404
19.8 Effectiveness of different promotion methods 407
xvi Wtk List of Figures
19.9 The marketing mix for services 410
20.1 Conceptual synthesis of the emergent information technologies in tourism 430
20.2 Interrelations of airline Computer Reservation Systems 432
21.1 A framework for tourism trend analysis: exogenous variables 450 ;
21.2 Poon s new tourism 460
CS1.1 Stages of strategic planning for destinations in decline 471
CS2.1 A model of visitor management 474
CS3 1 The location of Szolnok in Hungary 480
List of Tables
1 Myths and realities of tourism 2
2 WTO supply side definition of tourism (International Standard Industrial
Classification, ISIC) W
3 Suggested socio economic characteristics for tourism analysis 13
31 Demand (thousands of passengers) 59
3 2 Demand (thousands of passengers) 60
33 Seasonal index of demand 60
3 4 Trend (thousands of passengers) 61
3 5 Residual index of demand (%) 61
3.6 Forecasts of demand for year 6 61
3 7 Economic development and tourism 67
3.8 International tourism trends: arrivals and receipts worldwide, 1950 95 68
3.9 Rates of growth of international tourism, 1950 95 70
310 Regional share of international tourism, 1950 95 71
4.10 Visitor profile statistics 82
6.1 Principal tourist generating countries, 1986 95: expenditure (in USSbn) 126
6.2 Principal destinations in terms of tourism receipts, 1986 95. tourism
receipts (US ) 127
6.3 Tourism receipts expressed as a percentage of total export earnings and
gross national product, 1995
6.4 Tourism balance sheet, 1988 90 (US $m) 12)
6.5 Tourism output multipliers for selected destinations 141
6.6 Tourism income multipliers for selected destinations 142
6 7 The impact of F tourist expenditure on Fiji s balance of payments 143
6.8 Tourism employment multipliers for selected destinations 144
6.9 Standardised employment multipliers for selected destinations 144
6.10 Tourist income multiplier, tourist density and tourism dependence, selected ^
8.1 Zl^ou^lauency of types of tourist and their adaptations to ^
local norms }8j
8.2 Data from different sources ^
xviii ¦¦ List of Tables
10.1 Level of training in tourism 203
12.1 Travel agency operating accounts 255
12.2 Market strategy 259
12.3 Sales structure of a large tour operator 266
12.4 Price structure of a 14 night inclusive tour 266
13.1 Mode of transport and visitor type with examples of product types 272
13 2 The historical development of tourism , recent changes in transport 277
14.1 Classification of attractions 292
14.2 Tourism in relation to the environment 308
16.1 The difference between transaction and relationship marketing 350
17.1 Auditing systems 361
17.2 The business to customer interface 366
18.1 Four levels of marketing environment affecting the organisation 377
18.2 Some general characteristics of segmentation strategies 387
20.1 Estimated share of travel agency locations worldwide for main global
distribution systems 426
20.2 Percentage of travel agencies using a GDS in 1992 436
20.3 Penetration and market shares of GDSs in European travel agencies 43 7
20.4 Representation of tourism enterprises on the Internet 442
CS2.1 Management approaches to visitor management 476
CS4.1 Structural funds objectives, 1994 99 486
CS4.2 Assessing the impact of a tourist attraction 487
CS5.1 The differences between transaction marketing and relationship marketing 493
CS5.2 Approaches to the long term retention of customers 496
List of Case Studies
1 Characteristics of elements of the eco tourist system 7
4.1 The UK international passenger survey (IPS) 82
4.2 The United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS) 86
4.3 Research objectives from a survey of educational visits to the National
Maritime Museum 90
4.4 Comparing data collection procedures 92
4.5 Towards effective reports: pointers on writing research reports 95
5.1 Psychological carrying capacity: the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, USA 105
5.2 Types of carrying capacity 110
53 Destination stakeholders 113
5.4 Kangaroo Island 118
9.1 Carrying capacity for ecotourism in Hawaii 187
11.1 The European Travel Commission (ETC) 226
11.2 Structure of the tourist boards in Britain 228
11.3 The United States Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA) 229
11.4 Fundo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo (FONATUR) 238
12.1 The American Express Company 250
12.2 Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) 254
12.3 European Union Package Travel Directive 261
12.4 International Leisure Group (ILG) 265
14.1 Functional zoning applied by Parks Canada 292
14.2 The Himalayan Tourist Code 296
14.3 Yorkshire Dales Visitor Code 297
14.4 Disneyland Paris 302
15.1 CDL Hotels 317
15.2 Scotland s Commended Hotels 328
153 he Meridien 330
15.4 Hotel Nikko, Hong Kong 332
17.1 The British Airways Experience 368
17.2 The SAS Experience 369
18.1 Disneyland Paris 375
19.1 Reasons for the use of retail travel agents 409
19.2 The marketing of destinations 411
xx ¦¦ List of Case Studies
20.1 Hotel Property Management Systems: Fidelio 433
20.2 Internet provider . Internet Travel Network (ITN) 438
20.3 Destination Management System: Ireland 439
21.1 Space tourism 452
21.2 Strategic signals for the twenty first century 461
List of Boxes
1.1 Calculation of travel propensity and travel frequency 26
2.1 The VALS lifestyle categories 42
2.2 Domestic age and tourism demand 44
3 1 The demographic transition and tourism 65
3 2 Characteristics of generating markets 72
5.1 World Travel and Tourism Council Principles for sustainable tourism
development 109
5.2 The stages of strategic planning for destinations 211
5.3 The tourist area life cycle 215
6.1 Multiplier analysis using base theory 735
7.1 Environmental protection in the South Pacific 2 52
7.2 Scottish Tourism Co ordinating Group environmental balance sheet for
Scotland, 1992 2 54
7.3 Green s checklist of the environmental impacts caused by tourism 2 55
7.4 Public announcement for the new Sydney Airport 2 60
7.5 Ecotourism in Thailand 164
11.1 Reasons for government involvement in tourism 231
11.2 Policy objectives of the Wales Tourist Board (WTB) 233
14.1 Visitor management techniques 306
15.1 Accomodation: an historical perspective U3
18.1 STEP and market environment 384
18.2 Other environmental factors 384
18.3 British Tourist Authority s lifestyle segmentation for American visitors to Britain 388
19.1 Benefits of targeting 393
19.2 Example of the historical changes to the product range for Thomas Cook 395
19.3 Influences on pricing in the tourism industry J99
20.1 The evolution of information technologies 429
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV012169580 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:22:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0582312736 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008244547 |
| oclc_num | 39945061 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXXIV, 530 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
| publishDateSort | 1998 |
| publisher | Longman |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tourism principles and practice Chris Cooper ... 2. ed. Harlow Longman 1998 XXXIV, 530 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Demanda turística larpcal Indústria do turismo larpcal Marketing turístico larpcal Turismo larpcal Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 s DE-604 Cooper, Christopher P. 1952- Sonstige (DE-588)130201111 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008244547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Tourism principles and practice Demanda turística larpcal Indústria do turismo larpcal Marketing turístico larpcal Turismo larpcal Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4018406-7 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Tourism principles and practice |
| title_auth | Tourism principles and practice |
| title_exact_search | Tourism principles and practice |
| title_full | Tourism principles and practice Chris Cooper ... |
| title_fullStr | Tourism principles and practice Chris Cooper ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tourism principles and practice Chris Cooper ... |
| title_short | Tourism |
| title_sort | tourism principles and practice |
| title_sub | principles and practice |
| topic | Demanda turística larpcal Indústria do turismo larpcal Marketing turístico larpcal Turismo larpcal Tourism Tourismus (DE-588)4018406-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Demanda turística Indústria do turismo Marketing turístico Turismo Tourism Tourismus Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008244547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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