Elements of scientific inquiry:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]
MIT Press
1998
|
| Series: | A Bradford book
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 270 S. |
| ISBN: | 0262133423 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY ERIC MARTIN AND DANIEL OSHERSON A
BRADFORD BOOK THE MIT PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS LONDON, ENGLAND
CONTENTS PREFACE XI INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MODELING INQUIRY 1 1.2 THE ORDER
PARADIGM 3 1.2.1 COMPONENTS 4 1.2.2 PROBLEMS, SOLVABLE AND UNSOLVABLE 7
1.2.3 EXERCISES 10 1.3 DISCUSSION OF THE PARADIGM 12 1.3.1 CONVERGENCE
VERSUS KNOWLEDGE THEREOF 12 1.3.2 RELIABILITY 12 1.3.3 IDEALIZATION 13
1.3.4 RATIONALITY ,. 15 1.3.5 EXERCISES 15 1.4 NOTES 16 A NUMERICAL
PARADIGM 17 2.1 FUNDAMENTALS 17 2.1.1 THE NUMERICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
INQUIRY 17 2.1.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PARADIGM 18 2.1.3 AN EXAMPLE OF
SOLVABILITY 19 2.1.4 EXERCISES 20 2.2 SOLVABILITY CHARACTERIZED 20 2.2.1
LOCKING SEQUENCES 20 2.2.2 CHARACTERIZATION BY TIP-OFFS 22 2.2.3
EXERCISES 24 2.3 EFFICIENCY AND RATIONALITY 24 2.3.1 EFFICIENCY 25 2.3.2
RATIONALITY 26 2.3.3 EXERCISES 30 2.4 MEMORY LIMITATION 31 2.4.1
STRATEGIES AND CANONICAL FORMS 31 2.4.2 DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE 31 2.4.3
COMPETENCE OF MEMORY-LIMITED SCIENTISTS 32 2.4.4 EXERCISES 34 VI
CONTENTS 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 COMPUTABLE SCIENTISTS 2.5.1 MOTIVES AND
GOALS 2.5.2 DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND CONCEPTS 2.5.3 COMPETENCE OF
COMPUTABLE SCIENTISTS 2.5.4 INCOMPLETE ENVIRONMENTS 2.5.5 STABLE
SOLVABILITY 2.5.6 EXERCISES FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGES 2.6.1 NUMBERS AS CODES
FOR PHENOMENA 2.6.2 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC FACTS 2.6.3 COMPUTABLE
SOLVABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGES 2.6.4 FINITE VARIANT SOLVABILITY
2.6.5 EXERCISES PROBABILISTIC SOLVABILITY 2.7.1 ALLOWING OCCASIONAL
ERROR 2.7.2 MEASURED PROBLEMS 2.7.3 DISCOVERY ON MEASURED PROBLEMS 2.7.4
DISCOVERY VIA COINS 2.7.5 EXERCISES TRANSITION TO CHAPTER 3 2.8.1
PROBLEMS COMPOSED OF PROPOSITIONS 2.8.2 DEFINITIONS AND AN EXAMPLE 2.8.3
EXERCISES NOTES A FIRST-ORDER FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY 3.1 3.2 FUNDAMENTALS
3.1.1 THE FIRST-ORDER PERSPECTIVE 3.1.2 A FIRST-ORDER FRAMEWORK 3.1.3
COMPONENTS OF THE PARADIGM 3.1.4 THREE OBSERVATIONS 3.1.5 THE NUMERICAL
PARADIGM AS A SPECIAL CASE 3.1.6 EXERCISES SOLVABILITY CHARACTERIZED
3.2.1 LOCKING PAIRS 3.2.2 TIP-OFFS IN THE FIRST-ORDER PARADIGM 35 35 36
37 39 41 42 45 45 46 46 48 50 50 50 51 53 54 56 56 56 57 58 58 61 61 61
61 63 67 69 71 71 72 73 CONTENTS 3.2.3 TIP-OFFS ARE SUFFICIENT FOR
SOLVABILITY 74 3.2.4 TIP-OFFS ARE NECESSARY FOR SOLVABILITY 75 3.2.5
EXERCISES 77 3.3 FOUR APPLICATIONS 78 3.3.1 SOLVABILITY AND THE
INFINITARY LANGUAGE L MA 79 3.3.2 PROBLEMS OF FORM (T, [6 0 ,. ..,&*})
79 3.3.3 PROBLEMS OF FORM (R,{P 0 , PI,...)) 82 3.3.4 THEORETICAL TERMS
84 3.3.5 EXERCISES 85 3.4 EFFICIENT DISCOVERY 85 3.4.1 SUCCESS POINTS
AND EFFICIENCY 85 3.4.2 SOLVABILITY IMPLIES EFFICIENT SOLVABILITY 86
3.4.3 DISCOVERY FROM ORACLES *- 87 3.4.4 EXERCISES 90 3.5 COMPUTABLE
SOLVABILITY 91 3.5.1 FINITIZATION OF PROPOSITIONS 91 3.5.2 COMPUTABLE
SCIENTISTS 92 3.5.3 COMPETENCE OF COMPUTABLE SCIENTISTS 92 3.5.4
EFFICIENCY AND COMPUTABILITY 94 3.5.5 R.E. PROBLEMS OF FORM (T, {6 0 ,
...,9 N }) 95 3.5.6 THE NUMERICAL PARADIGM AS A SPECIAL CASE 96 3.5.7
EXERCISES 98 3.6 PROBABILISTIC SOLVABILITY 98 3.6.1 SUCCESS ON ENOUGH
ENVIRONMENTS 98 3.6.2 FRAMEWORK AND CONVENTIONS 99 3.6.3 MEASURES OVER
ASSIGNMENTS AND PROBABILISTIC SOLVABILITY DEFINED 100 3.6.4
PROBABILISTIC SOLVABILITY UNDER ISOMORPHIC CLOSURE 101 3.6.5
PROBABILISTIC SOLVABILITY UNDER PERMUTATION 104 3.6.6 SEPARATING
PROBABILISTIC AND ABSOLUTE SOLVABILITY 105 3.6.7 RELIABLE SOLVABILITY
WITH SPECIFIED PROBABILITY 107 3.6.8 PARTIAL SUMMARY 109 3.6.9 BAYESIAN
SCIENTISTS 110 3.7 GENERALIZATION TO ARBITRARY STRUCTURES 113 3.7.1
INQUIRY IN AN UNCOUNTABLE SETTING 113 3.7.2 PARTIAL ISOMORPHISMS 114
CONTENTS 3.7.3 THE PARADIGM 116 3.7.4 THE NEW PARADIGM AS A
GENERALIZATION OF THE ORIGINAL ONE 120 3.7.5 PROBLEMS^ OF FORM (T, {9 0
, ...,9 N }) 120 3.7.6 SOLVABILITY^ UNDER BOUNDED SIMILARITY 123 3.7.7
EXERCISES 125 3.8 NOTES 126 INQUIRY VIA BELIEF REVISION 129 4.1 BELIEF
REVISION 129 4.1.1 THE SEARCH FOR CANONICAL STRATEGIES 129 4.1.2 INQUIRY
VIA THE REVISION OF BELIEF STATES 129 4.1.3 CONTRACTION 130 4.1.4
SPECIAL KINDS OF CONTRACTION - 131 4.1.5 REVISION DEFINED FROM
CONTRACTION 134 4.1.6 EXERCISES 135 4.2 HYPOTHESIS SELECTION VIA BELIEF
REVISION 136 4.2.1 FROM REVISION TO SCIENCE 136 4.2.2 LINGUISTIC
SCIENTISTS 137 4.2.3 SCIENTISTS BASED ON REVISION 139 4.2.4 THE
INDUCTIVE POWER OF STRINGENT REVISION 140 4.2.5 EFFICIENT REVISION 145
4.2.6 UNSUCCESSFUL INQUIRY USING STRINGENT REVISION 147 4.2.7 SCIENTISTS
BASED ON COMPUTABLE REVISION 148 4.2.8 COMPARING THE COMPETENCE OF
REVISION-BASED SCIENTISTS 150 4.2.9 EXERCISES 151 4.3 AUGMENTING THE
BACKGROUND THEORY 151 4.3.1 EXTENSIONS OF THE BACKGROUND THEORY THAT ARE
TOO MODEST 152 4.3.2 A UNIVERSAL METHOD OF INQUIRY BASED ON REVISION 153
4.3.3 SUPPLEMENTING AS A FUNCTION OF THE PROBLEM 155 4.3.4 SUPPLEMENTING
AS A FUNCTION OF FINITELY AXIOMATIZABLE THEORIES 157 4.3.5 THE INABILITY
TO SUPPLEMENT INDEPENDENTLY OF T 159 4.3.6 EXERCISES 161 CONTENTS IX 4.4
EFFICIENT INQUIRY VIA BELIEF REVISION 162 4.4.1 EFFICIENCY BY REVISION
IS POSSIBLE 163 4.4.2 EFFICIENCY BY REVISION IS NOT INEVITABLE 164 4.4.3
EXERCISES 167 4.5 CLOSURE 167 4.5.1 CLOSURE OPERATORS 167 4.5.2
DISCOVERY UNDER COHERENCE-LIKE STARTING POINTS 169 4.5.3 REMARKS ON
CLOSURE AND SUCCESSFUL REVISION 172 4.5.4 EXERCISES . 172 4.6 SCIENTISTS
DEFINED VIA COURSE-OF-VALUES 173 4.6.1 ITERATED REVISION 173 4.6.2
ACHIEVEMENTS OF ITERATIVE REVISION 174 4.6.3 ITERATIVE REVISION IS NOT
ROBUST - 176 4.6.4 ITERATIVE SCIENTISTS UNDER DEDUCTIVE CLOSURE 177
4.6.5 EXERCISES 178 4.7 SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 179 4.8 NOTES 180 A
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 1 183 B SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR
CHAPTER 2 189 C SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 3 227 D SOLUTIONS TO
EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 4 243 REFERENCES 259 SYMBOL INDEX 265 INDEX 267
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| spelling | Martin, Eric Verfasser aut Elements of scientific inquiry Eric Martin and Daniel Osherson Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] MIT Press 1998 XII, 270 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Bradford book Formele logica gtt INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL larpcal Logique symbolique et mathématique Onderzoek gtt Recherche - Méthodologie Logic, Symbolic and mathematical Research Methodology Mathematische Logik (DE-588)4037951-6 gnd rswk-swf Mathematische Logik (DE-588)4037951-6 s DE-604 Osherson, Daniel Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008224772&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Martin, Eric Osherson, Daniel Elements of scientific inquiry Formele logica gtt INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL larpcal Logique symbolique et mathématique Onderzoek gtt Recherche - Méthodologie Logic, Symbolic and mathematical Research Methodology Mathematische Logik (DE-588)4037951-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037951-6 |
| title | Elements of scientific inquiry |
| title_auth | Elements of scientific inquiry |
| title_exact_search | Elements of scientific inquiry |
| title_full | Elements of scientific inquiry Eric Martin and Daniel Osherson |
| title_fullStr | Elements of scientific inquiry Eric Martin and Daniel Osherson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elements of scientific inquiry Eric Martin and Daniel Osherson |
| title_short | Elements of scientific inquiry |
| title_sort | elements of scientific inquiry |
| topic | Formele logica gtt INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL larpcal Logique symbolique et mathématique Onderzoek gtt Recherche - Méthodologie Logic, Symbolic and mathematical Research Methodology Mathematische Logik (DE-588)4037951-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Formele logica INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL Logique symbolique et mathématique Onderzoek Recherche - Méthodologie Logic, Symbolic and mathematical Research Methodology Mathematische Logik |
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