Holdings: A grammar of Koyra Chiini

A grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	German
Published:	Berlin ; New York Mouton de Gruyter 1999
Series:	Mouton grammar library 19
Subjects:	Surhai (taal) Songhai language > Dialects > Mali > Tombouctou Region Songhai-Sprache Grammatik Timbuktu
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XIV, 453 S.
ISBN:	3110162857

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adam_text	Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................xiii Map..........................................................................................................xv 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................1 1.1 Generalities about Songhay ...................................................................1 1.2 History and geography ..........................................................................2 1.3 Format of grammar ..............................................................................5 1.4 Transcriptional conventions ...................................................................6 1.5 Literature review .................................................................................8 1.6 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................8 2 Overview ...............................................................................................11 2.1 Brief outline of typical sentence and NP structures ...................................11 2.2 Distinctive features of Koyra Chiini ......................................................15 2.3 Internal variation within Koyra Chiini ...................................................16 3 Phonology .............................................................................................17 3.1 Consonants ......................................................................................17 3.2 Oral vowels ......................................................................................18 3.3 Diphthongs ......................................................................................18 3.3.1 Short-nucleus diphthongs ..........................................................19 3.3.2 Long-nucleus diphthongs ...........................................................21 3.4 Nasalized vowels and word-final nasal consonants ....................................21 3.4.1 Nasalized vowels ......................................................................21 3.4.2 Word-final nasal consonants .......................................................22 3.5 Syllabification ..................................................................................23 3.5.1 General restrictions on particular consonants .................................23 3.5.2 Syllabic shapes of pronouns and grammatical morphemes ................24 3.5.3 Syllabic shapes of monosyllabic stems ........................................25 3.5.4 Syllabic shapes of nonmonosyllabic stems and words .....................26 3.5.5 Final long vowels in nonmonosyllabic stems....... .........................27 3.5.6 Nonfinal long vowels in nonmonosyllabic stems ...........................27 3.5.7 Allowed and disallowed medial consonant sequences ........................27 3.5.8 Stem-initial consonant clusters ...................................................28 3.6 Consonantal assimilations and deletions ................................................29 3.6.1 Nasal point-of-articulation assimilation ........................................29 3.6.2 Liquid assimilation ...................................................................29 3.6.3 Semivowel assimilation ............................................................30 3.6.4 Palatalization of velars ..............................................................31 3.6.5 Geminate consonant simplification ..............................................31 vi Contents 3.7 Vocalic contraction, deletion, shortening, and lengthening .........................31 3.7.1 Contractions involving bnperfective о .........................................31 3.7.2 Contractions involving object and dative pronouns .........................32 3.7.3 Contractions involving CW stems .............................................33 3.7.4 Contractions of vowels over an intervening semivowel ...................34 3.7.5 Contractions involving demonstrative woo ..................................35 3.7.6 Phonology of Abstractive nominalizer -ey ....................................36 3.7.7 Syncope .................................................................................37 3.7.8 Deletion of word-initial vowels (apheresis) ....................................37 3.7.9 Shortening of long vowels .........................................................39 3.7.10 Lengthening of morpheme-initial vowel after CVC syllable ...........40 3.8 Minor phonological alternations ...........................................................41 3.8.1 Forms of the lSg pronoun .........................................................41 3.8.2 Forms of the 2Sg pronoun .........................................................42 3.8.3 Forms of-ye child as compound final ........................................43 3.8.4 Possessive wane before Definite di ..............................................44 3.8.5 Plural yo before postpositions and other particles ...........................44 3.8.6 Verb-stem changes before derivational suffix -adi ...........................44 3.8.7 Shortened forms of light nouns before Rel кая........................... 45 3.8.8 Forms of unmarked and marked third person pronouns .....................46 3.9 Prosodies .........................................................................................48 3.9.1 Tonology ...............................................................................48 3.9.2 Stress, incorporation (tight compounding), and cliticization .............48 3.10 Historical phonological notes .............................................................49 3.10.1 Word-final b ........................................................................49 3.10.2 Word-final nasals ....................................................................50 3.10.3 Sibilants ...............................................................................50 3.10.4 Assimilation of r, y, wto following consonant .......................50 3.10.5 Palatalization of velars ............................................................51 3.10.6 Loss of final short vowel .........................................................51 3.10.7 Shortening of original long high vowel in closed syllable ..............52 3.10.8 Stem-final ey to oy ...............................................................53 3.10.9 Loss of g. ............................................................................53 3.10.10 Shifts among liquids .............................................................53 3.10.11 Loanword phonology .............................................................54 4 Nouns, pronouns, and nominal derivation .....................................................55 4.1 Personal pronouns .............................................................................55 4.1.1 Person and number categories .....................................................55 4.1.2 Plural pronoun categories ..........................................................56 4.1.3 Preference for plural over singular pronouns as possessors ...............57 4.1.4 Subject and Object forms of pronominais .....................................57 4.1.5 Pronominal forms as possessors and before postpositions ................59 4.1.6 Pronominal forms preceding and following nda and, with ..............60 4.2 Demonstratives... ..............................................................................61 4.2.1 Demonstrative pronoun .....„.......................................................61 Contents vii 4.2.2 Frozen combinations of noun plus woo ......................................61 4.2.3 Demonstratíve and deictic adverbs ................................................62 4.2.4 Emphatic and Approximative modifiers of deictics ..........................63 4.3 Nominalizations ................................................................................63 4.3.1 Abstractive nominal (-ey- -rey) .................................................63 4.3.2 Zero-derived nominais and minor nominalizations ..........................65 4.3.3 Characteristic nominais (-koy, -koyni,-kom). .................................66 4.3.4 Participle and Ordinal (-nte) ........................................................69 4.3.5 Use of Infinitival ka as nominalization ........................................71 4.4 Morphology of adjectives ....................................................................71 4.4.1 Verbs of adjectival quality ..........................................................71 4.4.2 Adjectives as noun modifiers (suffix -o orzerò) ..............................72 4.4.3 Adjectives as NP heads with Absolute prefix і- ..............................73 4.5 Quantificational adjectives ...................................................................74 4.5.1 Modifying and Absolute forms of simple numerals .........................74 4.5.2 Compound numerals .................................................................75 4.5.3 Other quantificational modifiers ..................................................76 4.6 Nominal compounds ..........................................................................77 4.6.1 N-N (tight) and NP-N (loose) compounds .....................................77 4.6.2 Mother and child compounds (-ñaa, -ije) ..................................77 4.6.3 Male and female compounds (-bar, -woy). ................................79 4.6.4 Nominais of essential nature (-terey) ...........................................79 4.6.5 Compounds with -jegey lack of ................................................80 4.6.6 Semi-segmentable and compound kin terms ..................................80 4.6.7 Verb-noun compounds (-¿asine, -подди)....................................... 81 4.6.8 Noun-verb compounds with verb modifying noun ..........................82 4.6.9 Archaic diminutives ..................................................................82 4.7 Reduplication of noun and adjective stems .......................................82 5 Nominal inflection and NP syntax ..............................................................83 5.1 Overview .........................................................................................83 5.2 Possessives......................................................................................84 5.2.1 Possessor NPs with and without wane .........................................84 5.2.2 Recursive possession ................................................................85 5.2.3 Possessors as apparent heads of the higher NP ...............................86 5.2.4 Inalienable possession ...............................................................86 5.3 Adjectives ........................................................................................87 5.3.1 Syntax of simple adjectives ........................................................87 5.3.2 Sequences of adjectives ..............................................................87 5.4 Numerals and other quantifiers .............................................................88 5.4.1 Simple numeral phrases ............................................................88 5.4.2 Existential quantification ...........................................................89 5.4.3 Universal quantification (iui all ).. .............................................89 5.4.4 Distributive reduplication of numerals ..........................................92 5.4.5 Complementary subsets ( some..., others... ) ................................93 5.4.6 Generalized quantifiers ( many, much, few ) ..................................94 viii Contents 5.4.7 Currency and time of day ...........................................................94 5.4.8 Quantification over pronouns .....................................................95 5.4.9 Quantification over events .........................................................96 5.4.10 Partitive expressions ...............................................................97 5.5 Demonstrative woo ............................................................................97 5.6 Definite di. .......................................................................................98 5.7 Plural jo .........................................................................................99 5.8 Markers of discourse status ................................................................100 5.8.1 Focus (Foe ла andSFocijga) ..................................................100 5.8.2 Topic (Top bine, Top ta) .........................................................101 5.8.3 Other discourse-functional morphemes .......................................101 5.8.4 Co-occurrence of discourse-functional morphemes ........................102 5.9 Adpositions and case-marking ............................................................103 5.9.1 Unmarked case versus adpositions .............................................103 5.9.2 Dative se ..............................................................................104 5.9.3 Possessive wane ....................................................................104 5.9.4 Locative ra and кипа ..............................................................105 5.9.5 aa on, by, from, out of .........................................................106 5.9.6 doo chez, at (the place of) ......................................................106 5.9.7 Postpositions of spatial orientation ( behind , facing , etc.) ...........107 5.9.8 Quasi-prepositionsjaa since and hal until ...............................108 5.9.9 Prepositions bilaa without , bara or kala except .......................108 5.9.10 game between, among, amidst ..............................................109 5.10 Apposition ...................................................................................110 5.10.1 Pronouns in apposition to NPs ...............................................110 5.10.2 Relative clauses with appositional function ............................... Ill 5.11 Instrumental, confutative, and conjoined NPs .......................................112 5.11.1 Conjunction of personal pronouns ...........................................113 5.11.2 Conjunction of two full NPs, or of a pronoun and full NP ...........115 5.11.3 Instrumental and comitative phrases .........................................116 5.11.4 nda in idioms and adverbial phrases .........................................118 5.11.5 NP disjunction (wala or ) .....................................................119 5.11.6 Conjunction of adpositional phrases .........................................121 5.12 Locational Phrases and Temporal Phrases ...........................................122 6 Verbal voice and verb derivation ...............................................................125 6.1 Subcategorization for objects and adpositional phrases ............................125 6.1.1 Verbs, quasi-verbs, and the referentiality of subject NPs ................125 6.1.2 Underived simple intransitives..................................................127 6.1.3 Underived simple transitives.....................................................128 6.1.4 Ditransitives and other verbs with dative .....................................129 6.1.5 Verbs with postpositional complements (да, Locatives) ................130 6.1.6 Verbs with instromental-comitative complements (nda) ................132 6.1.7 Cognate objects .....................................................................133 6.2 Derived voice forms .........................................................................133 6.2.1 Zero derivation (simple verbs with variable valency) .....................133 Contents ix 6.2.2 Factitive-Causative -ndi..........................................................134 6.2.3 Mediopassive -ndi..................................................................135 6.2.4 Minor uses of -лей .................................................................136 6.2.5 Suffixation of-ndato verb stem ...............................................137 6.3 Compounds ....................................................................................138 6.3.1 Noun-verb compounds ............................................................138 6.3.2 Verb-verb compounds .............................................................139 6.3.3 Centripetal -kate ....................................................................140 6.4 Verb-stem reduplication ....................................................................141 7 VP structure .........................................................................................143 7.1 Types of predicates ..........................................................................143 7.1.1 Quasi-verbs či (equational) and nono (identificational) ...................143 7.1.2 Locational quasi-verbs goo, sii ..................................................148 7.1.3 Existential and impersonal quasi-verb bara. .................................151 7.1.4 Possessive predications ...........................................................152 7.1.5 haya foo (do) anything and other apparent verbless predicates .......153 7.2 Mood-aspect-negation (MAN) ............................................................154 7.2.1 MAN morphemes and sequences ...............................................155 7.2.2 Perfective and imperfective .......................................................156 7.2.3 Presentative imperfectives (preverbal gaa or goo) ..........................160 7.2.4 Subjunctive mood ..................................................................161 7.2.5 Future ta ..............................................................................162 7.2.6 Marked Progressive constructions ..............................................164 7.3 Imperatives ....................................................................................264 8 Discourse-functional constructions and relativization ....................................166 8.1 Focus constructions .........................................................................166 8.1.1 Nonsubject focus constructions .................................................166 8.1.2 Subject focus constructions ......................................................171 8.2 Questions and answers ......................................................................174 8.2.1 Polar (yes-no) questions and answers ..........................................174 8.2.2 WH-questions ........................................................................176 8.2.3 Composite WH-interrogatives ( how? , why? , when? ) ...............180 8.2.4 In situ (non-fronted) WH-interrogatives ......................................183 8.2.5 Questions embedded under matrix verbs ( know , ask , etc.) ...........183 8.2.6 whatchamacallit? .................................................................185 8.2.7 Tag questions ............................■...........................................185 8.3 Relative clause constructions .............................................................186 8.3.1 Relativization of subject NPs ...................................................188 8.3.2 Relativization of direct objects and complements of give .............191 8.3.3 Relativization of NP complements of postpositions .....................192 8.3.4 Relativization of NP complements of nda with, and ...................193 8.3.5 Relativization of possessor NP .................................................195 8.3.6 Adverbial relatives without postpositions ...................................196 8.3.7 Multiple relative clauses (conjoined or recursive) ..........................198 Contents 8.3.8 Relativization out of complex syntactic structures ........................199 8.3.9 DF morphemes and postpositions operating on the head NP ...........201 8.3.10 kaa when ... or such that ... (abstract adverbial relatives) .........204 8.4 Topic constructions .........................................................................206 8.4.1 Preposed topical constituents, with or without Topic bine .............206 8.4.2 Use of ЗБ pronouns .............................................................209 8.4.3 Use of weak Topic marker fa ....................................................211 8.5 Emphatics and similatives .................................................................216 8.5.1 Simple emphatics (daa, jaati(r), huneyno, yaa) ............................216 8.5.2 Only (піл, tan, allaa, koon, daa,kusï)...................................... 220 8.5.3 Unless (nda^ a na ći) and except фага, kala) ..........................224 8.5.4 Nobody (nothing) except X = only X .....................................225 8.5.5 Also (woo) .........................................................................229 8.5.6 Similative like X (sanda, allaa, taka, činne)............................. 231 8.5.7 dee, mee,gaa .......................................................................234 8.5.8 baada, waüaahi, ¡aabudda......................................................235 8.5.9 wala or in emphatic sense even... .........................................236 8.6 Co-occurrence of major discourse-functional categories ...........................237 8.6.1 Topic plus another DF morpheme on same constituent .................237 8.6.2 Emphatic plus focus ...............................................................237 8.6.3 Topic plus focus ....................................................................238 8.6.4 Multiple topics ......................................................................239 8.6.5 Relativization and focus ..........................................................239 8.6.6 Relativization and topic ...........................................................241 8.6.7 Subjunctive mood and focus .....................................................241 Sentence-level syntax and semantics ..........................................................243 9.1 Object NPs and other postverbal constituents ........................................243 9.1.1 Ordering and cliticization of postverbal constituents ......................243 9.1.2 Double-object constructions ( give , show ) ...............................246 9.2 Adjectival intensifying interjections ....................................................249 9.3 Operators and scope .........................................................................250 9.3.1 Types of adverbiais .................................................................250 9.3.2 Clause-internal and higher-level (metalinguistic) negation ..............254 9.3.3 Negation and quantifiers ..........................................................255 9.3.4 Equivalents of negative polarity items ........................................258 9.3.5 Negation, adverbiais ( again , first ), and DF morpheme only ......259 9.3.6 Quantification over possessed nouns ..........................................261 9.4 Overview of complement clause types .................................................262 9.5 Clause conjunction and indicative complement clauses ...........................263 9.5.1 Conditionals (nda ..., wala..) ...................................................263 9.5.2 Juxtaposed clauses ( and , but , or , etc.) ...................................269 9.5.3 Juxtaposed clauses in adverbial function ( while , without ) ...........271 9.5.4 Clausal disjunctions (wala or, whether , xoaa either ) ..................272 9.5.5 Adversative conjunctions mere, ammaa, mais but ......................274 9.5.6 jaa since and ftal until, before ...............................................276 Contents xi 9.5.7 Because clauses ....................................................................280 9.5.8 That complements {kaa, kala,kaa ná).....................................281 9.5.9 Bare indicative complements {gar, čiimi, či, guna, bara) ..................284 9.5.10 Right-edge marking in antecedents and background clauses ...........286 9.6 Subjunctive complements .................................................................289 9.6.1 Subjunctive complements to matrix-clause verbs .........................290 9.6.2 Subjunctive complements of obligational bara ............................294 9.6.3 Subjunctive clauses in jussi ve reported speech .............................295 9.6.4 Subjunctive clauses with complementizers {hal, bilaa) ..................296 9.6.5 Subjunctive clauses under the scope of a distant negative ...............298 9.6.6 Bare subjunctive clauses with no overt trigger .............................299 9.6.7 Multiple subjunctive clauses ....................................................302 9.6.8 Further epistemic subjunctive constructions ( maybe ) ..................303 9.7 Infinitival VPs and serial verbs ..........................................................304 9.7.1 Infinitival VPs in event sequences .............................................305 9.7.2 Inventory of serial verbs ..........................................................307 9.7.3 Control verbs ........................................................................308 9.7.4 Modal serial verbs ..................................................................309 9.7.5 Aspectual serial verbs .............................................................309 9.7.6 Quantifying and negative serial verbs .........................................313 9.7.7 Motion and time-of-day verbs as serial verbs ...............................314 9.7.8 Comparative constructions .......................................................316 9.7.9 ka kaa anåka koy after VP or noun .........................................320 9.7.10 (ka) gar... (to) find... plus indicative clause .............................321 10 Anaphora, logophorics, and reported speech ...............................................322 10.1 Reported speech and logophoric pronouns ..........................................322 10.1.1 Reported speech and thought .................................................322 10.1.2 Logophorics and deictic shifts in reported speech ......................323 10.1.3 Logophorics and recursive reported speech ...............................326 10.1.4 Pragmatic functions of logophorics and narrative fade-out ...........328 10.2 Reflexives and reciprocals ...............................................................329 10.2.1 Cornpoundreflexivesibomo head ) .......................................329 10.2.2 Simple reflexive pronouns ...................................................331 10.2.3 Reflexive verbs ..................................................................332 10.2.4 Syntax of reflexive pronouns ................................................333 10.2.5 Reciprocals .......................................................................341 10.2.6 Syntax of reciprocals ...........................................................343 10.3 Generic and indefinite reference ........................................................345 10.3.1 boro person and 2Sg pronouns ............................................345 10.3.2 Indefinite human a koy di. ...................................................349 10.4 Sloppy (partial) coreferentiality .......................................................350 10.4.1 Sloppy coreferentiality in reflexives .......................................350 10.4.2 Sloppy coreferentiality in logophorics ....................................351 10.4.3 Sloppy coreference in relative clauses .....................................352 xii Contents 11 Semantic topics ...................................................................................353 11.1 Spatiotemporal structures ...............................................................353 11.1.1 Spatial deictics ...................................................................353 11.1.2 Semantics of spatial adpositions ............................................353 11.1.3 Motion and path structure ....................................................358 11.1.4 Time expressions (nouns and verbs) .......................................361 11.1.5 jinaa first , koync again , jaa since , hal until ....................364 11.1.6 Temporal uses of spatial and motion expressions ......................365 11.2 Weather and ambient condition ........................................................366 11.3 Perception ...................................................................................366 11.4 Emotion and personality ................................................................367 11.5 Kinship ......................................................................................368 11.6 Flora-fauna ..................................................................................371 11.7 Body parts ...................................................................................373 Appendix 1 Upriver dialects ........................................................................375 Appendix 2 Djenné Chiini .........................................................................380 Text ........................................................................................................434 References ................................................................................................443 Morpheme Index .......................................................................................445 Subject Index ............................................................................................451
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geographic	Timbuktu (DE-588)4119616-8 gnd
geographic_facet	Timbuktu
id	DE-604.BV012140924
illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T18:22:25Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3110162857
language	German
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008223651
oclc_num	39765154
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-188
owner_facet	DE-12 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-188
physical	XIV, 453 S.
publishDate	1999
publishDateSearch	1999
publishDateSort	1999
publisher	Mouton de Gruyter
record_format	marc
series	Mouton grammar library
series2	Mouton grammar library
spelling	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)12155273X aut A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu Jeffrey Heath Berlin ; New York Mouton de Gruyter 1999 XIV, 453 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library 19 Surhai (taal) gtt Songhai language Dialects Mali Tombouctou Region Songhai-Sprache (DE-588)4284169-0 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Timbuktu (DE-588)4119616-8 gnd rswk-swf Songhai-Sprache (DE-588)4284169-0 s Timbuktu (DE-588)4119616-8 g Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Mouton grammar library 19 (DE-604)BV000018422 19 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008223651&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu Mouton grammar library Surhai (taal) gtt Songhai language Dialects Mali Tombouctou Region Songhai-Sprache (DE-588)4284169-0 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4284169-0 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4119616-8
title	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu
title_auth	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu
title_exact_search	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu
title_full	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu Jeffrey Heath
title_fullStr	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu Jeffrey Heath
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Koyra Chiini the Songhay of Timbuktu Jeffrey Heath
title_short	A grammar of Koyra Chiini
title_sort	a grammar of koyra chiini the songhay of timbuktu
title_sub	the Songhay of Timbuktu
topic	Surhai (taal) gtt Songhai language Dialects Mali Tombouctou Region Songhai-Sprache (DE-588)4284169-0 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
topic_facet	Surhai (taal) Songhai language Dialects Mali Tombouctou Region Songhai-Sprache Grammatik Timbuktu
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008223651&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000018422
work_keys_str_mv	AT heathjeffrey agrammarofkoyrachiinithesonghayoftimbuktu

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