Psycholinguistics:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Fort Worth [u.a.]
Harcourt Brace College Publ.
1998
Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0155041061 9780155041066 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Psycholinguistics: What Do Language Users Know? 1
Nan Bernstein Ratner University of Maryland at College Park
Jean Berko Gleason Boston University
Bhuvana Narasimhan Boston University
Introduction 2
What is psycholinguistics? 3
The Domain of Psycholinguistic Inquiry 3
Language 4
What Is Language? 4
Is Language Species Specific? 6
Distinguishing Between Language and Speech 7
What speakers and listeners know: A brief survey of linguistics 7
Levels of Language Analysis 8
Phonology 8
Sequences of Sounds: Phonotactics 12
The Lexicon and Semantics 13
Morphology: The Study of Word Formation 14
Syntax: Combining Words to Form Sentences 16
Pragmatics and Discourse 2 7
Metalinguistic Capacity: The Ability to Analyze Our Own Language 29
Language diversity and language universals 31
Oral and Signed Language 32
Written Language 33
The evolution of psycholinguistic inquiry 34
The acquisition of language by children 38
Summary 39
Key words 40
xi
Xii CONTENTS
Something to think about 41
Activities 41
References 43
Chapter L
The Biological Bases of Human Communicative Behavior 51
William Orr Dingwall The University of Maryland at College Park
Introduction 52
Language and the brain: A historical perspective 52
Early Neurolinguistic Observations 53
Localization of Function (Neurology in Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries) 54
Functional neuroanatomy and neuropathology 60
Neuroanatomical Structures Involved in Speech and Language 60
How Speech Is Controlled by the Brain 64
Neural Cells and Their Connections: The Ultimate Basis of Ml Behavior 67
What Can Go Wrong With the Brain: Neuropathology 68
Examining the Consequences of Cortical Damage 68
Lateralization of function 73
Putting One Half of the Brain to Sleep: The Wada Test 73
Splitting Apart the Hemispheres: Commissurotomy 75
Taking Out Half the Brain: Hemispherectomy 77
Listening With Both Ears: The Dichotic Listening Technique 79
What Functions Reside in the Nondominant Hemisphere? 80
When Sign Language Users Become Aphasic 82
Intrahemispheric localization of function 83
Measuring Electrical Activity in the Brain 83
Measuring Blood Flow in the Brain 86
The Role of Subcortical Structures in Speech and Language 90
Ways of viewing the relationship between brain and language 92
Linguistic Aphasiology 92
Summary 94
Key words 95
Something to think about 96
Activities 97
References 98
Contents xfii
Chapter 0
Speech Perception 107
Grace H. Yeni Komshian The University of Maryland at College Park
Introduction 108
The historical roots of speech perception research 108
Major questions in speech perception 110
How Do We Identify and Label Phonetic Segments? 110
The Lack oflnvariance Problem 111
How Is Speech Perceived Under Less Than Ideal Conditions? 112
The speech signal 113
How Speech Is Produced 113
Place of Articulation 114
Manner of Production 115
Distinctive Features 117
Acoustic Properties of Speech Sounds 118
Acoustic Characteristics of Consonants 121
Perception of phonetic segments 123
The Role of Speech Synthesis in Perceptual Research 123
Ways in Which Speech Perception Is Tested 124
Perception of Vowels 125
Steady States Versus Formant Transitions in Vowel Identification:
An Illustrative Study 125
Perception of Consonants 127
Phoneme Identity Is Context Dependent 127
Voice Onset Time: An Important Acoustic Cue 128
Categorical Perception of Voicing Contrast 130
Other Categorical Perception Studies 133
Categorical Perception: Specific to Speech Sound Perception? 134
Other Applications of the Test Paradigms Used
in Categorical Perception Studies 135
Speech perception beyond a single segment 136
The Perceptual Outcome of Coarticulation 136
Perceptual Effects of Speaking Rate 137
Lexical and Syntactic Factors in Word Perception 140
Models of speech perception 143
Motor Theory of Speech Perception 143
Analysis by Synthesis 144
Fuzzy Logical Model 145
xiv CONTENTS
Cohort Model 146
TRACE Model 146
Summary 147
Key words 148
Something to think about 149
Activities 149
References 150
Chapter 4
Words and Meaning: From Primitives to Complex Organization 157
Lauretta M. Reeves Rowan University
Kathy Hirsh Pasek Temple University
Roberta Golinkoff University of Delaware
Introduction 158
Words and meanings: separate but linked domains 159
The study of words 161
Word Primitives 161
Factors Influencing Word Access and Organization 166
Models of Lexical Access 170
Serial Search Models 171
Parallel Access Models 173
Separating Words and Meaning 180
Meaning 181
Philosophical Theories of Meaning 182
Alternative Theories: Meaning Is in the Public Domain 184
Conceptual Primitives 185
Feature Theories 185
Variations of Feature Theories 186
Knowledge Based Approaches 191
Conceptual Organization 196
Models of Semantic Representation 196
A Special Problem for the Mental Lexicon: Lexical Ambiguity 202
The Reciprocal and Influential Relationships of Words and Meaning 208
Summary 211
Keywords 212
Something to think about 213
Contents xv
Activities 214
References 215
Chapter 3
Sentence Processing 227
Arthur Wingfield Debra Titone
Department of Psychology and Volen National Center for Complex Systems
Brandeis University
Introduction 228
Structural properties of sentences 229
Statistical Approximations to English 230
Where Do People Pause When They Speak? 231
Syntactic processing 232
Syntactic Resolution Is Necessary for Comprehension 232
Surface Structure Versus Deep Structure 232
Competence Versus Performance 233
Syntactic Structure of Sentences 233
Clausal Processing 235
Sentence parsing and syntactic ambiguity 237
Local Ambiguity Versus Standing Ambiguity 238
Models of sentence parsing 239
Garden Path Model of Sentence Processing 239
Constraint Model of Sentence Processing 240
Meaning: The goal of sentence processing 241
is syntax processed separately from meaning? 244
The role of prosody in sentence processing 245
On line interactive models of sentence processing 246
Shadowing and Gating Studies 248
How On Line is Gating? 250
Where does context operate? 253
Comprehension of nonliteral meaning 257
The role of memory in language processing 258
Speech Perception and Lexical Identification 258
Syntactic Parsing and Retention of Phrases 258
Retention of Semantic Propositions 259
xvi CONTENTS
How Specialized Is the Memory System Used for Sentence Processing? 259
a processing model of sentence comprehension 262
Summary 263
Key words 263
Something to think about 264
Activities 265
References 266
Chapter 0
Sentences Combined: Text and Discourse 275
Allyssa McCabe University of Massachusetts, Lowell
Introduction 275
Discourse and text 277
Cohesion 277
Propositional Models of Text Processing 279
Inferences 280
Remembering 281
Contexts 282
Discourse as a Context 282
Individual Factors Affecting Discourse 288
Genres 291
Narrative 291
Expository/Explanatory 296
Humor 298
Conclusion 298
Summary 299
Key words 299
Something to think about 299
Activities 300
References 302
Chapter 7
Speech Production 309
Contents xvii
Victoria A. Fromkin University of California at Los Angeles
Nan Bernstein Ratner University of Maryland at College Park
Introduction 310
From Concept to Expression 310
Sources of data for models of speech production 312
Speech Errors 312
Disfluencies 313
Issues in speech production 313
The Units of Speech Production 314
Word, Morpheme, and Phrase Units in Speech Production 318
The Phrase as a Planning Unit 320
How Far Ahead Do We Plan? 321
What speech error data suggest about the process of speech production 322
Speech Is Planned in Advance 322
The Lexicon Is Organized Both Semantically and Phonologically 323
Morphologically Complex Words Are Assembled 324
Affixes and Functors Behave Differently From Content Words
in Slips of the Tongue 326
Speech Errors Reflect Rule Knowledge 326
Speech production processing models 327
The Utterance Generator Model of Speech Production 328
The Garrett Model 321
Levelt s Model 321
Dell s Model 337
Summary 338
Key words 338
Something to think about 339
Activities 339
References 340
Chapter 0
Language Acquisition 347
Jean Berko Gleason Boston University
Nan Bernstein Ratner University of Maryland
Introduction 348
xviii CONTENTS
Research methods in the study of language development 349
Diaries and Parental Reports 349
Observational Data 349
Interviews 351
Experimental Techniques 351
Research Design 353
The development of speech perception 355
Methods for Studying Speech Perception in Infants 355
How Speech Perception Develops 356
The child s lexicon 358
Before First Words 358
First Words 358
Some Words Are More Difficult to Learn Than Others 362
Lexical Organization and Word Association 363
Learning to make and understand sentences 364
Assessing Syntactic Knowledge 364
Methods for Assessing Syntactic Understanding 365
Moving From Words to Sentences 366
Learning to Make Sentences in English 369
The Role of Word Order Strategies in Sentence Formation Comprehension 370
Combining Sentences 372
Some Later Acquisitions 3 72
Metalinguistic Awareness 373
Learning to communicate: Early social uses of language 373
Learning to Take Perspective: The Demise of Egocentrism 375
Theories of child language acquisition 375
What Must Theories of Language Development Account For? 375
General Features of Theories 376
Major Dimensions of Language Development Theories 376
Linguistic/Innatist Theory 377
Learning Theory 381
Cognitive Theory 383
Social Interactionist Theory 385
Connectionist Models 387
Perspectives: What do the data tell us about the theories? 389
Summary 393
Key words 393
Something to think about 395
Activities 395
References 396
Contents xix
Chapter
A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ACCOUNT OF READING 409
Maryanne Wolf Tufts University
Frank Vellutino State University of New York, Albany
Jean Berko Gleason Boston University
Introduction 410
a history of writing systems 410
The alphabet 412
The underlying elements of reading 413
Representational Systems in Word Identification 414
Cognitive Processes Involved in Reading and All Learning 416
The development of reading 420
The Protoliteracy Period 420
Stages of Literacy 422
Models of skilled reading 425
Context Driven, Top Down Models 426
Stimulus Driven, Bottom Up Models 427
Whole Word Models 427
Component Letter Models 428
Multilevel and Parallel Coding Systems Models 429
Activation or Logogen Models 432
Interactive Activation and Connectionist Models 433
Lexical Search Models 435
Summary 436
Key words 437
Something to think about 437
Activities 438
References 439
Chapter 10
BlLINGUALISM AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 453
Catherine E. Snow Harvard Graduate School of Education
Introduction 453
xx contents
Growing up bilingual 456
Theories of second language acquisition 458
Foreign Language Educators Contributions 459
Child Language Researchers Contributions 462
Linguists Approaches to Second Language Acquisition 465
Psycholinguists Approaches to Second Language Processing 466
Sociocultural Approaches to Second Language Learning 468
Summary 471
Key words 474
Something to think about 474
Activities 475
References 475
Glossary Gl
Acknowledgments Al
Index INI
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