Losing hope: the environment and health in Russia
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Aldershot [u.a.]
Avebury
1996
|
| Series: | Avebury studies in green research
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 266 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1859721443 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Tables, Figures and Photographs ix
Acknowledgements xiv
About the Authors xv
Introduction 1
1. Air Quality A Breath of Fresh Air
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Legislation and Regulatory Procedures 11
1.2.1 Emission Standards 13
1.2.2 Ground Level Standards 14
1.2.3 Other Standards 15
1.3 Levels of Air Pollution 18
1.3.1 Emissions Levels 18
1.3.2 Overall Picture for Ground Level Pollution 22
1.3.3 Global Pollution 24
1.4 Industrial Sources of Air Pollution 26
1.4.1 Metallurgic Industry 26
1.4.2 Chemical Industry 22
1.4.3 Oil Extraction and Processing Industry 28
1.4.4 Power Generating Industry 30
1.4.5 Transport 31
v
1.5 Air Quality in Moscow and St Petersburg 33
1.5.1 Moscow 33
1.5.2 St Petersburg 36
1.6. Concluding Remarks 38
2. Water Quality and Water Systems
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Fresh Water Resources 46
2.2.1 Surface Water 46
2.2.2 Ground Water 51
2.3 Legislation 54
2.4 Water Quality Criteria 56
2.4.1 Use of Standards 56
2.4.2 Test Findings 60
2.4.3 Surface Waters 62
2.4.4 Ground Water 64
2.4.5 Surface Waters near Major Cities 65
2.5 The Marine Environment 69
2.6 Waste Water 73
2.6.1 Waste Waters by Industry 76
2.7 Concluding Remarks 79
3. Russian Land, its Use and Misuse
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Physical Damage to Soil and its Consequences 90
3.2.1 Agriculture 90
3.2.2 Manufacturing and Related Industries 93
3.2.3 Mining Industry 94
3.3 Chemical Contamination of Soil and its Consequences 95
3.3.1 Metals 95
3.3.2 Oil 101
3.3.3 Pesticides andAgrochemicals 103
3.3.4 Dioxins and Poly chlorinated Biphenyls 105
3.3.5 Radioactive Contamination of Soil 109
3.4 Disturbance of Ecosystems 112
3.5 National Parks and Reserves 115
3.6 Concluding Remarks 117
vi
4. Waste Disposal Waste Not Want Not ^^
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Municipal, Inert and Toxic Wastes **
4.2.1 Regulation of Municipal and Toxic Wastes 25
4.2.2 The Overall Scale of the Problem 28
4.2.3 Disposal Methods Used
4.2.4 Hazardous Wastes
4.2.5 Problems of Big Cities *
4.2.6 Htate Utilisation and Recycling j ^
4.3 Radioactive Waste 144
4.3.1 An Overview
4.3.2 Classification of Radioactive Wastes 44
43 3 Sources of Radioactive Wastes
43A Monitoring and Development of Technologies
for Disposal of Waste i g}
4.4 Special Wastes
4 4.1 AWare 0/fii«rf*to o/Ctemtarf JHapaw ^
Stored . , A/1
4.4.2 Strategies far Disposal and Destrycuan 164
4.4.3 Methods used for Disposal ^
4.5 Concluding Remarks
5. Public Health and 111 Health 1 ?6
5.1 Introduction 176
5.1.1 Demographic Trends ^
5.1.2 Mortality Trends lgQ
5.1.3 Morbidity Trends ,...,„ 1rtl 182
5 2 Strategies for Investigating the Publics Health 82
5.2.1 Possible Causes of III Health ^
5.2.2 Methods used ]87
5 3 Air Pollution and 111 Health t g7
5.3.1 Metallurgical Industries
5.3.2 Ctemiai/. Petrochemical and Allied ^ ^ ^
Industries ^
5.3.3 Power Generating Industry ^
5.3.4 Military ]97
5.3.5 Transport
vii
5.4 Water Pollution and 111 Health 200
5.5 Food Contamination and 111 Health 203
5.6 Accidents 207
5.7 Malnutrition and Other Factors 210
5.8 Medical Services in Transition 215
5.9 Pressure Groups 216
5.10 Polluted Urban Environment 217
5.11 New Diseases Attributed to Environmental
Pollution 221
512 Concluding remarks 223
6 Future Strategies
6.1 What Needs to be Done 228
6.2 Prospects for improvement 231
Bibliography 233
Index 255
viii
List of Tables, Figures
and Photographs
Figure 01 A model of environmental dynamics 3
Figure 02 Map of natural resources in Russia 5
Table 1.1 Comparison of Standards and Guide Value
for the EU, Russian Federation WHO and USE PA 16
Table 1.2 Plant Sensitivity to Air Pollution 17
Table 1.3 Emissions of Pollutants in Russia between
1981 and 1993 19
Table 1.4 Regional Pollutant Emissions for 1989 20
Table 1.5 Trends in Total Airborne Emissions from Fixed
Sources in Major Cities in Russia 21
Table 1.6 Airborne Emissions of Specific Pollutants (1992) 22
Table 1.7 Cities with High Levels of Air Pollutants in 1993 23
Table 1.8 CFC s production in 1988 24
Table 1.9 Comparison of Carbon Emissions between 1960
and 1987 25
Table 1.10 Airborne Polychlorinated Biphenyl PCB Concentrations
in Serhkhov 28
Table 1.11 Emissions Produced by Individual Oil Companies 29
Table 1.12 Major Polluting Power Stations 30
Table 1.13 Emissions by All Forms of Transport in 1993 31
Table 1.14 Road Traffic Emissions calculated in 1992 in North
West Russia 32
Photograph 1 Pollution from a power station in South West
Moscow 34
Table 1.15 Air Pollution in Three Moscow Districts 35
Table 1.16 Concentration of Atmospheric Pollutants in January
and June 1990 in Moscow 36
ix
Table 1.17 St Petersburg s Emissions in 1992 37
Figure 2.1 Map of the Russian Federation by Economic Regions 43
Table 2.1 Water Resources in the Economic Regions of Russia 45
Table 2.2 Changes in Water Use with Time 47
Table 2.3 1993 State of the Major Russian Waterways 48
Photograph 2 Body of animal in the Techa River 50
Table 2.4 Percentage of Mineral Water Samples which failed
Quality Standards in 1992 53
Table 2.5 Comparison of Water Quality Standards: Russia
and WHO 58
Table 2.6 Russian Classification System for Surface Waters 59
Figure 2.2 Number of Water Treatment Plants which Failed the
Standards between 1991 and 1993 61
Table 2.7 Percentage of Failed Tests at the Tap 1990 1993 62
Table 2.8 Trends in Test Failure of Water Supply Samples 63
Table 2.9 Percentage of Failed Samples in Communal and Industrial
Water Supplies 64
Table 2.10 Trends in Water Quality(Class of Main Pollution)
of Main Waterways in St Petersburg 1986 1992 65
Table 2.11 Concentration of Pollutants in Lake Ladoga 67
Table 2.12 Pollutants in the Marine Environment around
Vladivostok in 1990 72
Table 2.13 Biomass in the Amursky Bay 73
Table 2.14 Annual Waste Waters by Different Industries in 1990 73
Table 2.15 Substances Discharged into Waste Water in 1989 75
Table 3.1 Distribution of Land Use in the Russian Federation 88
Table 3.2 Land Remediation in 1993 in the Russian Federation 89
Photograph 3 Cattle feeding on arid land 91
Table 3.3 Relationship between Content of Soluble Salts on Soil and
Effect on Crop Yield Expressed as % in Saline Soils 92
Table 3.4 Loss of Natural Bearing Ores and Coal during their
Extraction in 1989 95
Table 3.5 Magnitude of Soil Contamination by Metals (relating
to Human Health Risk) 96
Table 3.6 Correction of Heavy Metals in Soil with the Type of the
Prevailing Industry 97
x
Table 3.7 Zones (around the Monchegorsk factory) based on Content
ofMetalsinSoil 98
Table 3 8 Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Humus Soils of
00
Moscow Region yy
Table 3.9 Some Standards for Metals in Contaminated Soil 100
Table 3.10 Persistence of some Herbicides in Soil under
the Climatic Conditions of the Russian Federation 103
Table 3.11 Use of Pesticides in the Soviet Union from
1966 to 1990 104
Table 3 12 Harvest Produced per One Tonne of Fertilizers in 1986 105
Table 3.13 Regional Locations of Industrial Facilities Associated with
Dioxin Generation
Table 3.14 PCP Concentration in Snow and Soil in Serphukhov 1U8
Table 3.15 Territories Contaminated with Cs 13 7 j j
Table 3.16 Agricultural Lands Polluted by Cs 137
Table 3 17 Contamination Levels in the Caucasian Biosphere
_ 116
Reserves _„
Table 4.1 Estimated Categories of Waste Generation 1 L*
Table 4.2 The Russian Federation Municipal Solid Waste ^ ^
Generation „
Table 4 3 Generation of Hazardous Wastes by Industrial Sector 132
Table 4.4 Generation of Toxic Wastes in the Russian
Federation in 1990
Table 4 5 Correlation of Concentration of Metals in Incinerator
Emissions with Solid Municipal Waste
Table 4.6 Volumes of Pesticides awaiting Decontamination in
Republics and Regions within the Russian Federation 38
Photograph 4 Rubbish Dumping in a Moscow Street
Table 4.7 Results of Removals of Heavy Metals from Compost 43
Table 4 8 Radioactive Liquid and Gas Wastes Class.ficat.on 45
Table 4 9 Radioactive Solid Waste Classification
Table 4.10 Saturation of Storage Capacity of Russ.an Atomic ^
Power Stations
Table 4 11 Quantities and Nature of Radioactive Wastes D.sposed
ofat Sea (1960 1991)
Figure 4.1 Sites of radioactive waste disposal in Baren ^
and Kara Seas
xi
Table 4.12 Approximate Inventory of Radioactive Wastes
in the Russian Federation 157
Table 4.13 Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Russian
Federation 163
Table 4.14 Schedule for the Destruction of Russia s
Chemical Weapons 166
Table 5.1 Health Trends in the Russian Population 1987 1992
Births and Deaths 177
Table 5.2 Causes of Death in the Russian Federation 178
Table 5.3 Infant Deaths 1980 1992 179
Table 5.4 1992 Morbidity of Different Age Groups based on
Doctors Visits 181
Table 5.5 Classification of Effects of Pollution on Health 184
Table 5.6 Number of Cases of Diseases Recorded Annually in the
Industrial Zone of Tomsk 186
Table 5.7 Mortality of the Population in the Murmansk Region
1984 89 189
Table 5.8 Mortality in Metallurgical Cities of the Urals 190
Table 5.9 Comparison of Mortality and Morbidity Rates in the
Vologda Region, 1981 and 1992 191
Table 5.10 Immunodeficiency in Children in Novomoskovsk 192
Table 5.11 Indices of Pollution in Orenburg between 1988 1993 194
Table 5.12 Incidences of Allergies in Orenburg 195
Photograph 5 Congenital Birth Defect of the Hand 196
Table 5.13 An Investigation of the Relation of Pollution and
Deviations from Normal Childbirth 198
Table 5.14 Illness Distribution in three Moscow Districts 199
Table 5.15 Percentages of Ear, Nose and Throat Illnesses among
Moscow Children 200
Table 5.16 Correlation of Chemical Contamination of Drinking
Water and Incidence of Illnesses in various areas 201
Table 5.17 Main Pollutants of Food Stuffs and Raw Materials 203
Table 5.18 Human Radiation Dose in four Russian Regions
in 1992 205
Table 5.19 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Concentrations in
Serpukhov 206
Table 5.20 Accident Statistics for the Russian Federation in 1993 208
xii
Photograph 6 Invalid Certificate for Radiation Sickness 208
Table 5.21 Accidental Deaths 1987 1992 209
Table 5.22 Invalids Registered in 1992 2 0
Table 5.23 Consumption of Main Food Stuffs
Table 5.24 Chemical Composition and Energy Value of
Average Daily Diet
Table 5.25 Vitamin Deficiency in three Russian Regions ^ ^ ^
in Autumn 1992
Table 5 26 Incidence of Tuberculosis 1991 1992
Table 5.27 Levels of Individual Pollutants in the Air in three
Districts of Cheboksary
Table 5 28 Proportion of Children with Deviations from the
Normal Respiratory Function in Cheboksary / °
Table 5.29 Causes of Death in Moscow compared with the ^
Russian Federation as a Whole . _ „ t. f
Table5.30 Examples of Cities with Atmospheric Air Pollution of ^
Different Hazard Levels
xiii
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| id | DE-604.BV011954352 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:19:06Z |
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| spelling | Bridges, Olga Verfasser aut Losing hope the environment and health in Russia Olga Bridges ; Jim Bridges Aldershot [u.a.] Avebury 1996 XV, 266 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Avebury studies in green research Environmental Health Russia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Russia Environmental Pollution Russia Environmental degradation Russia (Federation) Environmental health Russia (Federation) Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 s DE-604 Bridges, Jim Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008082568&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bridges, Olga Bridges, Jim Losing hope the environment and health in Russia Environmental Health Russia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Russia Environmental Pollution Russia Environmental degradation Russia (Federation) Environmental health Russia (Federation) Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071808-6 (DE-588)4061619-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia |
| title_auth | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia |
| title_exact_search | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia |
| title_full | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia Olga Bridges ; Jim Bridges |
| title_fullStr | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia Olga Bridges ; Jim Bridges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Losing hope the environment and health in Russia Olga Bridges ; Jim Bridges |
| title_short | Losing hope |
| title_sort | losing hope the environment and health in russia |
| title_sub | the environment and health in Russia |
| topic | Environmental Health Russia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Russia Environmental Pollution Russia Environmental degradation Russia (Federation) Environmental health Russia (Federation) Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environmental Health Russia Environmental Pollutants adverse effects Russia Environmental Pollution Russia Environmental degradation Russia (Federation) Environmental health Russia (Federation) Gesundheitsgefährdung Umweltbelastung Russland |
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