Logical tools for modelling legal argument: a study of defeasible reasoning in law
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht ; Boston ; London
Kluwer Academic Publishers
1997
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| Series: | Law and philosophy library
32 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 314 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 0792347765 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | HENRY PRAKKEN DEPARTMENT OFCOMPUTER SCIENCE, FREE UNIVERSITY OF
AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS LOGICAL TOOLS FOR MODELLING LEGAL ARGUMENT A
STUDY OF DEFEASIBLE REASONING IN LAW W KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE XI 1 INTRODUCTION
1 1.1 AI, LOGIC AND LEGAL REASONING: SOME GENERAL REMARKS . . 1 1.1.1 AN
OVERVIEW 1 1.1.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2 1.1.3 COMPUTABLE ASPECTS OF
LEGAL REASONING 5 1.1.4 THE ROLE OF LOGIC 6 1.2 THE FOCUS OF RESEARCH 7
1.3 LOGIC AND AI 8 1.3.1 THE DECLARATIVE VS. PROCEDURAL DEBATE 8 1.3.2
LOGICS AND PROGRAMMING SYSTEMS 9 1.3.3 LOGIC AND REASONING 11 1.4 POINTS
OF DEPARTURE 12 1.5 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 13 2 THE ROLE OF LOGIC IN
LEGAL REASONING 15 2.1 THREE MISUNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT LOGIC 16 2.1.1 TO
FORMALIZE IS TO DEFINE COMPLETELY 16 2.1.2 FORMALIZATION LEAVES NO
ROOM FOR INTERPRETATION . 17 2.1.3 LOGIC EXCLUDES NONDEDUCTIVE MODES
OF REASONING . 18 2.2 THE DEDUCTIVIST FALLACY 18 2.2.1 NAIVE
DEDUCTIVISM 19 2.2.2 THE CRITICISM 20 2.2.3 THE MISUNDERSTANDING 23
2.2.4 THE MERITS OF THE CRITICISM 25 2.3 NONINFERENTIAL REASONING WITH
LOGICAL TOOLS 26 2.4 RULE-BASED AND CASE-BASED REASONING 30 2.5 SUMMARY
31 3 THE NEED FOR NEW LOGICAL TOOLS 33 3.1 THE SEPARATION OF RULES AND
EXCEPTIONS IN LEGISLATION ... 34 3.1.1 TERMINOLOGY 35 3.1.2 EXAMPLES 36
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1.3 FORMALIZATIONS IN STANDARD LOGIC 37 3.1.4
NONSTANDARD METHODS 41 3.2 DEFEASIBILITY OF LEGAL RULES 47 3.3 OPEN
TEXTURE 49 3.3.1 CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS 50 3.3.2 DEFEASIBILITY OF LEGAL
CONCEPTS 52 3.3.3 VAGUENESS 54 3.4 WHICH NONSTANDARD TECHNIQUES ARE
NEEDED? 55 3.4.1 REASONING WITH INCONSISTENT INFORMATION 55 3.4.2
NONMONOTONIC REASONING 56 3.5 AL-AND-LAW PROGRAMS WITH NONSTANDARD
FEATURES 61 3.5.1 THE LAW AS LOGIC PROGRAMS 61 3.5.2 TAXMAN II 61 3.5.3
GARDNER S PROGRAM 62 3.5.4 CABARET 63 LOGICS FOR NONMONOTONIC REASONING
67 4.1 NONMONOTONIC LOGICS 68 4.1.1 CONSISTENCY-BASED APPROACHES 68
4.1.2 AUTOEPISTEMIC LOGIC 73 4.1.3 MINIMIZATION 76 4.1.4 CONDITIONAL
APPROACHES 87 4.1.5 INCONSISTENCY HANDLING 89 4.2 GENERAL ISSUES 93
4.2.1 PREFERENTIAL ENTAILMENT 93 4.2.2 PROPERTIES OF CONSEQUENCE NOTIONS
94 4.2.3 CONNECTIONS 96 4.2.4 TRUTH MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS 97 4.3
OBJECTIONS TO NONMONOTONIC LOGICS 97 4.3.1 LOGIC IS MONOTONIE 97 4.3.2
INTRACTABILITY 99 REPRESENTING EXPLICIT EXCEPTIONS 101 5.1 INTRODUCTION
102 5.1.1 METHODS OF REPRESENTING RULES AND EXCEPTIONS ... 102 5.1.2
KINDS OF EXCEPTIONS 102 5.1.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR REPRESENTING RULES AND
EXCEPTIONS 103 5.2 DEFAULT LOGIC 105 5.2.1 SPECIFIC EXCEPTION CLAUSES
106 5.2.2 GENERAL EXCEPTION CLAUSES 107 5.2.3 EVALUATION 111 5.3
CIRCUMSCRIPTION 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS VII 5.4 POOLE S FRAMEWORK FOR
DEFAULT REASONING 117 5.5 LOGIC-PROGRAMMING S NEGATION AS FAILURE 120
5.5.1 SPECIFIC EXCEPTION CLAUSES 121 5.5.2 GENERAL EXCEPTION CLAUSES 122
5.5.3 LOGIC PROGRAMS WITH CLASSICAL NEGATION 125 5.5.4 SUMMARY 129 5.6
EVALUATION 129 5.6.1 A FORMALIZATION METHODOLOGY 130 5.6.2
DIRECTIONALITY OF DEFAULTS 134 5.6.3 CONTRAPOSITIVE INFERENCES 135 5.6.4
ASSESSMENT OF THE EXCEPTION CLAUSE APPROACH . . . 136 PREFERRING THE
MOST SPECIFIC ARGUMENT 141 6.1 INTRODUCTION 141 6.2 POOLE: PREFERRING
THE MOST SPECIFIC EXPLANATION 143 6.3 PROBLEMS 148 6.3.1 SOME POSSIBLE
FACTS ARE IRRELEVANT 148 6.3.2 MULTIPLE CONFLICTS IGNORED 149 6.3.3
DEFAULTS CANNOT BE REPRESENTED IN STANDARD LOGIC . 150 6.4 A SYSTEM FOR
CONSTRUCTING AND COMPARING ARGUMENTS . . . 151 6.4.1 GENERAL REMARKS 151
6.4.2 THE UNDERLYING LOGICAL LANGUAGE 152 6.4.3 ARGUMENTS 154 6.4.4
CONFLICTS BETWEEN ARGUMENTS 156 6.4.5 COMPARING ARGUMENTS 158 6.4.6
INFORMAL SUMMARY 163 6.5 THE ASSESSMENT OF ARGUMENTS 163 6.5.1 THE
GENERAL IDEA 163 6.5.2 THE DIALOGUE GAME DEFINED 166 6.5.3 ILLUSTRATIONS
170 6.6 COMBINING PRIORITIES AND EXCEPTION CLAUSES 172 6.6.1 EXTENDING
THE SYSTEM 172 6.6.2 ILLUSTRATIONS 175 6.7 EVALUATION 177 REASONING WITH
INCONSISTENT INFORMATION 179 7.1 INTRODUCTION 179 7.2 EXISTING
FORMALIZATIONS OF INCONSISTENCY TOLERANT REASONING 180 7.2.1 ALCHOURROEN
& MAKINSON (1981) 181 7.2.2 BELIEF REVISION APPROACHES 183 7.2.3
BREWKA S PREFERRED-SUBTHEORIES APPROACH 187 7.3 DIAGNOSIS 188 VIII TABLE
OF CONTENTS 7.4 HIERARCHICAL DEFEAT 191 7.5 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE
SYSTEM 193 7.5.1 PROPERTIES OF THE CONSEQUENCE NOTION 193 7.5.2
SCEPTICAL AND CREDULOUS REASONING 195 7.5.3 FLOATING CONCLUSIONS 196
7.5.4 ACCRUAL OF ARGUMENTS 198 7.6 CONCLUSION 200 8 REASONING ABOUT
PRIORITY RELATIONS 203 8.1 INTRODUCTION 203 8.2 LEGAL ISSUES 204 8.2.1
LEGAL COLLISION RULES 204 8.2.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR A FORMAL ANALYSIS 205
8.3 EXTENDING THE DEFINITIONS 206 8.4 A FORMALIZATION METHODOLOGY 210
8.5 EXAMPLES 212 8.6 AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD 217 9 SYSTEMS FOR DEFEASIBLE
ARGUMENTATION 219 9.1 ARGUMENTATION SYSTEMS 219 9.2 SOME ARGUMENTATION
SYSTEMS 221 9.2.1 THE BONDARENKO-DUNG-KOWALSKI-TONI APPROACH . . 221
9.2.2 POLLOCK 226 9.2.3 LIN AND SHOHAM 229 9.2.4 VREESWIJK S ABSTRACT
ARGUMENTATION SYSTEMS .... 230 9.2.5 NUTE S DEFEASIBLE LOGIC 232 9.2.6
SIMARI AND LOUI 235 9.2.7 GEFFNER AND PEARL S CONDITIONAL ENTAILMENT 235
9.2.8 GENERAL COMPARISON 237 9.3 OTHER RELEVANT RESEARCH 238 9.3.1
BREWKA S LATER WORK 238 9.3.2 REASON-BASED LOGIC 240 10 USING THE
ARGUMENTATION SYSTEM 249 10.1 A COMPARISON OF THE METHODS FOR
REPRESENTING EXCEPTIONS 249 10.2 IMPLEMENTATIONAL CONCERNS 253 10.3
APPLICATIONS 255 10.3.1 TOULMIN ON THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTS 255 10.3.2
THE SYSTEM AS A TOOL IN REASONING 256 10.4 A LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME
IMPLEMENTED SYSTEMS 258 10.4.1 GARDNER S PROGRAM 258 10.4.2 CABARET 261
10.4.3 APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC METAPROGRAMMING 262 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
10.4.4 FREEMAN AND FARLEY S DART SYSTEM 263 10.4.5 THE PLEADINGS GAME
264 10.5 FOUR LAYERS IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATION 270 11 CONCLUSION 275 11.1
SUMMARY 275 11.2 MAINRESULTS 276 11.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER ISSUES 281
11.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 284 A NOTATIONS, ORDERINGS AND
GLOSSARY 287 AI GENERAL SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS 287 A2 ORDERING RELATIONS
288 A3 NOTIONS OF THE ARGUMENTATION SYSTEM OF CHAPTERS 6-8 . . . 289 A4
GLOSSARY 289 REFERENCES 293 INDEX 303
|
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| spelling | Prakken, Henry Verfasser aut Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law Henry Prakken, Department of Computer Science, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dordrecht ; Boston ; London Kluwer Academic Publishers 1997 XIII, 314 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Law and philosophy library 32 Juristische Logik (DE-588)4135337-7 gnd rswk-swf Juristische Argumentation (DE-588)4129291-1 gnd rswk-swf Juristische Argumentation (DE-588)4129291-1 s Juristische Logik (DE-588)4135337-7 s DE-604 Law and philosophy library 32 (DE-604)BV000019168 32 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007941812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Prakken, Henry Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law Law and philosophy library Juristische Logik (DE-588)4135337-7 gnd Juristische Argumentation (DE-588)4129291-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135337-7 (DE-588)4129291-1 |
| title | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law |
| title_auth | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law |
| title_exact_search | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law |
| title_full | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law Henry Prakken, Department of Computer Science, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
| title_fullStr | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law Henry Prakken, Department of Computer Science, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law Henry Prakken, Department of Computer Science, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
| title_short | Logical tools for modelling legal argument |
| title_sort | logical tools for modelling legal argument a study of defeasible reasoning in law |
| title_sub | a study of defeasible reasoning in law |
| topic | Juristische Logik (DE-588)4135337-7 gnd Juristische Argumentation (DE-588)4129291-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juristische Logik Juristische Argumentation |
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