Global environmental crises: an Australian perspective
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Melbourne [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
1996
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 317 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0195536002 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Preface Hi
List of Figures, Plates, Tables and Boxes xii
Acknowledgments xv
B GLOBAL CRISES — AN INTRODUCTION
1.1 An Australian perspective 3
1.2 Planet Earth 9
An astronomical perspective 9
A geological perspective 9
A geographical perspective 10
1.3 Biogeochemical cycles and biophysical systems 12
Some natural constraints 12
Understanding the biosphere 17
People and biosphere 18
1.4 Human society 18
Population growth, poverty and environmental change 20
Economic factors 24
Science and technology 30
Politics 31
1.5 Sustainable development 33
1.6 Conclusion 33
Q LAND AND WATER
2.1 Introduction 37
Agriculture as environmental exploitation 37
Scale and geography of supply problems 38
2.2 Origins and impacts of agriculture and water use 40
Hunter gatherer communities 41
Simple agricultural settlement in villages 42
CONTENTS
Grazing systems 44
Modern systems of agriculture and water use 46
2.3 Land degradation 50
Soil erosion 51
Loss of soil fertility 52
Soil structural change 54
Salinisation 54
Soil pollution 56
Desertification 57
2.4 Water degradation 57
Impacts of forestry 58
Impacts of agriculture and grazing 58
Impacts of industry 61
Loss of amenity: rivers, wetlands, and wildlife 61
2.5 Future directions 62
Doubling production 63
Balancing the budgets 67
Reducing soil loss and restoring land condition 70
Improving access to clean water and sanitation 70
The wildcard of climate change 72
The human dimension 73
2.6 Some Australian responses 75
2.7 Conclusion 76
Q FORESTS
3.1 The world s forests 79
Forest types and characteristics 81
How much forest is diere? 83
3.2 Dimensions of deforestation 86
Forest losses in history and prehistory 87
Forest change in the modern world 92
Reafforestation 95
3.3 Consequences of deforestation 95
Biophysical consequences of deforestation 97
Consequences for peoples and cultures 103
3.4 Causes of deforestation 104
Population 105
Economy 109
Technology 116
Politics and political systems 118
3.5 Conclusion 124
CONTENTS
Q URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
4.1 Urban growth and urbanisation 130
Global trends 130
4.2 A framework for analysing impacts 133
The urban system 133
Inheritance of location 135
City structure 136
4.3 The urban system: inputs and outputs 137
Energy 138
Food 138
Clean water and air 139
Construction materials 139
Land 140
Waste products 143
4.4 Cities and the biophysical environment 147
Energy flows and climate 147
The impact of cities on water: urban hydrology 154
4.5 Air and water quality 158
A breath of fresh air 158
Fresh water 267
4.6 Challenges and solutions 170
Low income countries 171
High income countries 175
4.7 Conclusion 180
Q THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE
5.1 Introduction 182
5.2 Ozone depletion 182
Atmospheric chemistry and the ozone hole 182
Effects of ultraviolet radiation 186
5.3 The enhanced greenhouse effect 186
What happens in the atmosphere? 187
Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases 192
5.4 Consequences of the enhanced greenhouse effect 202
5.5 Predicting greenhouse changes 204
Global climate model predictions for an effective doubling
of CO2 204
Predictions for Australia 207
Other effects of greenhouse change 209
5.6 Responses 213
Do nothing 214
CONTENTS
Take preventative action 215
Prepare for the consequences 218
5.7 Planning for the enhanced greenhouse effect 219
International agreements 219
The Australian response 220
5.8 Conclusion 226
Q INTERNATIONAL CO OPERATION
6.1 Global commons 230
6.2 The oceans 231
The need for international co operation 231
The International Law of the Sea 235
Australia, the Law of the Sea, and fisheries agreements 237
The International Whaling Commission 239
Ocean pollution 242
6.3 Antarctica 250
The Antarctic Treaty 250
World Park or mining lease? 253
6.4 The atmosphere 254
The Montreal Protocol 254
The Toronto Conference and the Hague Declaration 254
UNCED Framework Convention on Climate Change 255
6.5 Deforestation and desertification 256
Forests 256
Drought and desertification 259
6.6 The Earth Summit (UNCED) 259
Events leading to the Earth Summit 259
UN Conference on the Environment and Development 261
Achievements and failures of UNCED 267
6.7 Australia s role in the UNCED Process 268
6.8 Conclusion 270
Q SOME WAYS FORWARD
7.1 Integration 272
7.2 Scale 273
7.3 Inequalities 274
7.4 International trade and finance 276
Trade 276
International financial issues 278
7.5 Resource use and management 283
Resource and environmental management 283
Consumption, waste and recycling 284
CONTENTS
7.6 Science and technology 285
Understanding and knowledge 285
Technology 285
Transfer of information technology 286
7.7 Population issues 287
7.8 Sustainable development 289
The concept 289
Australian implementation 291
7.9 Environmental integrity and development for all? 294
Glossary 298
Definitions 298
Acronyms and abbreviations 305
Units of Measurement 307
Index 308
FIGURES
1.1 The Earth s biophysical system.
1.2 Dynamic equilibrium, perturbations and feedbacks.
1.3 Global energy cycle.
1.4 Global water cycle.
1.5 Interlinked biophysical and human Earth systems.
1.6 World population growth.
1.7 Global distribution of gross national product per capita, 1991.
2.1 Centres for domestication of plants and animals.
2.2 Natural ecosystems, monocultures and polycultures.
2.3 Land degradation in New South Wales, 1987 88.
2.4 Main factors of soil formation and degradation.
2.5 Development of soil salinity.
2.6 The Great Artesian Basin of Australia.
2.7 Development of integrated pest management.
2.8 Conventional cultivation and minimum or zero tillage.
2.9 Restoration of fragmented landscapes and sustainable land use.
3.1 Forest and woodland as a percentage of area by country, 1989 91.
3.2 Tree loss in the Murray Darling Basin.
3.3 Pristine forests in Sumatra since the 1930s.
3.4 Net change in area of forest and woodland by country, 1979 81 to 1989 91.
3.5 Roundwood use, 1991.
3.6 International trade in coniferous sawlogs and in non coniferous sawlogs and veneer logs.
3.7 The Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area.
4.1 Urban population growth, 1950 2025.
4.2 The urban system.
4.3 Location of quarries in the Sydney region.
4.4 Sydney s expansion, 1788 1981.
4.5 Waste products in the urban environment.
4.6 Hypothetical urban heat island.
4.7 Concentrations of sulphur dioxide across country income groups.
4.8 Concentrations of suspended particulate matter across country income groups.
5.1 October ozone concentration over Halley Bay, Antarctica, 1958 94.
5.2 Theoretical Planck curves and actual radiation for the Sun and Earth.
5.3 The greenhouse effect.
5.4 The electromagnetic spectrum.
FIGURES, PLATES, TABLES AND BOXES
5.5 Major greenhouse gases, 1965 90 and 1980 90.
5.6 The positive feedback between water vapour and temperature.
5.7 Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration.
5.8 Atmospheric methane variations from 1600.
5.9 Nitrous oxide concentrations in the atmosphere.
5.10 Concentrations of CFC 11 and CFC 12 above Cape Grim, Tasmania, 1978 85.
5.11 Changes in the global temperature, 1900 92.
5.12 Temperature increases predicted by climate models for Australia.
5.13 Winter precipitation changes predicted by climate models for Australia.
5.14 Direct and indirect climatic effects on asthma.
5.15 Possible planning responses to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
6.1 Time line of international environmental agreements.
6.2 Area of the oceans covered by actual and potential 200 nm EEZs.
6.3 Exclusive Economic Zones in the Australian and South Pacific regions.
6.4 Number of whales killed by species, 1925 70, and estimated Southern Ocean populations,
1900 80.
6.5 Southern Whale Sanctuary agreed to in May 1994.
6.6 Pathways taken by oil released in a marine spill.
6.7 MARPOL limits for ocean dumping.
6.8 Some key facilities under the Mediterranean Plan.
6.9 Territorial claims and major topographical features of Antarctica.
6.10 General structure of Agenda 21.
7.1 Scales at which environmental decisions and actions take place.
7.2 Per capita public and state guaranteed private foreign debt, c. 1990.
PLATES
A Global distribution of forests.
B Forests and woodlands in Australia, c. 1788.
C Forests and woodlands in Australia, c. 1988.
D Tropical deforestation in an area of the Amazon, 1975 86.
E Development of the ozone hole over Antarctica, 1980 92.
F Change in annual mean air temperature due to a doubling of CO2.
G Change in annual total precipitation due to a doubling of CO2.
TABLES
1.1 Global population changes, 1950 2025.
1.2 Some key national indicators 1990 95.
3.1 Distribution of the world s forest and woodlands.
3.2 Land use in selected areas of South and South east Asia.
3.3 Use of forest resources.
3.4 Major producers of industrial roundwood, annual average 1989 91.
3.5 An illustrative typology of strategies for forest management.
4.1 1992 populations of megacities and estimates for AD 2000.
4.2 Urban anthropogenic and net radiation energy fluxes.
4.3 Major sources and impacts of water pollution.
4.4 Examples of sanitation and water supply facilities in low income nations.
5.1 Anthropogenically enhanced greenhouse gases and their concentrations, c. 1991.
5.2 Cuts in emissions needed for stabilisation of greenhouse gases.
FIGURES, PLATES, TABLES AND BOXES
BOXES
1.1 Murray Darling Basin Commission.
1.2 Measuring economic activity and welfare.
2.1 Woody weeds on Australian rangelands.
3.1 Types of forests.
4.1 Acid rain.
4.2 Radiation.
4.3 Air pollution in Australian cities.
5.1 Sources and sinks of CO2, 1980 89.
5.2 Sources and sinks of methane.
5.3 Estimated sources and sinks of nitrous oxide.
5.4 Planning for greenhouse in New South Wales.
6.1 Spills from two oil tanker accidents.
6.2 Major provisions of the Antarctic Treaty.
6.3 The Rio Declaration: abridged principles.
7.1 National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development — key concepts.
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| spelling | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective Graeme Aplin ... Melbourne [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 1996 XVI, 317 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltschutz Environmental degradation Environmental degradation Australia Environmental protection Environmental protection Australia Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd rswk-swf Umweltkrise (DE-588)4186806-7 gnd rswk-swf Australien Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd rswk-swf Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 g Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 s DE-604 Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Umweltkrise (DE-588)4186806-7 s Aplin, Graeme Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007837300&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective Umweltschutz Environmental degradation Environmental degradation Australia Environmental protection Environmental protection Australia Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Umweltkrise (DE-588)4186806-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4117286-3 (DE-588)4186806-7 (DE-588)4003900-6 |
| title | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective |
| title_auth | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective |
| title_exact_search | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective |
| title_full | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective Graeme Aplin ... |
| title_fullStr | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective Graeme Aplin ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global environmental crises an Australian perspective Graeme Aplin ... |
| title_short | Global environmental crises |
| title_sort | global environmental crises an australian perspective |
| title_sub | an Australian perspective |
| topic | Umweltschutz Environmental degradation Environmental degradation Australia Environmental protection Environmental protection Australia Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Umweltkrise (DE-588)4186806-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltschutz Environmental degradation Environmental degradation Australia Environmental protection Environmental protection Australia Umweltschaden Umweltkrise Australien |
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