Ecotoxicology: ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Wiley [u.a.]
1998
|
| Series: | Environmental science and technology
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIX, 900 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0471176443 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecotoxicology |b ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects |c ed. by Gerrit Schüürmann ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Wiley [u.a.] |c 1998 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 900 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Environmental science and technology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ökologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Monitoring | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Pollutants |x toxicity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Pollution |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Schüürmann, Gerrit |d 1956- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)123620236 |4 oth | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007778953 | |
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| _version_ | 1807320244838989824 |
|---|---|
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CONTENTS
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS
XXVII
PART
1
HISTORICAL
INTRODUCTION
AND
ECOLOGICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
1
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
-
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
AND
PERSPECTIVES
3
SVEN
ERIK
JORGENSEN
1.1
SUMMARY
3
1.2
WHEN
DID
IT
START?
4
1.3
MODELLING
AND
ECOTOXICOLOGY
5
1.4
THE
TRENDS
IN
THE
1980S
8
1.5
ESTIMATION
OF
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
9
1.6
ECOSYSTEM
CONSIDERATIONS
14
1.7
REFERENCES
15
2
ECOSYSTEM
PRINCIPLES
FOR
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
ANALYSES
17
HELMUT
LIETH
2.1
SUMMARY
17
2.2
INTRODUCTION
18
2.3
DEFINITION
OF
AN
ECOSYSTEM
23
2.4
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
ECOSYSTEMS
29
2.4.1
PHYSIOGNOMIC
STRUCTURE
30
2.4.2
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
41
2.4.3
ELEMENTAL
DIFFERENCES
41
2.4.4
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
45
2.4.5
GENETIC
STRUCTURE
48
2.4.6
INFORMATION
STRUCTURE
49
2.4.7
PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE
49
2.5
THE
FUNCTION
OF
ECOSYSTEMS
50
2.5.1
ENERGY
FLOW
51
2.5.2
THE
FLOW
OF
MATERIAL
57
2.5.3
THE
FLOW
OF
INFORMATION
66
2.6
ECOTOXICOLOGY
AND
ECOSYSTEMS
66
2.7
REFERENCES
68
2.7.1
LITERATURE
68
2.7.2
LITERATURE
LIST
FOR
ELEMENT
CONCENTRATIONS
IN
HALOPHYTES
(TABLE
2.1,
COLUMN
10)
71
2.7.3
INTERNET
CITATIONS
73
3
SENSITIVITY
OF
ECOSYSTEMS
AND
ECOTONES
75
OTTO
FRANZLE
3.1
SUMMARY
75
3.2
INTRODUCTION
76
3.3
POPULATION
AND
COMMUNITY
STABILITY
76
3.3.1
DIFFERENT
NOTIONS
OF
STABILITY
76
3.3.2
DEMOGRAPHIC
MEASURES
OF
STABILITY
77
3.3.3
NONDEMOGRAPHIC
MEASURES
OF
STABILITY
88
3.4
SENSITIVITY
OF
THE
SOIL
SYSTEM
93
3.4.1
SENSITIVITY-RELATED
SOIL
QUALITIES
AND
PROCESSES
93
3.4.2
ECOLOGICAL
SOIL
FUNCTIONS
AS
SENSITIVITY
MEASURES
95
3.5
ECOTONES
100
3.5.1
ECOTONE
TYPOLOGY
100
3.5.2
SENSITIVITY
OF
ECOTONES
105
3.6
SENSITIVITY
OF
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
106
3.6.1
REACTIONS
OF
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
TO
STRESS
107
3.6.2
SENSITIVITY
TO
DIFFERENT
STRESSORS
109
3.7
APPRAISAL
110
3.8
REFERENCES
112
4
POPULATION
DYNAMICS
OF
PLANTS
UNDER
EXPOSURE
AND
THE
SELECTION
OF
RESISTANCE
117
WILFRIED
H.
O.
ERNST
4.1
SUMMARY
117
4.2
INTRODUCTION
118
4.3
QUANTITATIVE
PRINCIPLES
OF
POPULATION
DYNAMICS
IN
PLANTS
118
4.4
QUALITATIVE
PRINCIPLES
OF
POPULATION
DYNAMICS
120
4.5
REACTION
PATTERN
TO
EXPOSURE
-
THE
DOSE
122
4.6
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
AND
EXPOSURE
TIME
125
4.7
EXPOSURE
TIME
AND
LIFE
HISTORY
127
4.8
CONCLUSION
128
4.9
REFERENCES
129
5
COMMUNITY
ECOLOGY
AND
POPULATION
INTERACTIONS
IN
FRESHWATER
SYSTEMS
133
BRUNO
STREIT
5.1
SUMMARY
133
5.2
TOXICANTS
AND
COMMUNITIES
134
5.3
ABIOTIC
AND
BIOTIC
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
COMMUNITIES
136
5.4
WHY
CONCENTRATE
ON
FRESHWATER
SYSTEMS
IN
THIS
CHAPTER?
138
5.5
THE
BIOLOGICAL
COMMUNITY:
SUPERORGANISM
OR
LOOSE
SPECIES
ASSEMBLAGE?
138
5.6
CLASSIFICATIONS
AND
CHARACTERIZATIONS
OF
FRESHWATER
COMMUNITIES
141
5.7
MANY
NICHES
FOR
MANY
SPECIES
145
5.8
TWO-LEVEL
TROPHIC
INTERACTIONS
148
5.9
MULTILEVEL
TROPHIC
INTERACTIONS
152
5.10
NONTROPHIC
INTERFERENCES
154
5.11
CONCLUSIONS:
HOW
SHOULD
TOXIC
EFFECTS
ON
COMMUNITIES
BE
INTERPRETED?
157
5.12
OUTLOOK
158
5.13
REFERENCES
159
PART
2
CHEMICALS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
6
DISTRIBUTION
AND
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
OF
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
165
BERND
MARKERT
6.1
SUMMARY
165
6.2
OCCURRENCE
OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
166
6.3
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
IN
LIVING
ORGANISMS
170
6.3.1
INTERELEMENTAL
CORRELATIONS
172
6.3.2
THE
BIOLOGICAL
FUNCTION
OF
INDIVIDUAL
ELEMENTS
174
6.3.3
THE
UPTAKE
FORM
OF
INDIVIDUAL
ELEMENTS
BY
THE
PLANT
175
6.4
THE
EMISSION
OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
INTO
THE
ENVIRONMENT
176
6.5
CYCLES
AND
RESIDENCE
TIMES
OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
177
6.5.1
NITROGEN
AS
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
A
MACRONUTRIENT
AND
"
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANT
"
179
6.5.2
TIN
AS
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
A
MICROELEMENT
THAT
IS
BOTH
ESSENTIAL
AND
TOXIC
181
6.6
REMEDIAL
MEASURES
FOR
SOILS
CONTAMINATED
WITH
HEAVY
METALS
187
6.7
REFERENCES
190
APPENDIX
A.6.1
ESSENTIALITY,
OCCURRENCE,
TOXICITY
AND
UPTAKE
FORM
OF
INDIVIDUAL
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
199
APPENDIX
A.6.2
ESTIMATED
ANNUAL
PRODUCTION
OF
INDIVIDUAL
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
YEAR
2000
(UNLESS
OTHERWISE
SPECIFIED)
AND
EXAMPLES
OF
THEIR
TECHNICAL
APPLICATION
215
7
SPECIATION
OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
223
ROLF-DIETER
WILKEN
7.1
SUMMARY
223
7.2
INTRODUCTION
224
7.3
WHAT
DOES
"
SPECIATION
"
MEAN?
224
7.4
SPECIATION
OF
ELEMENTS
224
7.4.1
CLASSICALLY
DEFINED
SPECIES
225
7.4.2
OPERATIONALLY
DEFINED
SPECIES
225
7.4.3
DYNAMICS
OF
SPECIES
226
7.5
ANALYTICAL
TOOLS
FOR
SPECIES
DETERMINATION
230
7.6
FUTURE
ASPECTS
233
7.6.1
MEASUREMENT
NEEDED
233
7.6.2
REMEDIATION
APPROACHES
233
7.7
OUTLOOK
234
7.8
REFERENCES
234
8
MULTIMEDIA
MASS
BALANCE
MODELS
OF
CHEMICAL
DISTRIBUTION
AND
FATE
237
DON
MACKAY
8.1
SUMMARY
237
8.2
INTRODUCTION
238
8.3
MATHEMATICAL
BASIS
239
8.4
ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA
241
8.5
LEVELS
OF
COMPLEXITY
242
8.6
MODEL
STRUCTURE
AND
VARIABLES
243
8.7
EXISTING
MODELS
245
8.7.1
FUGACITY
MODELS
245
8.7.2
NONFUGACITY
MODELS
246
8.7.3
ROUND
ROBINS
246
8.8
AN
ILLUSTRATION
OF
A
MULTIMEDIA
MODEL
247
8.8.1
LEVEL
I
247
8.8.2
LEVEL
II
248
8.8.3
LEVEL
III
249
8.9
APPLICATIONS
OF
MULTIMEDIA
MODELS
253
8.10
CONCLUSIONS
255
8.11
REFERENCES
256
9
ABIOTIC
TRANSFORMATION
REACTIONS
259
ERIC
J.
WEBER
9.1
SUMMARY
259
9.2
INTRODUCTION
260
9.3
HYDROLYSIS
260
9.3.1
HYDROLYSIS
KINETICS
261
9.3.2
MECHANISMS
OF
HYDROLYSIS
263
9.4
REDOX
REACTIONS
266
9.4.1
OXIDATION
267
9.4.2
REDUCTION
271
9.4.3
QUANTITATIVE
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIPS
IN
REDOX
REACTIONS
277
9.5
CONCLUSIONS
278
9.6
REFERENCES
279
10
TRANSFORMATION
OF
CHLORINATED
XENOBIOTICS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
283
HEIDELORE
FIEDLER
AND
CHRISTOPH
LAU
10.1
SUMMARY
283
10.2
DEFINITIONS
AND
BASICS
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROCESSES
284
10.2.1
VOLATILIZATION
284
10.2.2
SORPTIVE
AND
DESORPTIVE
PROCESSES
285
10.2.3
BIOCONCENTRATION
287
10.3
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
288
10.3.1
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
288
10.3.2
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
BIODEGRADATION
RATES
289
10.3.3
CHEMICAL
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
BIODEGRADATION
RATES
290
10.3.4
GENERAL
RULES
FOR
DEGRADABILITY
OF
CHLORINATED
ORGANICS
290
10.3.5
AEROBIC
ENVIRONMENTS
AND
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
291
10.3.6
ANAEROBIC
ENVIRONMENTS
AND
ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
297
10.3.7
SEQUENTIAL
BIODEGRADATION
303
10.3.8
DEGRADATION
UNDER
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
304
10.4
NONBIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
PROCESSES
305
10.4.1
PHOTOCHEMICAL
DEGRADATION
305
10.4.2
CHEMICAL
DEGRADATION
307
10.4.3
HYDROLYSIS
307
10.4.4
OXIDATION
308
10.5
REFERENCES
308
11
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
OF
CHLORINATED
ORGANICS
318
HEIDELORE
FIEDLER
AND
CHRISTOPH
LAU
11.1
SUMMARY
318
11.2
INTRODUCTION
318
11.3
CLASSIFICATION
OF
CHLORINATED
ORGANICS
320
11.3.1
NATURALLY
OCCURRING
CHLORINATED
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
320
11.3.2
CHLORINATED
COMPOUNDS
OF
ANTHROPOGENIC
ORIGIN
322
11.4
SHORT-CHAIN
CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS
329
11.4.1
CHEMICAL
IDENTITY
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEVELS
329
11.4.2
CHEMICAL
AND
TOXICOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
330
11.4.3
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
RELEVANCE
331
11.4.4
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
332
11.4.5
PHOTOOXIDATION
OF
PERCHLOROETHANE
AND
TRICHLOROACETYL
CHLORIDE
333
11.5
POLYCHLORINATED
DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS
AND
POLYCHLORINATED
DIBENZOFURANS
(PCDD/PCDF)
333
11.5.1
INTRODUCTION
333
11.5.2
TOXICITY
OF
PCDD/PCDF
334
11.5.3
ENVIRONMENTAL
BEHAVIOR
335
11.5.4
NATIONAL
INVENTORIES
339
11.5.5
NATIONAL
MASS
BALANCES
340
11.5.6
RESERVOIRS
341
11.6
POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS
(PCB)
342
11.6.1
INTRODUCTION
342
11.6.2
LEGAL
SITUATION
343
11.6.3
PCB
LEVELS
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
343
11.6.4
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
OF
PCB
345
11.6.5
TOXICITY
OF
PCB
347
11.7
GLOBAL
DISTRIBUTION
-
LONG-RANGE
TRANSPORT
348
11.8
ORGANOCHLORINE
SUBSTANCES
IN
THE
MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
351
11.8.1
INTRODUCTION
351
11.8.2
CRITERIA
IMPORTANT
FOR
AN
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
352
11.8.3
GENERATION
OF
PRIORITY
COMPOUNDS
354
11.9
ENVIRONMENTAL
RISK
ASSESSMENT
FOR
CHLORINATED
PESTICIDES
356
11.9.1
GENERAL
ASPECTS
356
11.9.2
TOXICITY
RANKING
SYSTEM
FOR
CHLORINATED
PESTICIDES
359
11.9.3
RESULTS
359
11.9.4
DISCUSSION
361
11.10
REFERENCES
362
12
ECOCHEMISTRY
OF
TOXAPHENE
371
MEHMET
COELHAN
AND
HARUN
PARLAR
12.1
SUMMARY
371
12.2
INTRODUCTION
372
12.3
COMPOSITION
OF
TOXAPHENE
372
12.4
ISOLATION
AND
IDENTIFICATION
OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY
RELEVANT
TOXAPHENE
COMPONENTS
374
12.5
OCCURRENCE
OF
TOXAPHENE
IN
THE
ENVIRONMENT
376
12.5.1
PLANTS
376
12.5.2
ANIMALS
377
12.5.3
SOIL
393
12.5.4
AIR
393
12.5.5
WATER
AND
SEDIMENTS
394
12.6
PHOTODEGRADATION
OF
TOXAPHENE
COMPONENTS
395
12.7
DEGRADATION
OF
TOXAPHENE
COMPONENTS
IN
SOIL
396
12.8
DEGRADATION
OF
TOXAPHENE
BY
ANIMALS
397
12.9
DEGRADATION
OF
TOXAPHENE
BY
PLANTS
402
12.10
TOXICITY,
MUTAGENICITY,
AND
CANCEROGENICITY
OF
TOXAPHENE
403
12.11
STRUCTURE-DEGRADABILITY
RELATIONSHIP
OF
TOXAPHENE
COMPONENTS
405
12.12
REFERENCES
405
13
SPECIMEN
BANKING
AS
AN
ENVIRONMENTAL
SURVEILLANCE
TOOL
413
ANTONIUS
KETTRUP
AND
PETRA
MARTH
13.1
SUMMARY
413
13.2
INTRODUCTION
413
13.3
BIOINDICATORS
415
13.4
IDEA
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
SPECIMEN
BANKING
416
13.5
REALIZATION
418
13.5.1
SAMPLING
418
13.5.2
ANALYTICAL
SAMPLE
CHARACTERIZATION
422
13.6
CONCLUSIONS
AND
FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
432
13.7
REFERENCES
434
PART
3
BIOACCUMULATION
AND
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
OF
CHEMICALS
14
BIOACCUMULATION
OF
CHEMICALS
BY
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
439
DES
W.
CONNELL
14.1
SUMMARY
439
14.2
INTRODUCTION
440
14.3
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
BIOMAGNIFICATION
IN
AQUATIC
SYSTEMS
441
14.4
INFLUENCE
OF
TYPE
OF
COMPOUND
ON
BIOCONCENTRATION
441
14.5
THE
MECHANISM
OF
BIOCONCENTRATION
AND
BIOMAGNIFICATION
442
14.6
INFLUENCE
OF
SOME
BIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
ON
BIOCONCENTRATION
443
14.7
QUANTITATIVE
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIPS
FOR
BIOCONCENTRATION
444
14.8
KINETICS
OF
BIOCONCENTRATION
445
14.9
BIOACCUMULATION
IN
THE
NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
449
14.10
CONCLUSIONS
449
14.11
REFERENCES
450
15
METAL
BIOACCUMULATION
IN
FRESHWATER
SYSTEMS:
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY
OF
THE
ACTIONS
AND
INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN
ABIOTIC
AND
CONTAMINATION
FACTORS
451
ALAIN
BOUDOU,
BEATRICE
INZA,
SYLVIANE
LAMAIRE-GONY,
REGINE
MAURY-BRACHET,
MURIEL
ODIN,
AND
FRANCIS
RIBEYRE
15.1
SUMMARY
451
15.2
INTRODUCTION
452
15.3
METHODOLOGICAL
BASES
456
15.4
EXAMPLES
OF
RESULTS
463
15.5
EFFECTS
OF
ABIOTIC
FACTORS
AND
INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN
THESE
FACTORS
ON
MERCURY
BIOACCUMULATION
IN
BURROWING
MAYFLY
NYMPHS
471
15.6
CONCLUSION
478
15.7
REFERENCES
478
16
PROCESS-ORIENTED
DESCRIPTIONS
OF
TOXIC
EFFECTS
484
SEBASTIAAN
A.
L.
M.
KOOIJMAN
16.1
SUMMARY
484
16.2
INTRODUCTION
484
16.2.1
ECOTOXICOLOGY
484
16.2.2
RISK
ASSESSMENT
485
16.3
STANDARD
DESCRIPTIONS
487
16.3.1
LC
50
AND
GRADIENT
487
16.3.2
PROBLEMS
488
16.3.3
EC
50
489
16.3.4
CONCLUSION
490
16.4
DYNAMIC
ENERGY
BUDGETS
491
16.5
TOXICOKINETICS
495
16.6
EFFECTS
497
16.6.1
EFFECTS
ON
SURVIVAL
498
16.6.2
EFFECTS
ON
GROWTH
AND
REPRODUCTION
501
16.7
EFFECTS
ON
POPULATION
DYNAMICS
506
16.8
TOXICITY
PATTERNS
509
16.8.1
TEMPERATURE
510
16.8.2
PH
510
16.8.3
BODY
SIZE
AND
RESERVES
510
16.8.4
SOLUBILITY
IN
FAT
511
16.8.5
CLASSES
OF
COMPOUNDS
513
16.8.6
SENSITIVITY
AMONG
SPECIES
514
16.9
CONCLUSIONS
AND
PERSPECTIVES
16.10
REFERENCES
515
516
17
CELLULAR
RESPONSE
PROFILE
TO
CHEMICAL
STRESS
521
HELMUT
SEGNER
AND
THOMAS
BRAUNBECK
SUMMARY
521
17.2
INTRODUCTION
522
17.3
INTERACTION
WITH
MEMBRANE
PROCESSES
524
17.4
INTRACELLULAR
FATE
OF
CHEMICALS
529
17.5
INTRACELLULAR
RECEPTORS
534
17.6
INTERACTION
WITH
NUCLEAR
STRUCTURES
AND
FUNCTIONS
538
17.7
PROTECTIVE
MOLECULES
AND
PROCESSES
540
17.8
CELL
INJURY
AND
DEATH
546
17.9
FUNCTION
OF
CELL
TOXICOLOGY
IN
ECOTOXICOLOGY
552
17.10
REFERENCES
555
18
LONG-TERM
EFFECTS
OF
CHEMICALS
IN
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
571
HORST
PETER
AND
WOLFGANG
HEGER
18.1
SUMMARY
572
18.2
INTRODUCTION
572
18.3
PREDICTION
OF
PROLONGED
AND
LONG-TERM
EFFECTS
FROM
LC/EC
50
TIME
CURVES
573
18.4
PREDICTABILITY
OF
PROLONGED
AND
LONG-TERM
NO
EFFECT
CONCENTRATIONS
FROM
ACUTE
TOXICITY
DATA
574
18.5
EVALUATION
OF
DATA
FROM
PESTICIDE
REGISTRATIONS
AND
NOTIFICATIONS
ACCORDING
TO
THE
CHEMICALS
ACT
576
18.6
BIOACCUMULATION
AND
PROLONGED
TOXICITY
579
18.7
PROLONGED
AND
CHRONIC
TESTS
FOR
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
581
18.7.1
NOEC
AND
EC
X
581
18.7.2
ALGAL
INHIBITION
TEST
(92/69/EWG,
PART
C.3)
582
18.7.3
DAPHNIA,
ACUTE
IMMOBILIZATION
TEST
AND
REPRODUCTION
TEST
PART
II
-
REPRODUCTION
TEST
DURATION
OF
AT
LEAST
14
DAYS,
OECD
202,
PART
II
582
18.7.4
FISH,
PROLONGED
TOXICITY
TEST:
14-DAY
STUDY,
OECD
204
582
18.7.5
FISH,
JUVENILE
GROWTH
TEST
-
28
DAYS,
OECD,
DRAFT
583
18.7.6
FISH,
EARLY-LIFE
STAGE
TOXICITY
TEST,
OECD
210
583
18.7.7
FISH,
TOXICITY
TEST
ON
EGG
AND
SAC
FRY
STAGES,
OECD,
DRAFT
583
18.7.8
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TEST
FOR
FISH
584
18.8
CONCLUSIONS
584
18.9
REFERENCES
585
19
EFFECTS
OF
HEAVY
METALS
IN
PLANTS
AT
THE
CELLULAR
AND
ORGANISMIC
LEVEL
587
WILFRIED
H.
O.
ERNST
19.1
SUMMARY
587
19.2
INTRODUCTION
588
19.3
METAL
AVAILABILITY
589
19.4
SENSITIVITY
AND
RESISTANCE
TO
HEAVY
METALS
590
19.4.1
SENSITIVITY
AND
RESISTANCE
AT
THE
CELLULAR
LEVEL
591
19.4.2
THE
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
592
19.4.3
THE
CYTOSOL
593
19.4.4
PROTEIN
METABOLISM
596
19.4.5
CELL
ORGANELLES
597
19.5
REACTION
OF
PLANT
PARTS
TO
A
SURPLUS
OF
HEAVY
METALS
600
19.5.1
SEEDS
AND
GERMINATION
601
19.5.2
SEEDLING
STAGE
601
19.5.3
ROOT
GROWTH
AND
METAL
EXPOSURE
602
19.5.4
SHOOT
GROWTH
AND
LEAF
RESPONSE
TO
A
SURPLUS
OF
METALS
606
19.5.5
REPRODUCTIVE
GROWTH
AND
METAL
EXPOSURE
609
19.6
THE
INDIVIDUAL
610
19.7
CONCLUSIONS
612
19.8
REFERENCES
613
20
ASSESSMENT
OF
ECOTOXICITY
AT
THE
POPULATION
LEVEL
USING
DEMOGRAPHIC
PARAMETERS
621
NICO
M.
VAN
STRAALEN
AND
JAN
E.
KAMMENGA
20.1
SUMMARY
621
20.2
INTRODUCTION
622
20.3
DEMOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES
624
20.4
POPULATION
PERFORMANCE
INDICES
IN
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL
STUDIES
629
20.5
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
BASED
ON
LIFE-HISTORY
RESPONSES
TO
TOXICANTS
633
20.6
TRADE-OFF RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG
DEMOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERS
636
20.7
CONCLUSIONS
638
20.8
REFERENCES
639
21
EFFECTS
OF
POLLUTANTS
ON
SOIL
INVERTEBRATES:
LINKS
BETWEEN
LEVELS
645
JASON
M.
WEEKS
21.1
SUMMARY
645
21.2
INTRODUCTION
646
21.3
WHY
SOIL
INVERTEBRATES?
646
21.4
STRUCTURAL
AND
FUNCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
REQUIRED
TO
EVALUATE
THE
CONDITION
OF
ECOSYSTEMS
647
21.5
LEVELS
OF
ORGANIZATION
FOR
EVALUATING
THE
EFFECTS
OF
CHEMICALS
648
21.6
THE
VALUE
OF
MESOCOSM
EXPERIMENTS
AS
LINKS
TO
REAL
ECOSYSTEMS
649
21.7
BIOMARKERS:
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
651
21.8
BIOMARKERS
AND
LINKS
TO
ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS:
LABORATORY
VERSUS
FIELD
STUDIES
654
21.9
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
THE
USE
OF
SOIL
INVERTEBRATE
BIOMARKERS
TO
ASSESS
ECOLOGICAL
DAMAGE
TO
A
FOREST
SYSTEM
656
21.10
DIAGNOSIS
AND
ESTABLISHMENT
OF
A
LINK
TO
CAUSATION
658
21.11
REFERENCES
659
PART
4
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
AN
ECOLOGICAL
RISK
ASSESSMENT
22
ECOTOXIC
MODES
OF
ACTION
OF
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES
665
GERRIT
SCHIIIIRMANN
22.1
SUMMARY
666
22.2
INTRODUCTION
666
22.2.1
TWO
BRANCHES
OF
ECOTOXICOLOGY
667
22.2.2
OUTLINE
OF
SUBSEQUENT
SECTIONS
668
22.3
CAUSE-EFFECT
RELATIONSHIPS
IN
THE
FIELD
669
22.3.1
DDT
670
22.3.2
ACID
RAIN
671
22.3.3
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
672
22.4
BIOCHEMICAL
BACKGROUND
AND
MODES
OF
TOXIC
ACTION
673
22.4.1
BIOTRANSFORMATION
673
22.4.2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
CHEMICAL
TOXICITY
677
22.5
COMPOUND
PROPERTIES
AND
MOLECULAR
DESCRIPTORS
681
22.5.1
OCTANOL/WATER
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
681
22.5.2
DISSOCIATION
CONSTANT
IN
AQUEOUS
SOLUTION
682
22.5.3
HAMMETT
EQUATION
683
22.5.4
GROUND-STATE
GLOBAL
MOLECULAR
REACTIVITY
684
22.5.5
GROUND-STATE
LOCAL
MOLECULAR
REACTIVITY
686
22.5.6
TRANSITION-STATE
THEORY
690
22.6
MOLECULAR
MODE-OF-ACTION
ANALYSIS
OF
COMPOUND
TOXICITY
691
22.6.1
AROMATIC
PHOSPHOROTHIONATES
692
22.6.2
CHLOROPHENOLS
AND
NITROPHENOLS
703
22.6.3
ALKYLPHENOL
ETHOXYLATE
SURFACTANTS
717
22.6.4
TRIORGANOTINS
AND
OTHER
ORGANIC
HEAVY
METALS
723
22.6.5
UNSATURATED
ALCOHOLS
729
22.7
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
735
22.8
REFERENCES
736
23
ENDPOINTS
AND
THRESHOLDS
IN
ECOTOXICOLOGY
751
JOHN
CAIRNS,
JR.
23.1
SUMMARY
751
23.2
THE
ECOLOGICAL
PARADIGM
SHIFT
752
23.3
ECOTOXICOLOGY
AND
SUSTAINABLE
USE
OF
THE
PLANET
752
23.4
ECOTOXICOLOGY
AND
ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH
754
23.5
CONCEPTS
OF
ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH:
UTILITARIAN
VS
PHILOSOPHICAL
758
23.6
ECOTOXICOLOGY
AT
THE
LANDSCAPE
LEVEL
760
23.7
OBSTACLES
TO
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
LANDSCAPE
ECOTOXICOLOGY
761
23.8
BALANCING
OUR
TECHNOLOGICAL
AND
ECOLOGICAL
LIFE
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
762
23.9
THRESHOLDS,
PROCESS
ENDPOINTS,
AND
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICE
DELIVERY
765
23.10
REFERENCES
765
24
MODELING
ECOLOGICAL
RISKS
OF
PESTICIDES:
A
REVIEW
OF
AVAILABLE
APPROACHES
769
LAWRENCE
W.
BARNTHOUSE
24.1
SUMMARY
769
24.2
INTRODUCTION
770
24.2.1
ENDPOINTS
772
24.2.2
MODEL
EVALUATION
CRITERIA
772
24.2.3
PAST
REVIEWS
773
24.3
DESCRIPTION
OF
MODELING
APPROACHES
775
24.3.1
AGE/STAGE-STRUCTURED
MODELS
775
24.3.2
INDIVIDUAL-BASED
MODELS
777
24.3.3
METAPOPULATION
MODELS
780
24.3.4
SPATIALLY
EXPLICIT
MODELS
785
24.4
INTEGRATION
OF
ECOLOGICAL
MODELS
INTO
THE
NEW
PARADIGM
788
24.4.1
TYPES
OF
MODEL
APPLICATIONS
789
24.4.2
STATE
OF
DEVELOPMENT
OF
MODELING
APPROACHES
791
24.5
CONCLUSIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
793
24.6
REFERENCES
794
25
CURRENT
AND
FUTURE
TEST
STRATEGIES
IN
TERRESTRIAL
ECOTOXICOLOGY
799
REINHARD
DEBUS
25.1
SUMMARY
799
25.2
TERRESTRIAL
ECOTOXICOLOGY
800
25.3
EVALUATION
OF
SUBSTANCES
801
25.4
SUBSTANCE-RELATED
EVALUATION
AND
LIMITING
VALUES
FOR
SOILS
804
25.5
EVALUATION
OF
SOIL
QUALITY
806
25.6
REFERENCES
811
26
ALTERNATIVE
ASSAYS
FOR
ROUTINE
TOXICITY
ASSESSMENTS:
A
REVIEW
813
COLIN
JANSSEN
26.1
SUMMARY
813
26.2
INTRODUCTION
814
26.3
MICROBIAL
TEST
SYSTEMS
815
26.3.1
GENERAL
815
26.3.2
MICROBIOTESTS
816
26.4
ALGAL
TOXICITY
TESTS
822
26.4.1
GENERAL
822
26.4.2
MICROBIOTESTS
823
26.5
INVERTEBRATES
824
26.5.1
GENERAL
824
26.5.2
MICROBIOTESTS
825
26.6
THE
USE
OF
ALTERNATIVE
TOXICITY
TESTS
IN
A
BATTERY
OF
SCREENING
ASSAYS
827
26.7
CONCLUSIONS
AND
RESEARCH
PERSPECTIVES
830
26.8
REFERENCES
831
27
LEGISLATIVE
PERSPECTIVE
IN
ECOLOGICAL
RISK
ASSESSMENT
841
JAN
AHLERS
AND
ROBERT
DIDERICH
27.1
SUMMARY
841
27.2
INTRODUCTION
842
27.3
RISK
ASSESSMENT
WITHIN
THE
EU
843
27.3.1
ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT
844
27.3.2
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
ASSESSMENT
849
27.3.3
RISK
CHARACTERIZATION
853
27.3.4
EXAMPLE
OF
A
RISK
ASSESSMENT
OF
A
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE
ACCORDING
TO
THE
EU
SCHEME
856
27.3.5
COMPARISON
WITH
OTHER
COUNTRIES
861
27.4
DISCUSSION
AND
PERSPECTIVES
861
27.4.1
AVAILABILITY
OF
DATA
862
27.4.2
ASSESSMENT
SCHEME
FOR
THE
AQUATIC
COMPARTMENT
864
27.4.3
ASSESSMENT
SCHEME
FOR
THE
TERRESTRIAL
COMPARTMENT
865
27.4.4
INFLUENCE
OF
PERSISTENCE
AND
BIOACCUMULATION
POTENTIAL
865
27.5
REFERENCES
867
INDEX
869 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-14T00:21:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471176443 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007778953 |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Environmental science and technology |
| spelling | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects ed. by Gerrit Schüürmann ... New York [u.a.] Wiley [u.a.] 1998 XXIX, 900 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental science and technology Chimie de l'environnement Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution adverse effects Environmental chemistry Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Schüürmann, Gerrit 1956- Sonstige (DE-588)123620236 oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007778953&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects Chimie de l'environnement Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution adverse effects Environmental chemistry Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 |
| title | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects |
| title_auth | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects |
| title_exact_search | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects |
| title_full | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects ed. by Gerrit Schüürmann ... |
| title_fullStr | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects ed. by Gerrit Schüürmann ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects ed. by Gerrit Schüürmann ... |
| title_short | Ecotoxicology |
| title_sort | ecotoxicology ecological fundamentals chemical exposure and biological effects |
| title_sub | ecological fundamentals, chemical exposure, and biological effects |
| topic | Chimie de l'environnement Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution adverse effects Environmental chemistry Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chimie de l'environnement Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental Pollution adverse effects Environmental chemistry Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007778953&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schuurmanngerrit ecotoxicologyecologicalfundamentalschemicalexposureandbiologicaleffects |