Diffraction gratings and applications:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Dekker
1997
|
| Series: | Optical engineering
58 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 601 S. Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 0824799232 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Loewen, Erwin G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Diffraction gratings and applications |c Erwin G. Loewen ; Evgeny Popov |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Dekker |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 601 S. |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Optical engineering |v 58 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Buiging (natuurkunde) |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diffraction, Réseaux de | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diffraction, Réseaux de - Applications industrielles | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Roosters |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diffraction gratings | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
DIFFRACTION
GRAETINGS AND APPLICATIONS
ERWIN G. LOEWEN SPECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS, INC. ROCHESTER, NEW YORK EVGENY
POPOW INSTITUTE OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS SOFIA, BULGARIA
M A R C EL
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. N EW YORK * BASEL * H O NG KONG
D E K K E R
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
FRONT THE SERIES EDITOR BRIAN J. THOMPSON V
PREFACE VII
CHAPTER 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF SPECTRAI ANALYSIS 1
1.1 WORK BEFORE THE YEAR 1800 1
1.2 THE EARLY WORK IN GRAETINGS 2
1.3 THE BEGINNINGS OF SPECTRAI ANALYSIS 3
1.4 NOBERT 5
1.5 KIRCHHOFF AND BIMSEN 6
1.6 GEORG QUINCKE 7
1.7 PROGRESS IN SOLAR SPECTROSCOPY 8
1.8 THEERAOFROWLAND 9
1.9 ORIGIN OF SPECTRAI LINES 10
1.10 THEVACUUMUV 10
1.11 SOME SPECIAL EFFECTS 11
1.12 SOME HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF RULED GRAETINGS 12
1.12.1 BLAZING AND EFFICIENCY 12
1.12.2 DEFECTSOF GRAETING RULING 13
1.13 SPECTROGRAPHS AND SPECTROPHOTOMETERS 13
1.13.1 INFRARED SPECTROMETRY 14
1.13.2 RAMAN SPECTROMETRY 15
1.13.3 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 16
1.13.4 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY 17
1.13.5 COLORIMETRY 18
1.14 TRANSFORMATION OF THE FIELD TO THE PRESENT DAY 19
REFERENCES 19
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF GRAETINGS 25
2.1 THE GRAETING EQUATION 25
2.2 PROPAGATING AND EVANESCENT ORDERS 28
2.3 DISPERSION 30
2.4 FREE SPECTRAI RANGE 33
2.5 PASSING-OFFOF ORDERS 33
2.6 GUIDED WAVES 34
IMAGE 3
XLL
CONTENTS
2.7 DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY 35
2.7.1 DEFINITION 35
2.7.2 CLASSICAL MODEL OF GRAETING EFFICIENCY 36
2.7.3 RECIPROCITY THEOREM AND SYMMETRY WITH RESPECT TO LITTROW MOUNT 38
2.7.4 PERFECT BLAZING - DOES IT REALLY EXIST? 39
2.8 RESOLUTION 42
2.9 MOUNTINGS 44
2.10 SOME ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS 47
2.10.1 ENERGY FLOW (POYNTING) VECTOR 47
2.10.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY DENSITY 48
2.11 TWO SIMPLE METHODS OF DETERMINING THE GRAETING FREQUENCY 48 2.12
PULSE COMPRESSION BY DIFFRACTION GRAETINGS 49
REFERENCES 53
ADDITIONAL READING 53
CHAPTER 3: THE TYPES OF DIFFRACTION GRAETINGS 3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 AMPLITUDE AND PHASE GRAETINGS 3.3 PHASE AND RELIEF GRAETINGS 3.4
REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 3.5 SYMMETRICAL AND BLAZED GRAETINGS
3.6 RULED, HOLOGRAPHIE AND LITHOGRAPHIE GRAETINGS
3.7 PLANE AND CONCAVE GRAETINGS 3.8 BRAGG TYPE AND RAMAN-NATH TYPE
GRAETINGS 3.9 WAVEGUIDE GRAETINGS 3.10 FIBER GRAETINGS 3.11 BINARY GRAETINGS
3.12 PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
3.13 GRAETINGS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES 3.13.1 FILTER GRAETINGS 3.13.2
GRAETINGS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPE AND SCANNING MICROSCOPE CALIBRATION
3.13.3 ELECTRON INTERACTION GRAETINGS 3.13.4 ROCKET AND SATELLITE
SPECTROSCOPY
3.13.5 METROLOGY 3.13.6 SYNCHROTRON MONOCHROMATORS 3.13.7 X-RAY GRAETINGS
3.13.8 CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL MONITORING 3.14 GOOD AND BAD GRAETINGS
REFERENCES
57
57
58 59 59 60
61 62
62
63 64
66 66 67 67
67
67
68 68 68 68
68 69 69
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
XM
CHAPTER 4: EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR OF PLANE REFLECTION GRAETINGS 71
4.1 INTRODUCTION 71
4.2 GENERAL RULES 74
4.2.1 REFLECTION COATINGS 74
4.2.2 SCALAR BEHAVIOR OF REFLECTION GRAETINGS 75
4.2.3 GRAETINGS SUPPORTING ONLY TWO DIFFRACTION ORDERS: THE EQUIVALENCE
RULE 80
4.3 ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCIES OF 1200 GR/MM ALUMINUM ECHELETTES 81 4.3.1
DISCUSSIONOF EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR OF 1200 GR/MM ECHELETTES 81 4.3.2
REFLECTION EFFICIENCIES OF 1200 GR/MM ECHELETTES IN ORDERS 2, 3 AND 4 88
4.3.3 EFFECT OF A.D. ON PEAK EFFICIENCY VALUES AND LOCATION IN ORDERS
TWO TO FOUR OF 1200 GR/MM ECHELETTES 88
4.4 REFLECTION EFFICIENCIES OF ECHELETTES AT HIGH GROOVE FREQUENCIES AND
THE ROLES OF ALUMINUM VS. GOLD AND SILVER COATINGS 94
4.5 EFFECT OF GROOVE APEX ANGLE ON ECHELETTE EFFICIENCY 106
4.6 PLANE SINUSOIDAL REFLECTION GRAETING BEHAVIOR 106
4.6.1 ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY OF PLANE 1200 GR/MM ALUMINUM SINUSOIDAL
GRAETINGS 108
4.6.2 ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY OF 1200 GR/MM SINUSOIDAL REFLECTION GRAETINGS
IN ORDERS 2 TO 4 118
4.6.3 ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY OF ALUMINUM SINUSOIDAL GRAETINGS AT HIGHER
GROOVE FREQUENCIES (1800, 2400, 3600 GR/MM) 118 4.6.4 ABSOLUTE
EFFICIENCY OF HIGHER GROOVE FREQUENCY SINUSOIDAL GRAETINGS WITH SILVER
OVERCOATING 125
4.6.5 ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY OF HIGHER GROOVE FREQUENCY SINUSOIDAL GRAETINGS
WITH GOLD OVERCOATING 125
4.7 THE EFFICIENCY SURFACE 125
4.8 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR OF VERY DEEP GRAETINGS 132
4.9 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR IN GRAZING INCIDENCE 136
4.10 X-RAY GRAETINGS 139
4.11 SINGLE WAVELENGTH EFFICIENCY PEAK IN UNPOLARIZED LIGHT 141 4.12
CONCLUSIONS 142
REFERENCES 143
ADDITIONAL READING 145
X-RAY GRAETINGS 146
CHAPTER 5: TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 149
5.1 INTRODUCTION 149
5.2 TRANSMISSION GRAETING PHYSICS 150
5.3 SCALAR TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR 153
IMAGE 5
XIV
CONTENTS
5.4 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR OF BLAZED TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 5.5 TRANSMISSION
GRAETING PRISMS 5.6 FRESNEL LENSES AND ZONE PLATES 5.6.1 GEOMETRICAL
PROPERTIES OF PLANE LENSES
5.6.2 IMAGING PROPERTIES 5.6.3 DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCY 5.7 BLAZED
TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS AS BEAM DIVIDERS 5.8 TRAPEZOIDAL GRAETINGS AS BEAM
SPLITTERS 5.9 MULTIPLE ORDER TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS (FAN-OUT GRAETINGS)
5.10 BRAGG TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 5.11 TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS UNDER TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION 5.12 ZERO ORDER DIFFRACTION (ZOD) MICROIMAGES 5.13
RONCHI RULINGS REFERENCES ADDITIONAL READING
CHAPTER 6: ECHELLE GRAETINGS 6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.1 HISTORY 6.2 PRODUCTION OF ECHELLES 6.3 PHYSICS OF ECHELLES
6.3.1 THE GRAETING EQUATION 6.3.2 ANGULAR DISPERSION 6.3.3 FREE SPECTRAL
RANGE 6.3.4 RESOLUTION 6.3.5 IMMERSION OF ECHELLES
ANAMORPHIC IMMERSION SYSTEM 6.4 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR OF ECHELLES 6.4.1
SCALAR MODEL FOR EFFICIENCY 6.4.2 RIGOROUS ELECTROMAGETIC EFFICIENCY
THEORY
6.4.3 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR IN HIGH ORDERS 6.4.4 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR IN
MEDIUM ORDERS 6.4.5 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR IN LOW ORDERS
6.4.6 CONFIRMATION OF THEORY 6.4.7 EFFICIENCY BEHAVIOR IN SPECTROMETER
MODES 6.4.8 EFFECTS OF SEVERE GROOVE SHAPE DISTURBANCE 6.4.9 A USEFUL
ROLE FOR ANOMALIES 6.5 THE ROLE OF OVERCOATINGS 6.6 INSTRUMENT DESIGN
CONCEPTS
6.6.1 CHOICE OF ECHELLE 6.6.2 CROSS DISPERSION: PRISMS VS. GRAETINGS
154 156 158 159 161 162 167 168 172
179 182 184 186 188 189
191 191 192 193 194 194 195 196 198 198
199 200 202 204 205 211 217 222 226 231 231 232 233
233 234
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
XV
6.6.3 EXAMPLES OF ECHELLE INSTRUMENTS 235
UV ROCKET SPECTROGRAPH 237
HIRES: HIGH RESOLUTION ECHELLE SPECTROMETER 238
COMPACT HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH 238
ULTRA-SHORT WAVELENGTH SATELLITE SPECTROGRAPH 241
6.7 MAXIMUM RESOLUTION SYSTEMS 242
6.7.1 THE MEGA SPECTROMETER 243
6.8 TRANSMISSION ECHELLES 245
6.9 COMPARING ECHELLES WITH HOLOGRAPHIE GRAETINGS 246
REFERENCES 247
ADDITIONAL READING 249
CHAPTER 7: CONCAVE GRAETINGS 253
7.1 INTRODUCTION 253
7.2 ABERRATIONS IN CONCAVE GRAETINGS 255
7.2.1 ABERRATION FUNCTION OF CONCAVE GRAETINGS 255
7.2.2 ABERRATIONS OF CONCAVE DIFFRACTION GRAETINGS 259
ASTIGMATISM 261
COMA 262
SPHERICAL ABERRATION 263
7.3 FOCAL CURVES 264
7.3.1 DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES 264
7.3.2 TYPES OF FOCAL CURVES 266
7.4 GRAETING IMAGE DEFORMATION ESTIMATION AND OPTIMIZATION: FLAT-FIELD
SPECTROGRAPH AND MONOCHROMATOR 269
7.5 TYPES OF CONCAVE GRAETINGS 272
7.5.1 SCHEMES FOR HOLOGRAPHIE RECORDING OF CONCAVE GRAETINGS 272 7.5.2
COMMERCIAL TYPES OF CONCAVE GRAETINGS AND THEIR DESIGN 276 7.6 EFFICIENCY
BEHAVIOR OF CONCAVE GRAETINGS 277
7.6.1 EFFICIENCY OF HOLOGRAPHIE CONCAVE GRAETINGS 279
7.6.2 BLAZED CONCAVE GRAETINGS 280
REFERENCES 280
ADDITIONAL READING 282
CHAPTER 8: SURFACE WAVES AND GRAETING ANOMALIES 285
8.1 GRAETING ANOMALIES 285
8.2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH 288
8.2.1 GUIDED WAVE AND A POLE OF THE SCATTERING MATRIX 291
8.2.2 POLE OF THE SCATTERING MATRIX AND DIFFRACTION EFFICIENCIES 292 8.3
TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES 296
8.4 INFLUENCE OF SURFACE WAVES ON METALLIC GRAETING PROPERTIES 297
IMAGE 7
XVI
CONTENTS
8.4.1 TOTAL ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY METALLIC GRAETINGS 298
8.4.2 GRAETINGS SUPPORTING SEVERAL ORDERS 305
8.5 RESONANCE ANOMALIES IN DIELECTRIC OVERCOATED METALLIC GRAETING 306
8.6 RESONANCE ANOMALIES IN CORRUGATED DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES 310 8.7
MULTILAYERED DIELECTRIC GRAETINGS 310
REFERENCES 317
ADDITIONAL READING 319
CHAPTER 9: WAVEGUIDE, FIBER, AND ACOUSTO-OPTIC GRAETINGS 323
9.1 INTRODUCTION 323
9.2 MODE COUPLING BY GRAETINGS 325
9.2.1 COUPLE-MODE APPROACH 326
9.2.2 TYPESOF MODE COUPLING 328
9.2.3 CONTRA-DIRECTIONAL COUPLING 331
9.3 DISTRIBUTED PLANAR WAVEGUIDE GRAETING LASER MIRRORS 334
9.4 WAVELENGTH DEMULTIPLEXING IN PLANAR WAVEGUIDES 336
9.5 INPUT/ OUTPUT WAVEGUIDE GRAETING COUPLERS 340
9.6 PHOTONIC BAND-GAP IN WAVEGUIDE GRAETINGS 345
9.7 FIBER GRAETING PHYSICS 346
9.8 FIBER GRAETING LASERS 350
9.9 FIBER GRAETING FILTERS 351
9.10 FIBER GRAETING SENSORS 355
9.11 MODE CONVERSION BY FIBER GRAETINGS 356
9.12 ACOUSTO-OPTIC AND ELECTRO-OPTIC GRAETINGS 356
REFERENCES 360
ADDITIONAL READING 365
CHAPTER 10: REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORIES OF GRAETING EFFICIENCIES
367 10.1 INTRODUCTION 367
10.2 THE PHYSICAL PROBLEM 367
10.3 THE RAYLEIGH HYPOTHESIS 373
10.4 SCALAR THEORY 375
10.5 CLASSICAL DIFFERENTIAL METHOD 376
10.6 MODAL METHODS 379
10.6.1 THE METHOD OF MOHARAM AND GAYLORD 379
10.6.2 THE CLASSICAL MODAL METHOD 380
10.7 THE INTEGRAL METHOD 381
10.8 THE FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD 383
10.9 THE METHOD OF FICTITIOUS SOURCES 384
10.10 THE METHOD OF COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION 387
10.11 THEORY OF WAVEGUIDE GRAETINGS 388
IMAGE 8
CONTENTS
XVN
10.12 CONCLUSIONS 391
REFERENCES 394
ADDITIONAL READING 395
REVIEWS ON THEORETICAL METHODS 395
GENERAL THEORETICAL PROBLEMS 396
DIFFERENTIAL METHODS 396
MODAL METHODS 396
CONFORMAL MAPPING METHODS 397
TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATE SYSTEM 397
INTEGRAL METHODS 397
FICTITIOUS SOURCES METHODS 398
RAYLEIGH METHODS 398
YASUURA METHOD 399
APPROXIMATE METHODS 399
CHAPTERLL: TESTING OF GRAETINGS 401
11.1 INTRODUCTION 401
11.2 SPECTRAL PURITY 402
11.2.1 EFFECTS OF GRAETING DEFICIENCIES ON SPECTRAL PURITY 402 11.2.2
NON-PERIODIC GROOVE POSITION ERRORS 406
RANDOM ERRORS 406
SATELLITES 407
ROUGHNESS INDUCED SCATTERING 409
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN GROOVE DEPTH 409
11.2.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF GRAETING STRAY LIGHT 410
11.2.4 LOCATING STRAY LIGHT SOURCES ON A GRAETING SURFACE 413 11.3 THE
MEASUREMENT OF EFFICIENCY 413
11.3.1 EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS-PLANE GRAETINGS 414 11.3.2
EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS-CONCAVE GRAETINGS 417 11.3.3 EFFICIENCY
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS-ECHELLE GRAETINGS 418 11.3.4 CHECKING BLAZE
SPECIFICATIONS 420
11.4 THE MEASUREMENT OF RESOLUTION 423
11.4.1 TESTING WITH THE MERCURY SPECTRUM 425
11.4.2 THE FOUCAULT KNIFE EDGE TEST 426
11.4.3 RESOLUTION TESTING BY WAVEFRONT INTERFEROMETRY 428 11.5 TESTING
OF CONCAVE INTERFERENCE GRAETINGS 432
11.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF IMAGING PROPERTIES 432
11.6 ROLE OF REPLICATION 434
11.7 COSMETICS 434
REFERENCES 434
ADDITIONAL READING 435
IMAGE 9
XV111
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 12: INSTRUMENTAL SYSTEMS 437
12.1 INTRODUCTION 437
12.2 TERMINOLOGY 439
12.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS 439
12.4 HOW TO CHOOSE A DESIGN 441
12.5 PLANE GRAETING MOUNTS 443
12.5.1 THE CZERNY - TURNER MOUNT 445
12.5.2 THE EBERT - FASTIE MOUNT 449
12.5.3 THE MONK - GILLISON MOUNT 451
12.5.4 GRAETING DRIVES 452
12.6 CONCAVE GRAETING MOUNTS 453
12.6.1 THE ROWLAND MOUNTING 455
12.6.2 THE ABNEY MOUNT 455
12.6.3 THE PASCHEN - RUNGE MOUNT 456
12.6.4 THE EAGLE MOUNT 457
12.6.5 THE WADSWORTH MOUNT 458
12.6.6 THE SEYA - NAMIOKA MOUNT 461
12.6.7 FIAT FIELD CONCAVE GRAETING SPECTROGRAPHS 462
12.6.8 GRAZING INCIDENCE MOUNTS 463
12.7 TANDEM MONOCHROMATORS 464
12.8 IMAGING SPECTROMETERS 466
12.9 MULTIPLEXING SPECTROGRAPHS 468
12.10 THE ROLE OF FIBER OPTICS IN SPECTROGRAPHS 471
12.11 LASER TUNING 472
12.12 ON ABSOLUTE GROOVE SPACING 475
12.13 MULTIPLE ENTRANCE APERTURES 476
REFERENCES 476
ADDITIONAL READING 480
CHAPTER 13: GRAETING DAMAGE AND CONTROL 481
13.1 INTRODUCTION 481
13.2 REFLECTION GRAETINGS 482
13.2.1 THE FINGERPRINT PROBLEM 482
13.2.2 VACUUM SYSTEM RESIDUES 483
13.2.3 LASER BEAM DAMAGE - CW 484
13.2.4 LASER DAMAGE WITH PULSED LASERS 485
13.2.5 DIELECTRIC REFLECTION GRAETINGS 487
13.2.6 SYNCHROTRON GRAETING APPLICATIONS 489
13.3 TRANSMISSION GRAETINGS 490
13.3.1 PHOTORESIST GRAETINGS 490
13.3.2 MONOLITHIC DIELECTRIC GRAETINGS 491
13.4 OVERCOATINGS 491
IMAGE 10
CONTENTS
XIX
REFERENCES 492
ADDITIONAL READING 493
CHAPTER 14: MECHANICAL RULING OF GRAETINGS 495
14.1 INTRODUCTION 495
14.2 HISTORY 496
14.3 GENERATING GROOVES 500
14.3.1 METALLIC RULING COATINGS 505
14.3.2 MASTER BLANKS FOR GRAETINGS RULING 506
14.4 ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS 507
14.4.1 CONSTANCY OF SPACING 507
14.4.2 GROOVE STRAIGHTNESS 509
14.4.3 RANDOM SPACING ERRORS 509
14.4.4 PERIODIC ERRORS 509
14.5 RULING ENGINE DESIGN CONCEPTS 510
14.5.1 THE MECHANICAL MOTIONS 510
14.5.2 GRAETING CARRIAGE DRIVES 513
14.5.3 CONCEPTS FOR ERROR REDUCTION 514
14.5.4 INTERFEROMETER FEEDBACK CONTROL 515
OPTICAL SYSTEMS 516
14.5.5 EXAMPLES OF RULING ENGINES 518
THE MICHELSON ENGINE 518
THE B-ENGINE 521
THE BARFLETT - WILDY ENGINE 525
THE HITACHI RULING ENGINE 525
14.5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 527
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 527
VIBRATION ISOLATION 528
REFERENCES 528
ADDITIONAL READING 530
CHAPTER 15: HOLOGRAPHIE GRAETINGS RECORDING 531
15.1 INTRODUCTION 531
15.2 PHOTORESIST LAYER AND GROOVE FORMATION 534
15.3 TWO-BEAM SYMMETRICAL RECORDING 538
15.4 BLAZING OF HOLOGRAPHIE GRAETINGS 542
15.4.1 ASYMMETRICAL 2-BEAM RECORDING 542
15.4.2 FOURIER SYNTHESIS (MULTIPLE-BEAM RECORDING) 544
15.4.3 BLAZING THROUGH ION ETCHING 548
15.4.4 THE PRACTICAL RESULT OF BLAZING 548
REFERENCES 552
ADDITIONAL READINGS 553
IMAGE 11
XX
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16: ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF GRAETINGS MANUFACTURE 555
16.1 INTRODUCTION 555
16.2 TOOLS OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR GENERATING GRAETINGS 556
16.3 THE PROBLEM OF BLAZING 556
16.3.1 BLAZING WITH MULTIPLE MASK LITHOGRAPHY 557
16.3.2 BLAZING BY DIRECT METHODS 559
THE USE OF CHARGED BEAMS 559
THE USE OF LIGHT BEAMS 562
16.4 PATTERN-GENERATING EQUIPMENT 563
16.5 SINGLE BEAM WRITING WITH SURFACE WAVES 566
16.6 PHOTOMASK INTERFERENCE METHOD 567
16.7 SINGLE BEAM WRITING OF FIBER GRAETINGS 571
16.8 GRAETING ETCHED INSIDE PLANAR WAVEGUIDE 572
16.9 CONCLUSIONS 573
REFERENCES 573
ADDITIONAL READING 574
CHAPTER 17: REPLICATION OF GRAETINGS 577
17.1 INTRODUCTION 577
17.2 THE BASIC GRAETING REPLICATION PROCESS 577
17.2.1 THE SUBSTRATE 579
CHOICE OF MATERIALS 579
SURFACE PROPERTIES 580
ASPHERIC REPLICATION 580
17.2.2 REPLICATION RESINS 581
THICKNESS OF REPLICA FILMS 582
17.2.3 HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE 582
17.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE 582
17.2.5 TRANSMISSION GRAETING REPLICATION 583
17.2.6 OVERCOATINGS 583
17.3 SEPARATION OF MASTER AND REPLICA 584
17.4 REPLICATION TESTING 585
17.5 MULTIPLE REPLICATION 585
17.6 ALTERNATIVE REPLICATION METHODS 586
17.6.1 INJECTION MOLDING 586
17.6.2 EMBOSSING 586
17.6.3 SOFT REPLICATION 586
REFERENCES 587
ADDITIONAL READING 587
INDEX 589
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Loewen, Erwin G. Popov, Evgeny |
| author_facet | Loewen, Erwin G. Popov, Evgeny |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)36621695 (DE-599)BVBBV011509908 |
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| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.36/1 |
| dewey-search | 621.36/1 |
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| discipline | Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV011509908 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:10:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0824799232 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007745855 |
| oclc_num | 36621695 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XX, 601 S. Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Dekker |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Optical engineering |
| series2 | Optical engineering |
| spelling | Loewen, Erwin G. Verfasser aut Diffraction gratings and applications Erwin G. Loewen ; Evgeny Popov New York [u.a.] Dekker 1997 XX, 601 S. Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optical engineering 58 Buiging (natuurkunde) gtt Diffraction, Réseaux de Diffraction, Réseaux de - Applications industrielles Roosters gtt Diffraction gratings Diffraction gratings Industrial applications Beugungsgitter (DE-588)4122915-0 gnd rswk-swf Beugungsgitter (DE-588)4122915-0 s DE-604 Popov, Evgeny Verfasser aut Optical engineering 58 (DE-604)BV001893528 58 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007745855&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Loewen, Erwin G. Popov, Evgeny Diffraction gratings and applications Optical engineering Buiging (natuurkunde) gtt Diffraction, Réseaux de Diffraction, Réseaux de - Applications industrielles Roosters gtt Diffraction gratings Diffraction gratings Industrial applications Beugungsgitter (DE-588)4122915-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122915-0 |
| title | Diffraction gratings and applications |
| title_auth | Diffraction gratings and applications |
| title_exact_search | Diffraction gratings and applications |
| title_full | Diffraction gratings and applications Erwin G. Loewen ; Evgeny Popov |
| title_fullStr | Diffraction gratings and applications Erwin G. Loewen ; Evgeny Popov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diffraction gratings and applications Erwin G. Loewen ; Evgeny Popov |
| title_short | Diffraction gratings and applications |
| title_sort | diffraction gratings and applications |
| topic | Buiging (natuurkunde) gtt Diffraction, Réseaux de Diffraction, Réseaux de - Applications industrielles Roosters gtt Diffraction gratings Diffraction gratings Industrial applications Beugungsgitter (DE-588)4122915-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Buiging (natuurkunde) Diffraction, Réseaux de Diffraction, Réseaux de - Applications industrielles Roosters Diffraction gratings Diffraction gratings Industrial applications Beugungsgitter |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007745855&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001893528 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT loewenerwing diffractiongratingsandapplications AT popovevgeny diffractiongratingsandapplications |