Plastics extrusion technology: with 81 tables
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Munich [u.a.]
Hanser [u.a.]
1997
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 653 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3446184902 1569902259 |
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| 020 | |a 3446184902 |c (Hanser) Gb. : DM 298.00, sfr 257.00, S 2175.00 |9 3-446-18490-2 | ||
| 020 | |a 1569902259 |c (Hanser/Gardner) Gb. : DM 298.00 |9 1-56990-225-9 | ||
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| 084 | |a CIT 740f |2 stub | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics extrusion technology |b with 81 tables |c ed. by Friedhelm Hensen. With contributions from U. Berghaus ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich [u.a.] |b Hanser [u.a.] |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 653 S. |b zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Extrudieren |0 (DE-588)4071089-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hensen, Friedhelm |d 1933- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)121635635 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Berghaus, Ulrich |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007620821&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1807683723911495680 |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
2
COMPOUNDING
LINES
.
3
2.1
PURPOSE
OF
PLASTICS
COMPOUNDING
AND
THE
UNIT
OPERATIONS
.
3
2.2
DEVELOPMENT
AND
ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
OF
COMPOUNDING
TECHNOLOGY
.
4
2.3
COMPOUNDING
LINES
.
4
2.4
COMPOUNDING
OF
POLYOLEFINS
.
8
2.4.1
PLANT
FOR
MELT
FEED
.
8
2.4.2
SYSTEMS
FOR
CONCENTRATION
OF
MELT
SOLUTIONS
.
9
2.4.3
COMPOUNDING
SYSTEMS
FOR
POLYOLEFIN
POWDER
.
11
2.4.4
SCREEN
CHANGER
AND
PELLETIZING
SYSTEMS
.
18
2.5
COMPOUNDING
OF
PVC
AND
OTHER
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
POLYMERS
.
20
2.6
COMPOUNDING
OF
POLYSTYRENE
AND
STYRENE
COPOLYMERS
.
22
2.7
COMPOUNDING
OF
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
23
2.7.1
SYSTEMS
FOR
THERMOPLASTIC
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
23
2.7.2
SYSTEMS
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS
.
24
2.7.3
SYSTEMS
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
REINFORCED
THERMOPLASTICS
.
27
2.7.4
REACTIVE
EXTRUSION
.
31
2.7.5
PELLETIZING
SYSTEMS
FOR
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
.
33
2.7.6
SYSTEMS
FOR
THERMOSETS
.
34
2.8
COMPOUNDING
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
34
2.9
DIRECTION
OF
DEVELOPMENT
.
35
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
2
.
41
3
EXTRUSION
OF
PIPES,
PROFILES
AND
CABLES
.
43
3.1
MANUFACTURE
OF
PIPES
.
43
3.1.1
MARKET
SIGNIFICANCE
AND
PRODUCTS
.
43
3.1.2
EXTRUSION
OF
PIPES
.
43
3.1.2.1
LINES
FOR
THE
MANUFACTURE
OF
PIPES
FROM
RIGID
PVC
.
45
3.1.2.1.1
COUNTER-ROTATING
TWIN
SCREW
EXTRUDERS
FOR
PRODUCING
PIPES
FROM
RIGID
PVC
.
45
3.1.2.1.2
PIPE
DIE
HEADS
.
46
3.1.2.1.3
COEXTRUSION
PIPE
DIES
.
48
3.1.2.2
LINES
FOR
PRODUCING
PIPES
FROM
POLYOLEFINS
.
50
3.1.2.2.1
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUDERS
FOR
PRODUCING
POLYOLEFIN
PIPES
.
50
3.1.2.2.2
CO-ROTATING
TWIN-SCREW
EXTRUDERS
FOR
PRODUCING
FILLED
POLYOLEFIN
PIPES
(DIRECT
EXTRUSION)
.
54
3.1.2.2.3
PIPE
DIE
HEADS
.
59
3.1.2.3
CALIBRATION
SYSTEMS
FOR
SMOOTH-WALL
PIPES
.
64
3.1.2.3.1
CALIBRATING
INSERTS
IN
VACUUM-TANK
CALIBRATION
UNITS
.
65
3.1.2.3.2
INTERNAL
AIR
PRESSURE
CALIBRATION
.
66
3.1.2.3.3
DESIGN
OF
PIPE
DIE
HEADS
AND
SIZING
DIES
.
66
3.1.2.4
COOLING
BATHS
.
68
3.1.2.5
PIPE
HAUL-OFF
UNITS
.
71
3.1.2.6
CUTTING
UNITS
.
72
CONTENTS
IX
3.1.2.7
WINDING,
DISCHARGE,
SOCKETING
.
74
3.1.2.8
AUTOMATIC
MANUFACTURE
.
76
3.1.2.9
CORRUGATED
PIPE
LINES
.
78
3.1.2.9.1
PRODUCTS
.
78
3.1.2.9.2
MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
.
78
3.2
EXTRUSION
OF
PROFILES
.
79
3.2.1
MARKET
SIGNIFICANCE
.
79
3.2.2
PRODUCTS
.
80
3.2.2.1
RIGID
PVC
PROFILES
FOR
THE
CONSTRUCTION
AND
FURNITURE
INDUSTRIES
.
82
3.2.2.2
PROFILES
FOR
THE
AUTOMOBILE
INDUSTRY
.
82
3.2.2.3
PROFILES
FROM
OTHER
MATERIALS
.
82
3.2.3
PROCESSES
FOR
THE
MANUFACTURE
OF
PROFILES
OF
DIFFERING
SHAPES
AND
DIMENSIONS
FROM
VARIOUS
RAW
MATERIALS
.
84
3.2.3.1
TWIN-SCREW
EXTRUDERS
.
85
3.2.3.2
PROFILE
EXTRUSION
DIE
.
87
3.2.3.3
CALIBRATION
.
89
3.2.3.3.1
VACUUM
CALIBRATION
.
90
3.2.3.3.2
SHORT
VACUUM
CALIBRATION
.
90
3.2.3.3.3
SEGMENT-OR
TEMPLATE
CALIBRATION
.
91
3.2.3.3.4
VACUUM-BLOCK
CALIBRATION
.
92
3.2.3.3.5
VACUUM-TANK
CALIBRATION
.
93
3.2.3.3.6
COOLING
DIE
PROCESSES
.
93
3.2.4.3
AUTOMATIC
MANUFACTURE,
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL
.
94
3.3
EXTRUSION
LINES
FOR
THE
CABLE
INDUSTRY
.
95
3.3.1
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
INSULATION
OF
OPTICAL
FIBERS
.
95
3.3.2
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
INSULATION
OF
FINE
WIRES
UP
TO
0.5
MM
2
CROSS
SECTION
.
96
3.3.3
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
INSULATION
OF
SINGLE
WIRES
AND
STRANDED
WIRES
.
96
3.3.4
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
CABLES
AND
WIRES
FROM
CROSSLINKED
POLYETHYLENE
.
97
3.3.5
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
INSULATION
OF
TELEPHONE
WIRES
.
97
3.3.6
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
SHEATHING
OF
CONDUCTORS
AND
FINE
CABLES
.
98
3.3.7
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
THE
SHEATHING
OF
HEAVY
CABLES
IN
TANDEM
PROCESS
.
98
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
3
.
98
4
EXTRUSION
OF
BLOWN
FILMS
.
101
4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
101
4.2
RAW
MATERIALS
.
101
4.3
CRITERIA
FOR
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
FILMS
.
104
4.4
LD/LLDPE
BLOWN
FILM
LINE
EQUIPMENTS
.
106
4.4.1
EXTRUDERS
.
106
4.4.2
DIES
.
108
4.4.3
COOLING
AND
CALIBRATION
.
109
4.4.3.1
EXTERNAL
COOLING
.
109
4.4.3.2
INTERNAL
COOLING
.
ILL
4.4.3.3
CALIBRATION
.
112
4.4.4
HAUL-OFF
UNIT
.
112
4.4.5
WINDERS
.
114
4.4.5.1
CONTACT
WINDERS
.
114
4.4.5.2
CENTRAL/CONTACT
WINDERS
.
116
X
CONTENTS
4.4.5.3
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
.
117
4.4.6
REEL
QUALITY
.
118
4.5
PROCESS
AUTOMATION
.
119
4.5.1
WIDTH
CONTROL
.
121
4.5.2
THICKNESS
CONTROL
(MEAN
VALUE)
.
121
4.5.3
THICKNESS
TOLERANCES
.
121
4.5.4
GRAVIMETRIC
DOSING
SYSTEM
.
123
4.5.5
PROCESS
CONTROL
SYSTEM
.
123
4.6
HDPE
BLOWN
FILM
LINES
.
124
4.7
LD/LLDPE
BLOWN
FILM
LINES
.
128
4.7.1
LINES
IN
GENERAL
.
128
4.7.1.1
THIN
FILM
LINES
.
129
4.7.1.2
HEAVY-DUTY
FILM
LINES
.
132
4.8
LLDPE-LINE
FEATURES
.
133
4.9
COEXTRUSION
.
134
4.10
SPECIAL
PROCESSES
.
134
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
4
.
135
5
BLOWN
FILM
COEXTRUSION
.
137
5.1
INTRODUCTION
.
137
5.2
BLOWN
FILM
COEXTRUSION
.
137
5.3
POLYMERS,
COMBINATIONS
AND
PROPERTIES
.
140
5.3.1
POLYMERS
.
140
5.3.1.1
SUPPORT
MATERIALS
.
140
5.3.1.2
BONDING
AGENTS
.
140
5.3.1.3
BARRIER
MATERIALS
.
142
5.4
ADVANTAGES
OF
COEXTRUSION
.
143
5.4.1
CONVERSION
.
143
5.4.1.1
IMPROVED
WELDABILITY
.
143
5.4.1.2
IMPROVEMENT
IN
CONVERSION
PROPERTIES
.
143
5.4.1.3
HANDLING
OF
PACKAGES
.
144
5.4.2
COST
REDUCTION
.
144
5.4.2.1
PRODUCTION
COSTS
.
144
5.4.2.2
RAW
MATERIAL
COSTS
.
145
5.5
QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
.
146
5.6
FIELDS
OF
APPLICATION
.
148
5.6.1
POLYOLEFIN
COMBINATIONS
.
148
5.6.2
COMBINATIONS
WITH
BARRIER
PROPERTIES
.
148
5.7
LINE
LAYOUT
.
150
5.7.1
EXTRUDERS
.
150
5.7.2
FILTERS
.
151
5.7.3
STATIONARY
ADAPTER
.
151
5.7.4
ROTATION
DEVICE
.
151
5.7.5
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
.
152
5.7.5.1
TWO-LAYER
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
.
152
5.7.5.2
TWO-LAYER
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
WITH
ADDITIONAL
BONDING
LAYER
.
152
5.7.5.3
THREE-LAYER
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
.
153
5.7.5.4
FIVE-LAYER
BLOWN
FILM
DIE
.
153
5.7.5.5
SEVEN-LAYER
BLOWN
FILM
DIES
.
155
5.7.6
BUBBLE
COOLING
.
156
5.7.7
DOWNSTREAM
EQUIPMENT
.
157
CONTENTS
XI
5.7.8
SPECIAL
EQUIPMENT
.
157
5.7.8.1
COLLAPSING
FRAME
.
157
5.7.8.2
SLITTING
DEVICE
.
157
5.7.8.3
OSCILLATING
DEVICE
.
158
5.8
AUTOMATION
.
158
5.8.1
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
.
158
5.8.2
WIDTH
MEASUREMENT
.
158
5.8.3
THICKNESS
CONTROL
.
159
5.8.4
TOLERANCE
OPTIMIZING
SYSTEM
.
159
5.8.5
CALCULATION
PROGRAMME
.
159
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
5
.
159
6
FLAT
FILM
EXTRUSION
USING
CHILL-ROLL
CASTING
.
161
6.1
INTRODUCTION
.
161
6.2
GENERAL
PRINCIPLE
OF
FLAT
FILM
EXTRUSION
.
161
6.2.1
EXTRUSION
.
162
6.2.2
MOLDING
.
163
6.2.3
COOLING
.
165
6.2.4
WINDING
.
171
6.3
RAW
MATERIALS,
FILM
TYPES,
PROPERTIES
AND
APPLICATIONS
.
173
6.3.1
RAW
MATERIALS
AND
PRODUCT
DIMENSIONS
.
173
6.3.2
PROPERTIES
AND
APPLICATIONS
OF
FLAT
FILM
AND
THERMOFORMABLE
SHEET
.
175
6.3.3
PROPERTIES
AND
FIELDS
OF
APPLICATION
OF
COEXTRUDED
FLAT
FILMS
AND
THERMOFORMABLE
SHEET
.
178
6.4
PROCESS
TECHNOLOGY
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
FLAT
FILM
EXTRUSION
LINES
.
180
6.5
FLAT
FILM
PRODUCTION
LINES
.
187
6.5.1
LINE
CONCEPTS
.
187
6.5.1.1
CHILL-ROLL
SYSTEM
.
187
6.5.1.2
LINES
FOR
THERMOFORMABLE
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
188
6.5.2
LINE
LAYOUT
AND
INDIVIDUAL
UNITS
.
190
6.5.2.1
RAW
MATERIAL
FEED
AND
SCRAP
RECYCLING
.
190
6.5.2.2
EXTRUDERS
.
191
6.5.2.3
FILTRATION
EQUIPMENT
.
193
6.5.2.4
MELT
METERING
PUMPS
.
194
6.5.2.5
SLOT
DIES
.
195
6.5.2.6
COEXTRUSION
SYSTEMS
.
196
6.5.2.7
CHILL
ROLL
TAKE-OFF
UNITS
.
200
6.5.2.8
TAKE-OFF
LINES
FOR
THERMOFORMABLE
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
205
6.5.2.9
WIND-UP
EQUIPMENT
.
208
6.5.3
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY,
AND
AUTOMATION
.
211
6.5.4
SPECIAL
DESIGN
OF
FLAT
FILM
LINES
.
215
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
6
.
217
7
PRODUCTION
OF
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
BY
THE
ROLL-STACK
PROCESS
.
223
7.1
INTRODUCTION
.
223
7.2
ROLL-STACK
ARRANGEMENTS
.
223
7.2.1
POLISHING-STACK
OPERATIONS
.
224
7.2.2
CALENDERING
MECHANISMS
.
227
7.2.3
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
POLISHING
STACKS
AND
CALENDERS
.
229
XII
CONTENTS
7.3
QUALITY
OF
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
237
7.3.1
POLISHED
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
237
7.3.2
CALENDERED
FILMS
.
237
7.3.3
RAW
MATERIAL
CONTENT
OF
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
238
7.3.4
SPECIAL
QUALITY
ASPECTS
OF
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
240
7.3.5
APPLICATIONS
OF
FILM
AND
SHEET
.
243
7.3.6
ADDITIONAL
PROPERTIES
OF
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
246
7.4
PRODUCTION
LINES
FOR
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
.
247
7.4.1
RAW
MATERIAL
COMPOUNDING
.
247
7.4.2
CONSTRUCTION
OF
SHEET
EXTRUSION
LINES
.
248
7.4.2.1
EXTRUDERS
AND
KNEADERS
.
248
7.4.2.1.1
EXTRUDERS
.
248
7.4.2.1.2
MIXERS
AND
KNEADERS
.
251
7.4.2.1.3
COMBINED
EXTRUDERS
.
252
7.4.2.2
SCREEN
CHANGERS
.
252
7.4.2.3
SLOT
DIES
.
253
7.4.2.4
POLISHING
STACKS
AND
CALENDERS
.
256
7.4.2.4.1
PECULIARITIES
OF
THE
POLISHING
STACK
.
256
7.4.2.4.2
POLISHING-STACK
DRIVES
.
260
7.4.2.4.3
ROLL
ARRANGEMENT
.
261
7.4.2.4.4
THERMAL
PROCESSES
ON
POLISHING
STACKS
.
262
7.4.2.5
EMBOSSING,
LAMINATING,
AND
COATING
.
263
7.4.2.6
COOLING
SECTIONS
.
264
7.4.2.7
TAKE-OFF UNITS
AND
CUTTING
EQUIPMENTS
.
266
7.4.2.8
SHEET
OFF-LOADERS
.
267
7.4.2.9
FILM
WINDERS
.
267
7.4.3
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PRODUCTION
AND
QUALITY
.
268
7.4.3.1
SCALE
OF
PRODUCTION
.
268
7.4.3.2
ENERGY
USAGE
.
271
7.4.3.3
PRODUCTION
LIMITATIONS
.
272
7.4.3.4
INFLUENCES
ON
QUALITY
.
273
7.4.4
SPECIAL
DESIGNS
OF
LINE
.
273
7.4.4.1
COEXTRUSION
LINES
.
274
7.4.4.2
COATING
LINES
.
274
7.4.4.3
RIBBED
HOLLOW-PROFILE
LINES
.
275
7.4.5
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
FOR
SHEET
EXTRUSION
LINES
.
276
7.4.6
MONITORING
SYSTEMS
AND
OPERATOR
COMFORT
.
277
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
7
.
279
8
MANUFACTURE
OF
ORIENTED
FILMS
.
287
8.1
INTRODUCTION
.
287
8.2
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ORIENTED
FILMS
AND
THEIR
COMMERCIAL
IMPORTANCE
.
287
8.3
THEORY
OF
THE
ORIENTING
PROCESS
.
288
8.3.1
PROCESSES
FOR
THE
MANUFACTURE
OF
ORIENTED
FILMS
.
293
8.3.2
LINES
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
ORIENTED
FILMS
.
295
8.3.3
EXTRUSION
DIES
AND
COOLING
UNIT
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
ORIENTED
FILM
.
300
8.3.3.1
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
OF
THE
FILM
.
304
8.3.4
STRETCHING
UNITS
.
305
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
8
.
314
CONTENTS
XIII
9
EXTRUSION
OF
FILM
TAPES
.
317
9.1
INTRODUCTION
.
317
9.2
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MARKET
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
FILM
TAPE
EXTRUSION
.
317
9.3
METHODS
OF
MANUFACTURE
OF
FILM
TAPE
.
318
9.4
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
FILM
TAPES
.
320
9.5
FILM
TAPE
PRODUCTION
METHODS
.
324
9.6
DESCRIPTION
OF
TAPE
LINES
.
324
9.6.1
EXTRUDING
.
326
9.6.2
FILTRATION
.
328
9.6.3
FORMING
OF
THE
PRIMARY
FILM
.
329
9.6.4
SLITTING
.
330
9.6.5
FEEDING
OF
TAPES
.
331
9.6.6
HEATING
.
331
9.6.7
STRETCHING
.
331
9.6.8
FIBRILLATING
.
332
9.6.9
WIND-UP
.
334
9.7
DESIGN
VARIATIONS
OF
TAPE
LINES
.
335
9.8
AUTOMATION
OF
TAPE
LINES
.
337
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
9
.
339
10
MONOFILAMENT
EXTRUSION
.
341
10.1
INTRODUCTION
.
341
10.2
THEORY
.
341
10.3
END
PRODUCT
.
343
10.4
PROCESS
.
344
10.5
LINES
.
344
10.5.1
LINE
CONCEPTS
.
344
10.5.1.1
MONOFILAMENT
LINE
WITH
TWO-STAGE
DRAWING:
PRE-DRAWING
IN
A
WATER
BATH
-
SECONDARY
DRAWING
IN
A
HOT-AIR
OVEN
.
344
10.5.1.2
MONOFILAMENT
LINE
WITH
TWO-STAGE
DRAWING
-
PRE-DRAWING
IN
A
HOT-AIR
OVEN
-
SECONDARY
DRAWING
IN
A
HOT-AIR
OVEN
.
346
10.5.1.3
MONOFILAMENT
LINE
WITH
SINGLE-STAGE
DRAWING
.
347
10.5.2
LINE
COMPONENTS
.
347
10.5.2.1
POLYMER
FEED
.
347
10.5.2.2
EXTRUDER
.
349
10.5.2.3
MONOFILAMENT
DIE
.
350
10.5.2.4
SPINNING
PUMPS
.
353
10.5.2.5
QUENCHING
BATH
.
354
10.5.2.6
MONOFILAMENT
DRYING
.
355
10.5.2.7
DRAW
STANDS
.
355
10.5.2.8
DRAWING
BATH
.
357
10.5.2.9
HOT-AIR
OVEN
.
358
10.5.2.10
WINDING
.
359
10.5.2.11
ASPIRATOR
UNIT
.
360
10.5.2.12
PROCESS
CONTROL
SYSTEM
.
360
10.6
LAYOUT
OF
THE
LINE
.
361
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
10
.
363
XIV
CONTENTS
11
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
.
365
11.1
PAPER,
FILM
AND
FOIL
CONVERTING
.
365
11.2
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
.
365
11.3
MATERIAL
COMBINATIONS
.
366
11.4
ADHESION
.
366
11.4.1
ADHESION
VALUES
.
367
11.4.2
IMPROVING
THE
ADHESION
.
367
11.4.2.1
FLAME
PRETREATMENT
.
367
11.4.2.2
CORONA
DISCHARGE
.
367
11.4.2.3
OZONE
SHOWERS
.
368
11.4.2.4
PRIMERS
.
368
11.4.3
ADHESION-RELATED
COATING-AND
LAMINATING
PARAMETERS
.
369
11.4.3.1
THE
TEMPERATURE
OF
THE
EXTRUDED
PE
FILM
.
369
11.4.3.2
SURFACE
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
CARRIER
WEB
AND
THE
LAMINATING
WEB
.
369
11.4.3.3
THE
CHILL-ROLL
TEMPERATURE
.
370
11.4.3.4
NIP
PRESSURE
BETWEEN
CHILL-ROLL
AND
IMPRESSION
CYLINDER.
370
11.4.3.5
THE
THICKNESS
OF
THE
EXTRUDED
FILM
.
370
11.4.4
COEXTRUSION
AS
ADHESION
PROMOTER
.
370
11.5
MACHINE
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
.
371
11.5.1
WEB
WIDTHS
.
371
11.5.2
WEB
SPEEDS
.
371
11.5.3
COATING
WEIGHTS
OF
EXTRUDED
FILMS
.
372
11.5.4
EXTRUDER
SIZE
.
372
11.6
MACHINE
LAYOUT
CRITERIA
.
372
11.6.1
THE
COATING
PRINCIPLE
.
372
11.6.2
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINERY
.
374
11.6.3
COATING
MACHINE
WITH
PRIMER
COATING
STATION
.
375
11.6.4
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINE
WITH
PRIMER
STATION
FOR
THE
LAMINATING
SUBSTRATE
.
376
11.6.5
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINE
WITH
PRIMER
COATING
AND
OVERLACQUERING
STATION
.
377
11.6.6
TANDEM
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINE
.
379
11.6.7
MULTIPURPOSE
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINE
.
379
11.6.8
TANDEM
LACQUERING
AND
LAMINATING
MACHINE
WITH
EXTRUSION
COATING
AND
LAMINATING
FACILITY
.
382
11.6.8.1
PRODUCT
EXAMPLES
-
LACQUERING/LAMINATING
MACHINE
.
384
11.7
MACHINE
COMPONENTS
.
385
11.7.1
UNWINDS
.
385
11.7.2
REWIND
.
388
11.7.3
WEB-TENSION
CONTROLS
.
390
11.7.3.1
DYNAMIC
CONTROL
SYSTEM
.
390
11.7.3.2
STATIC
CONTROL
SYSTEM
.
391
11.7.4
COATING
UNIT
FOR
PRIMERS,
LACQUERS,
GLUES
AND
DISPERSIONS
.
391
11.7.5
DRYING
TUNNELS
.
392
11.7.6
DRYING
AND
DRY
LAMINATING
.
394
11.7.7
WEB
TURNER-BARS
.
395
11.7.8
EDGE-GUIDING
EQUIPMENT
.
395
11.7.9
DRIVE
AND
CONTROL
SYSTEM
.
396
11.7.10
PROCESS
REFERENCE
PARAMETERS
.
396
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
11
.
398
CONTENTS
XV
12
EXTRUSION
OF
FOAMED
INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCTS
WITH
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUDERS
.
399
12.1
INTRODUCTION
.
399
12.2
PHASES
OF
THE
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
.
399
12.2.1
RAW
MATERIALS
AND
RECIPES
.
400
12.2.2
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
AND
ADDITIVES
.
402
12.2.3
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
403
12.2.4
FEEDING
OF
RAW
MATERIALS
.
405
12.2.4.1
SOLIDS
.
405
12.2.4.2
LIQUIDS
.
405
12.2.5
EXTRUSION
.
405
12.2.6
FOAMING
.
406
12.2.6.1
COOLING
CALIBRATING
AND
TAKE-OFF
.
406
12.2.7
POST-EXPANSION
.
408
12.2.8
LAMINATION
.
408
12.2.9
SCRAP
RECOVERY
.
408
12.3
FOAM
PRODUCTS
.
409
12.4
PROCESSES
.
409
12.4.1
SINGLE-STAGE
PROCESS
.
409
12.4.2
TWO-STAGE
PROCESS
.
412
12.4.3
MULTISTAGE
PROCESS
.
415
12.5
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUSION
SYSTEMS
.
416
12.5.1
SINGLE-SCREW
LINES
.
416
12.5.2
TANDEM
SINGLE-SCREW
LINES
.
423
12.5.3
SINGLE-SCREW
SCRAP
RECOVERY
LINES
.
427
12.6
PLANT
COMPONENTS
.
427
12.6.1
STORAGE,
CONVEYING,
AND
MIXING
EQUIPMENT
FOR
RAW
MATERIALS
.
427
12.6.2
EXTRUDER
COMPONENTS
.
429
12.6.3
SCREEN
CHANGER
.
431
12.6.4
DIES
AND
CALIBRATING
DEVICES
.
431
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
12
.
433
13
EXTRUSION
OF
FOAMED
SEMIFINISHED
PRODUCTS
WITH
TWIN-SCREW
EXTRUDERS
.
435
13.1
INTRODUCTION
.
435
13.2
STRUCTURE
OF
FORMULATIONS
.
436
13.2.1
PVC
TYPES
.
436
13.2.2
STABILIZERS
.
436
13.2.3
LUBRICANTS
.
437
13.2.4
FILLERS
.
437
13.2.5
PIGMENTS
.
438
13.2.6
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
438
13.2.7
FOAMING
AIDS
.
439
13.2.8
MIXING
TECHNIQUE
.
440
13.2.9
FORMULATIONS
.
440
13.2.9.1
GUIDELINE
FORMULATION
FOR
PVC
RIGID
FOAM
PIPE
.
440
13.2.9.2
GUIDELINE
FORMULATION
FOR
PVC
RIGID
FOAM
PROFILE
.
441
13.2.9.3
GUIDELINE
FORMULATION
FOR
PVC
RIGID
FOAM
SHEET
(FREEFOAMED,
LEAD-STABILIZED)
.
441
13.2.9.4
GUIDELINE
FORMULATION
FOR
PVC
RIGID
FOAM
SHEET
(FREEFOAMED,
TIN-STABILIZED)
.
441
13.3
THEORY
.
442
XVI
CONTENTS
13.3.1
FOAMING
OPERATION
.
442
13.3.2
FOAMING
METHODS
.
443
13.4
EXTRUSION
FOAMING
METHODS
.
444
13.4.1
METHODS
USING
CHEMICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
444
13.4.1.1
COEXTRUSION
OF
FULL
PROFILES
AND
SHEETS
FROM
TWO
DIFFERENT
MATERIAL
STREAMS
.
444
13.4.1.2
EXTRUSION
OF
FOAMED
FULL
PROFILES
.
444
13.4.1.2.1
FULL
PROFILES
FROM
ONE
MATERIAL
STREAM
.
444
13.4.1.2.2
FULL,
PART-SKINNED
PROFILES
FROM
ONE
MATERIAL
STREAM
.
445
13.4.1.2.3
HOLLOW
PROFILES
FROM
ONE
MATERIAL
STREAM
.
445
13.4.1.2.4
COEXTRUSION
OF
FULL
AND
HOLLOW
PROFILES
FROM
TWO
DIFFERENT
MATERIAL
STREAMS
.
446
13.4.1.3
EXTRUSION
OF
WOODLIKE
SHEETS
FROM
ONE
MATERIAL
STREAM.
446
13.4.1.4
EXTRUSION
OF
FULL
PROFILES
FROM
A
SPLIT
MATERIAL
STREAM
.
447
13.4.1.5
EXTRUSION
OF
PIPES
WITH
FOAMED
WALLS
.
448
13.4.2
PROCESSES
USING
PHYSICAL
BLOWING
AGENTS
.
448
13.4.2.1
EXTRUSION
OF
FOAMED
PVC
FILMS
.
448
13.5
PLANT
FOR
FOAMED
INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCTS
.
449
13.5.1
EXTRUDER
.
449
13.5.2
SCREW
DESIGN
.
449
13.5.3
DIEHEAD
.
451
13.5.4
CALIBRATION
UNIT,
COOLING
UNIT
.
451
13.5.5
TAKE-OFF
.
452
13.5.6
CUTTING
TO
LENGTH,
PUNCHING
AND
STACKING
.
452
13.5.7
EMBOSSING,
PRINTING
.
452
13.6
SELECTION
CRITERIA
.
453
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
13
.
453
14
EXTRUSION
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
455
14.1
EXTRUDERS
.
455
14.1.1
THE
TASK
OF
THE
ELASTOMER
EXTRUDER
.
455
14.1.1.1
HOT-FEEDING
.
455
14.1.1.2
COLD-FEEDING
.
455
14.1.1.2.1
SYSTEMS
FOR
PLASTICATION
OF
ELASTOMERS
.
456
14.1.1.3
VACUUM
EXTRUDERS
.
462
14.1.2
EXTRUDER
DESIGN
.
463
14.1.2.1
DRIVE
UNITS
.
463
14.1.2.2
DRIVE
TRANSMISSION
.
464
14.1.2.3
GEARBOXES
.
465
14.1.2.4
THRUST
BEARINGS
.
465
14.1.2.5
FEED
HOUSING
.
466
14.1.2.6
BARREL
LINERS
.
466
14.1.2.7
EXTRUDER
BARRELS
.
467
14.1.2.8
EXTRUDER
SCREWS
.
467
14.1.2.9
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
OF
EXTRUDERS
.
468
14.1.3
EXTRUSION
HEADS
.
469
14.1.3.1
PORK-CHOP
HEADS
.
469
14.1.3.2
PELLETIZER
HEADS
.
469
14.1.3.3
STRAINER
HEADS
.
470
14.1.3.4
PROFILE
HEADS
.
470
CONTENTS
XVII
14.1.3.5
TUBE
HEADS
.
471
14.1.3.5.1
SIMPLE
TUBE
DIE
HEADS
.
471
14.1.3.5.2
MULTITUBE
DIE
HEADS
.
471
14.1.3.5.3
TWO-LAYER
TUBE
DIE
HEADS
.
471
14.1.3.6
SLIT-TUBE
HEADS
.
472
14.1.3.7
CROSSHEADS
.
472
14.1.3.7.1
CROSSHEAD
DIES
FOR
SHEATHING
.
473
14.1.3.7.2
CROSSHEAD
DIES
FOR
TWO
AND
THREE-LAYER
SHEATHING
.
473
14.1.3.7.3
SHEATHING
OF
NON-CIRCULAR
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS
OR
OF
METAL
PROFILES
.
474
14.1.3.7.4
COVERING
OF
FLAT
PROFILES
.
474
14.1.3.7.5
DOUBLE-OR
MULTIPLE-CROSSHEAD
DIES
.
474
14.1.3.8
SPECIAL
CROSSHEAD
DIES
FOR
FILAMENT
AND
WIRE
COATING
.
474
14.1.3.9
SLOT
DIES
.
474
14.1.3.10
TREAD
HEADS
.
475
14.1.3.11
PIGGYBACK
EXTRUSION
HEADS
.
475
14.1.3.12
SINGLE-ROLL
ROLLER
DIE
.
476
14.1.3.13
TWO-ROLL
ROLLER
DIES
.
477
14.1.3.13.1
ROLLER-HEAD
MACHINES
.
477
14.1.4
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
.
478
14.1.4.1
SCREEN
CHANGERS
.
478
14.1.4.2
DIE
CHANGERS
.
478
14.1.4.3
HEAD
CHANGERS
.
478
14.1.4.4
FEEDING
DEVICES
.
479
14.1.4.4.1
GRANULE-OR
PELLET-FEED
EQUIPMENT
.
479
14.1.4.4.2
STRIP
OR
SLAB-FEED
EQUIPMENT
.
479
14.1.4.4.3
SLAB
CUTTING
AND
FEEDING
DEVICES
.
480
14.2
CONTINUOUS
VULCANIZATION
LINES
.
480
14.2.1
GENERAL
.
480
14.2.2
CV
PIPE
.
482
14.2.3
HOT-AIR
VULCANIZATION
.
482
14.2.4
FLUID-BED
VULCANIZATION
.
483
14.2.5
SALT-BATH
VULCANIZATION
.
484
14.2.6
INFRARED
LINES
.
486
14.2.7
HELICURE
VULCANIZATION
.
486
14.2.8
ULTRAHIGH
FREQUENCY,
OR
UHF-VULCANIZATION
.
487
14.2.9
SHEAR
HEAD
VULCANIZATION
.
489
14.2.10
ROTATION
VULCANIZATION
.
490
14.3
COOLING
.
491
14.3.1
GENERAL
.
491
14.3.2
COOLING
PROCESSES
.
491
14.3.2.1
IMMERSION
COOLING
.
491
14.3.2.2
SPRAY
COOLING
.
492
14.3.2.3
CONTACT
COOLING
.
492
14.3.2.4
AIR-COOLING
LINES
.
493
14.3.3
COOLING
LINES
.
493
14.3.3.1
SLAB-COOLING
LINES
.
493
14.3.3.2
STRIP-COOLING
LINES
.
494
14.3.3.2.1
LINES
FOR
THE
SIMULTANEOUS
COOLING
OF
SEVERAL
STRIPS
.
494
XVIII
CONTENTS
14.3.3.2.2
CAPSTAN
LINES
FOR
COOLING
STRIPS
OF
RAW
COMPOUND
.
494
14.3.3.2.3
MESH
DRUMS
FOR
COOLING
STRIPS
OF
RAW
COMPOUND
.
494
14.3.3.3
PELLET-COOLING
LINES
.
495
14.3.3.4
TREAD
COOLING
LINES
.
495
14.3.3.5
SIDE
STRIP-COOLING
LINES
.
495
14.3.3.6
SHEET-COOLING
LINES
.
496
14.3.3.7
PROFILE-COOLING
LINES
.
496
14.4
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL
EQUIPMENT
.
496
14.4.1
GENERAL
.
496
14.4.2
EXTRUDER
CONTROLS
.
496
14.4.2.1
FEED
DEVICES
.
496
14.4.2.2
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
497
14.4.2.3
PRESSURE/SCREW-SPEED
CONTROL
.
497
14.4.2.4
MELT-TEMPERATURE/SCREW-SPEED
CONTROL
.
497
14.4.3
HAUL-OFF-SPEED
CONTROL
.
498
14.4.4
MEASUREMENT
AND
CONTROL
OF
PRODUCT
DIMENSIONS
.
498
14.4.4.1
PROFILE
MEASUREMENT
.
498
14.4.4.2
THICKNESS
MEASUREMENT
.
499
14.4.4.3
WIDTH
MEASUREMENT
.
499
14.4.4.4
WEIGHT
MEASUREMENT
.
500
14.4.4.5
CONTROL
OF
MEASURED
QUANTITIES
.
500
14.4.5
CONTROL
OF
SET
VALUES
.
500
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
14
.
500
15
FIBER
EXTRUSION
.
505
15.1.1
AREAS
OF
APPLICATION
FOR
MAN-MADE
FIBERS
.
505
15.1.2
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
FIBER
EXTRUSION
.
505
15.2
EXTRUSION
SECTION
(SECTION
I)
.
506
15.2.1
EXTRUDERS
.
506
15.2.1.1
DESIGN
AND
FUNCTION
OF
A
SPINNING
EXTRUDER
.
506
15.2.1.2
MIXING
OF
ADDITIVES
.
506
15.2.2
MANIFOLD
.
508
15.2.3
SPINNING
HEAD
.
510
15.2.3.1
GEAR
PUMPS
FOR
SPINNING
.
511
15.2.3.2
SPIN
PACK
.
512
15.2.4
QUENCHING
.
514
15.2.4.1
SPINNERET
BLANKETING
.
516
15.2.4.2
MONOMER
EXHAUST
.
516
15.2.5
HEATING
SYSTEM
.
516
15.2.6
FILTERS
.
518
15.2.7
EXAMPLES
FROM
THE
EXTRUSION
SECTION
(SECTION
I)
.
519
15.3
FILAMENT
TREATMENT
SECTION
(SECTION
II)
.
519
15.3.1
MACHINES
FOR
TAKE-UP
AND
DEPOSITING
FOR
FRESHLY
SPUN
FIBERS
.
524
15.3.1.1
SPINNING
LINE
WITH
TOW
PIDDLER
.
524
15.3.1.2
PRODUCTION
OF
POY
(PREORIENTED
YARN)
.
524
15.3.2
MACHINES
FOR
DRAWING
FRESHLY
SPUN
FILAMENTS
.
528
15.3.2.1
SPIN
DRAWING
OF
TEXTILE
YARNS
.
528
15.3.2.2
SPIN
DRAWING
OF
INDUSTRIAL
YARNS
.
531
CONTENTS
XIX
15.3.3
MACHINES
FOR
DRAWING
AND
FURTHER
TREATMENT
OF
FRESHLY
SPUN
FILAMENTS
.
533
15.3.3.1
SPIN-DRAW
TEXTURING
MACHINE
FOR
THE
PRODUCTION
OF
CARPET
YARN
.
533
15.3.3.2
FIBER
EXTRUSION
LINE
FOR
IN-LINE
OPERATION
.
533
15.4
IMPORTANT
COMPONENTS
OF
THE
FILAMENT
TREATMENT
SECTION
(SECTION
II)
.
533
15.4.1
TAKE-UP
HEADS
.
533
15.4.2
TOW
PIDDLER
.
536
15.4.3
DRAW
UNIT
.
538
15.4.4
CRIMPER
.
538
15.4.5
GODETS
.
538
15.4.6
SPIN
FINISH
APPLICATION
.
541
15.4.7
TEXTURING
JET
.
541
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
15
.
542
16
RAM
EXTRUSION
OF
PTFE
AND
UHMWPE
.
545
16.1
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
PROCESS
.
545
16.2
PROCESSING
MACHINES
.
546
16.3
THE
EXTRUSION
DIE
.
547
16.3.1
THE
EXTRUSION
PIPE
.
548
16.3.1.1
CHOICE
OF
MATERIAL
.
550
16.3.2
THE
MANDREL
.
551
16.3.3
THE
RAM
.
551
16.4
PROCESSING
PROBLEMS
.
552
16.4.1
DIMENSIONING
THE
DIE
.
553
16.4.2
SURFACE
QUALITY
OF
THE
DIE
.
553
16.4.3
EXTRUSION
SPEED
.
554
16.4.4
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
.
554
16.5
MATERIALS
FOR
RAM
EXTRUSION
.
555
16.6
EXTRUSION
OF
SOLID
PROFILES
.
557
16.7
EXTRUSION
OF
PIPES
AND
HOLLOW
PROFILES
.
560
16.7.1
POWDER
DENSIFICATION
RATE
.
562
16.7.2
RAM
STROKE
DEPTH
.
563
16.7.3
THE
MOVABLE
MANDREL
.
563
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
16
.
564
17
FEEDING
OF
EXTRUDERS
.
565
17.1
INTRODUCTION
.
565
17.2
SCREW
CONVEYORS
.
565
17.3
PNEUMATIC
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
.
565
17.3.1
SINGLE-MACHINE
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
.
566
17.3.1.1
SUCTION/PRESSURE
CONVEYING
UNITS
.
567
17.3.1.2
SUCTION
CONVEYING
UNITS
.
567
17.3.2
MULTIPLE-MACHINE
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
.
568
17.3.2.1
PRESSURE
CONVEYING
.
569
17.3.2.1.1
PRESSURE
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
INCORPORATING
PIPE-SWITCHING
JUNCTIONS
.
569
17.3.2.1.2
SYSTEMS
WITH
RING
LINES
.
569
17.3.2.2
SUCTION
CONVEYING
.
570
17.3.3
FILTER
SYSTEMS
.
571
XX
CONTENTS
17.3.3.1
CLEANING
FILTERS
BY
PRESSURE
SCAVENGING
.
572
17.3.3.2
CLEANING
FILTERS
BY
SUCTION
SCAVENGING
.
572
17.3.3.3
CLEANING
FILTERS
BY
SCAVENGING
WITH
RECIRCULATED
AIR
.
573
17.4
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
.
574
17.4.1
METERING
SYSTEMS
.
574
17.4.1.1
MATERIAL
BY
REDIRECTING
GRANULATE
FLOW
.
574
17.4.1.2
METERING
WITHOUT
A
MAIN
COMPONENT
.
575
17.4.1.3
METERING
OF
ALL
COMPONENTS
.
575
17.4.2
DRYING
SYSTEMS
.
576
17.4.2.1
DRYING
WITH
AMBIENT
AIR
.
577
17.4.2.2
DRYING
WITH
DRIED
AIR
.
578
17.4.2.3
PELLET
DRYERS
USING
AIR
DRYING
.
579
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
17
.
581
18
EXTRUSION
RECYCLING
OF
PLASTICS
WASTE
.
583
18.1
INTRODUCTION
.
583
18.2
RECYCLING
VIA
THE
MELT
-
STAGES
OF
THE
PROCESS
.
584
18.2.1
THE
INDIVIDUAL
STEPS
IN
THE
PROCESS
AND
THEIR
PURPOSES
.
586
18.2.1.1
GRANULATING
.
586
18.2.1.1.1
EFFECT
OF
THE
SCREEN
HOLE
SIZE
.
586
18.2.1.1.2
EFFECT
OF
KNIFE
WEAR
.
587
18.2.1.2
PLASTICATION,
HOMOGENIZING,
DEGASSING
.
587
18.2.1.2.1
FEEDING
AND
CONVEYING
BEHAVIOR
.
588
18.2.1.2.2
SHEAR
WORK
.
589
18.2.1.2.3
MIXING
EFFICIENCY
.
590
18.2.1.2.4
DWELL
TIME
.
590
18.2.1.2.5
DEGASSING
.
591
18.2.1.3
MELT
FILTRATION
.
592
18.2.1.4
PELLETIZING
.
593
18.3
APPLICATIONS,
PRODUCTS,
SPECIAL
PROPERTIES
.
595
18.3.1
STANDARD
RECYCLING
OF
PRODUCTION
WASTE
.
596
18.3.2
WASHING
AND
RECYCLING
OF
CONTAMINATED
WASTE
.
598
18.3.3
INTEGRATED
RECYCLING
AND
COMPOUNDING,
INCLUDING
FILLING
AND
ALLOYING
.
599
18.3.4
RECLAIMING
OF
ENGINEERING
PLASTICS
WASTE
.
600
18.3.5
DIRECT
RECYCLING
FROM
FILM
SCRAP
TO
BLOWN
FILM
.
602
18.4
TYPICAL
LINE
DESIGN
CONCEPTS
AND
LINE
COMPONENTS
.
603
18.4.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RECLAIM
LINES
ACCORDING
TO
THEIR
USES
.
604
18.4.1.1
PROCESSING
OF
FILM
AND
FIBER
WASTE,
WITH
PRELIMINARY
SIZE
REDUCTION:
OUTPUT
GREATER
THAN
200
KG/H
.
604
18.4.1.2
PROCESSING
OF
FILM
AND
FIBER
WASTE,
WITH
PRELIMINARY
SIZE
REDUCTION:
OUTPUT
BELOW
200
KG/H
.
604
18.4.1.3
PROCESSING
OF
FILM
AND
TAPE
SCRAP
(DIRECT
FEEDING)
WITHOUT
SIZE-REDUCTION:
OUTPUT
BELOW
200
KG/H
.
605
18.4.1.4
PROCESSING
OF
ALL
KINDS
OF
PLASTICS
WASTE,
INCLUDING
FILMS,
TAPES,
SHEETS,
HOLLOW
BODIES
ETC.
-
WITH
SIZE
REDUCTION
BUT
WITHOUT
EXTERNAL
CRAMMER
FEEDER
.
606
18.4.1.5
INTEGRAL
PROCESSING
AND
COMPOUNDING
OF
ALL
KINDS
OF
PLASTICS
WASTE,
POSSIBLY
WITH
LACE
EXTRUSION
OF
END
PRODUCT
.
606
18.4.2
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RECLAIM
EXTRUDERS
WITH
RESPECT
TO
DESIGN
CRITERIA
.
607
CONTENTS
XXI
18.4.2.1
STANDARD
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUDER
WITH
MODIFIED
PROCESSING
UNIT
.
607
18.4.2.2
ADIABATIC
OPERATION,
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUDER
.
607
18.4.2.3
SINGLE-SCREW
EXTRUDER
WITH
INCREASED
SCREW
DIAMETER
AT
FEED
ZONE
.
607
18.4.2.4
THE
TWO-STAGE
EXTRUDER
.
608
18.4.2.5
THE
SHORT-SCREW
EXTRUDER
.
609
18.4.2.6
THE
SHORT-SCREW
PLASTICATOR
.
609
18.4.2.7
THE
RETRUDER
.
610
18.4.2.8
THE
CO-ROTATING
TWIN-SCREW
EXTRUDER
.
610
18.4.2.9
THE
COUNTER-ROTATING
TWIN-SCREW
EXTRUDER
.
610
18.4.2.10
TWIN-SCREW
WITH
EXTENDED
METERING
SCREW
.
611
18.4.3
WEAR
AND
WEAR
PREVENTION
IN
RECLAIM
EXTRUDERS
.
611
18.4.3.1
KIND
AND
DEGREE
OF
CONTAMINATION
OF
THE
MATERIAL
.
611
18.4.3.2
FILLERS,
REINFORCEMENTS
OR
PIGMENTS
.
611
18.4.3.3
TECHNIQUE
OF
ADDING
FILLERS
AND
REINFORCEMENT
.
611
18.4.3.4
OPERATIONAL
CONDITIONS
.
611
18.4.3.5
MACHINE
DESIGNS
.
611
18.4.4
SIZE
REDUCTION:
CUTTING
MILLS
.
614
18.4.5
METAL
DETECTION
AND
METAL
SEPARATION
.
616
18.4.5.1
METAL
DETECTOR
.
616
18.4.5.2
METAL
SEPARATOR
.
616
18.4.5.3
SOLENOID
GRID
.
617
18.4.6
BULK
STORAGE
AND
HOMOGENIZATION
.
617
18.4.7
EXTRUDER
FEEDING
-
THE
CRAMMER
FEEDER
.
618
18.4.8
SCREEN
CHANGER
-
MELT
FILTER
.
619
18.4.8.1
DISCONTINUOUS
SCREEN
CHANGERS
.
620
18.4.8.2
CONTINUOUS
SCREEN
CHANGERS
.
621
18.4.8.3
MELT
FILTRATION
DEVICES
.
622
18.4.9
PELLETIZING
.
625
18.4.9.1
STRAND
PELLETIZING
.
625
18.4.9.2
DIE-FACE
PELLETIZING
.
625
18.4.9.2.1
THE
AIR-COOLED
DIE-FACE
PELLETIZER
.
625
18.4.9.2.2
THE
WATER-COOLED
DIE-FACE
PELLETIZING
SYSTEM
WITH
CENTRAL
CUTTING
ROTOR
.
626
18.4.9.2.3
THE
WATER-COOLED
DIE-FACE
PELLETIZING
SYSTEM
WITH
OFF-AXIS
ROTOR
CUTTING
.
626
18.4.9.2.4
THE
WATER-COOLED
DIE-FACE
PELLETIZING
SYSTEM
WITH
MILLING
CUTTER
ROTOR,
TYPE
LHWG
.
627
18.4.9.2.5
THE
WATER
RING
PELLETIZER
.
627
18.5
ENERGY
BALANCE
-
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
.
629
18.5.1
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
IN
SIZE
REDUCTION
.
629
18.5.2
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
IN
EXTRUSION
.
629
18.5.2.1
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
VERSUS
SCREW
SPEED
WITH
DIFFERENT
POLYMERS
AND
EXTRUDER
SYSTEMS
.
629
18.5.2.2
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
VERSUS
FLAKE
SIZE
.
631
18.5.2.3
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
IN
RELATION
TO
MELT
PRESSURE
.
631
18.5.2.4
OTHER
INFLUENCES
ON
THE
SPECIFIC
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
.
632
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
18
.
632
INDEX
.
635 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121635635 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV011341772 |
| classification_rvk | ZM 8165 |
| classification_tum | CIT 740f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)613743703 (DE-599)BVBBV011341772 |
| discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV011341772 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-18T00:38:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3446184902 1569902259 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007620821 |
| oclc_num | 613743703 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-92 DE-1102 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-1046 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-92 DE-1102 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-1046 |
| physical | XXI, 653 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
| publishDateSort | 1997 |
| publisher | Hanser [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables ed. by Friedhelm Hensen. With contributions from U. Berghaus ... 2. ed. Munich [u.a.] Hanser [u.a.] 1997 XXI, 653 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Extrudieren (DE-588)4071089-0 gnd rswk-swf Extrudieren (DE-588)4071089-0 s DE-604 Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Hensen, Friedhelm 1933- Sonstige (DE-588)121635635 oth Berghaus, Ulrich Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007620821&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Extrudieren (DE-588)4071089-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4071089-0 |
| title | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables |
| title_auth | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables |
| title_exact_search | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables |
| title_full | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables ed. by Friedhelm Hensen. With contributions from U. Berghaus ... |
| title_fullStr | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables ed. by Friedhelm Hensen. With contributions from U. Berghaus ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables ed. by Friedhelm Hensen. With contributions from U. Berghaus ... |
| title_short | Plastics extrusion technology |
| title_sort | plastics extrusion technology with 81 tables |
| title_sub | with 81 tables |
| topic | Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Extrudieren (DE-588)4071089-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kunststoff Extrudieren |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007620821&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hensenfriedhelm plasticsextrusiontechnologywith81tables AT berghausulrich plasticsextrusiontechnologywith81tables |