Life and death of coral reefs:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Chapman & Hall [u.a.]
1997
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 536 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0412035413 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Life and death of coral reefs |c Charles Birkeland, ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Chapman & Hall [u.a.] |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 536 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Koraalriffen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Coral reef biology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Coral reef ecology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805083621766201344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Life and Death
of Coral Reefs
Charles Birkeland
Editor
University of Guam
CHAPMAN amp; HALL
International Thomson Publishing
New York • Albany • Bonn • Boston • Cincinnati • Detroit • London • Madrid • Melbourne
Mezico City • Pacific Grove • Paris • San Francisco • Singapore • Tokyo • Toronto • Washington
Contents
Acknowledgments
Contributors
xv
xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction (by Charles Birkeland)
1 1 The Value of Reefs
1 2 Present Conditions of Coral Reefs
1 3 Shift in Controlling Factors
Chapter 2 Reefs and Reef Limestones in Earth History
(by Pamela Hallock)
2 1 Biogenic Sediments and Bioherms
2 2 Basic Carbonate Chemistry
2 3 Limestones and Earth History
2 4 The Atmosphere and the Evolution of Life
2 5 CO2 and Time Scales
2 6 Atmospheric ,CO2 as an Evolutionary Driving Force
2 7 What It Takes to Accumulate CaCO3
2 8 History of Biogenic Reefs Through Time
281 Paleozoic Era—Time of Ancient Animal Life
282 Mesozoic Era—Time of Intermediate Animal Life
283 Cretaceous Boundary Extinctions
284 Cenozoic Era—Time of Recent Animal Life
2 9 Modern Reefs
2 10 Conclusion
Chapter 3 Reefs as Dynamic Systems (by Dennis K Hubbard)
3 1 Process: The Ultimate Control of Reef Development
311 Macroscale Controls}
Tectonics
viii / Contents
' Sea Level 46
Reef Accretion Under the Influence of Relative
Sea-Level Change 48
312 Mesoscale Controls 50
Temperature 50
Salinity 52
Wave Energy 52
313 Microscale Controls 56
Light 56
Nutrients 56
Sediment 57
Antecedent Topography 58
3 2 Reef Accretion: How It Works 60
3 3 Reefs and Global Warming 64
331 Reefs in Flux 64
332 Reefs as Mediators of Global Climate 65
333 The Reef Response 66
334 Evolving Methodologies 66
3 4 Where Do We Go from Here? 67
Chapter 4 Bioerosion and Coral-Reef Growth: A Dynamic Balance
(by Peter W Glynn) 68
4 1 Bioeroder Diversity 70
411 Bacteria 71
412 Fungi 73
413 Algae 73
414 Sponges 75
415 Polychaete Worms 77
416 Crustacea 77
417 Sipuncula 79
418 Mollusca 79
419 Echinoidea 84
4 1 10 Fishes 84
4 2 Conditions Favoring Bioerosion 85
4 3 Variety of Effects 89
4 4 Case Studies 91
441 El Nino-Southem Oscillation 91
M 2 Crown-of-Thorns Seastar (Acanthaster) 91
443 Runoff (Eutrophication, Sedimentation, Freshwater,
and Pollutants) 92
444 Overfishing 92
4 5 Conclusion 94
Chapter 5 Interactions Between Corals and Their Symbiotic Algae
(by Gisele Muller-Parker and Christopher F D'Elia) 96
5 1 Description of the Symbiosis 96
Contents / ix
j- 511 Coral Anatomy and Location of Zooxanthellae 96
512 Zooxanthellae 98
513 Acquisition of zooxanthellae by corals 99
5 2 Nutrition and Adaptations to Environmental Factors 100
521 Coral Nutrition 100
522 Productivity of Corals and Role of Zooxanthellae
in Calcification 102
523 Effect of Light and Temperature on Productivity
of Zooxanthellae 102
524 Effect of Nutrient Supply on Zooxanthellae in
Corals 104
5 3 Stability of the Symbiosis 105
5 4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Symbiosis 106
5 5 Environmental Effects on the Symbiosis 110
551 Local and Regional Stresses to Symbiotic Corals 110
552 Global Stresses on Symbiotic Corals 111
5 6 Conclusion 112
Chapter 6 Diseases of Coral-Reef Organisms (by Esther C Peters) 114
6 1 Diseases of Reef Plants 116
6 2 Diseases of Reef Invertebrates 118
621 Corals • 118
622 Sponges 122
623 Molluscs 123
624 Crustaceans 126
625 Echinoderms 127
6 3 Diseases of Reef Vertebrates 128
631 Fishes 129
632 Sea Snakes 131
633 Sea Turtles 131
6 4 Unanswered Questions 132
6 5 Ecological Implications 136
Chapter 7 Organic Production and Decomposition (by Bruce G Hatcher) 140
7 1 Definitions and Methodologies of Production 144
711 Currencies of Production 145
712 Pools of Organic Materials in Coral Reefs and
Control Volumes 146
713 The Concepts of Turnover in Coral-Reef Ecology 147
714 Scaling Up 151
7 2 Producers and Consumers 153
721 Microbial Communities Rule 1*53
722 Algae: The Engines of the Reef 155
723 Macroconsumers: Pretty Fishes and Others 157
7 3 Rates of Coral-Reef Metabolism and Their Variation in
Space and Time 158
x / Contents
i731 Habitat-Scale Variation in Community Metabolism
and Export 158
732 Reef-Scale Variation in Community Metabolism
and Export 162
7 4 Controls on Coral-Reef Production 165
741 Limitation of Gross Production 166
742 Nutrient Limitation of Excess Production 167
743 Organic Inputs Support Excess Production 169
744 Secondary Production and Decomposition 171
7 5 Interactions Between Humans and Coral-Reef Production 173
751 Anthropogenic Effects on the Trophic Status
of Reefs 173
752 Harvestable Yields from Reefs 174
Chapter 8 Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals: Critical Links in the
Persistence of Reefs (by Robert H Richmond) 175
Coral Reproduction
811 Asexual Reproduction
312 Sexual Reproduction
813 Gonochorism Versus Hermaphroditism
814 Brooding Versus Spawning
315 Self-Fertilization Versus Outcrossing
816 Hybridization
817 Larval Development
Larval Recruitment
821 Settlement
822 Metamorphosis
Reproductive and Recruitment Failure of Corals
831 Terrestrial Runoff and Water Clarity
832 Water Pollution
833 Population Depletion
834 Prevention and Mitigation
tebrate Predators and Grazers (by Robert C Carpenter)
Invertebrates Having Minor Effects
911 Corallivores
912 Herbivores
Invertebrates Having Major Effects
921 Corallivores
Eucidaris thouarsii
^ Acanthaster planci
922 Herbivores
Echinometra mathaei
Diadema antillarunf
Disproportionate Effects of Some Invertebrate Species
Contents / xi
fchapter 10 Effects of Reef Fishes on Corals and Algae (by Mark A Hixon) 230
10 1 The Players: Corallivorous and Herbivorous Reef Fishes 231
10 2 Fish Effects on Algae 233
10 2 1 Schooling Herbivores 233
10 2 2 Territorial Damselfishes 236
10 2 3 Conclusion 239
10 3 Fish Effects on Corals 241
10 3 1 Direct Consumption 241
10 3 2 Indirect effects 242
10 3 3 Conclusion 244
10 4 Fish Effects on Invertebrate Corallivores and Herbivores 245
10 5 Ramifications for Reef Management 246
Chapter 11 Indirect Interactions on Coral Reefs (by Steven C Pennings) 249
11 1 Definition, Variety, and Examples of Indirect Effects 250
11 1 1 Trophic-Linkage Indirect Effects 251
Competition Between Fish and Urchins for Algae
and Its Mediation by Predators 254
Herbivore Mediation of Algal-Coral Competition 256
Cascading Effects of Predation 257
Cleaning Symbioses 258
11 1 2 Behavioral Indirect Effects 260
Associational Defenses 260
Mixed-Species Foraging Schools 261
Coral Zonation Patterns Indirectly Created by
Damselfish 262
— 9 Mediation of Acanthaster Predation on Corals by
Coral Symbionts and Damselfishes 262
Presence of Predators Affects Grazing Behavior
of Herbivores 263
11 1 3 Chemical-Response Indirect Effects 264
Sequestering of Dietary Secondary Metabolites 264
Use of Chemically Defended Plants as Domiciles 265
' Induced Defenses Affecting Multiple Grazers 265
11 2 Relative Importance on Coral Reefs 266
11 3 Some Practical Considerations 268
11 4 Future Directions 271
11 5 Conclusion 272
Chapter 12 Geographic Differences in Ecological Processes on Coral Reefs
(by Charles Birkeland) 273
12 1 Physical Processes That Bring About
Geographic Differences 276
12 1 1 Longitudinal Differences 276
12 1 2 Latitudinal Differences 279
xii / Contents
' 12 2 Geographic Differences in Characteristics of
Dominant Species 280
12 3 Regional Differences in Ecological Processes 282
12 3 1 Grazing and Predation Pressure 282
12 3 2 Food Webs 284
12 3 3 Diversity and Ecosystem Function 285
12 4 Management Considerations 286
Chapter 13 Ecosystem Interactions in the Tropical Coastal Seascape
(by John C Ogden) 288
13 1 Biological Interactions in the Seascape 288
13 1 1 Edge Effects 288
13 1 2 Nurseries 289
13 2 Fluxes of Nutrients and Organic Material in the Seascape 290
13 3 Physical Interactions in the Seascape 292
13 3 1 Lagoons 292
13 3 2 Buffers and Sinks 293
13 4 Reef Management, Global Change, and Comparative
Research 295
Chapter 14 Diversity and Distribution of Reef Organisms
(by Gustav Paulay) 298
14 1 Definitions and Scales 299
14 1 1 What Is Diversity? 299
14 1 2 Taxonomic Diversity: Spatial Scales 299
14 1 3 Taxonomic Diversity: Phylogenetic Scales 300
14 2 Biota of Reefs 301
14 2 1 Species Richness on Reefs 301
14 2 2 Ecological Restriction to Reefs 304
14 2 3 Why Are Coral-Reef Environments so Diverse? 306
14 3 Role of Diversity in Reef Ecosystems 308
14 3 1 Diversity in Photosymbiotic Relationships 308
14 3 2 Diversity Among Reef Constructors and Eroders 309
14 3 3 Diversity and Ecosystem Function 312
14 4 Practical Biodiversity: Identification of Reef Organisms 314
14 5 Distribution of Diversity: Large-Scale Patterns 316
14 5 1 Variation in Diversity with Latitude 316
14 5 2 Variation in Diversity with Longitude 320
14 6 Distribution of Diversity: History of Regionalization 326
14 6 1 Tectonic Provincialization 327
14 6 2 Dynamics of Species Biogeography During the
Late Cenozoic 327
Western Atlantic 328
Eastern Pacific ^ 328
Eastern Atlantic 331
Indo-West Pacific 332
Contents / xiii
? 14 7 Distribution of Diversity: Evolutionary Diversification 332
14 7 1 Interregional Speciation 333
14 7 2 Speciation within the Indo-West Pacific 334
14 7 3 Speciation within Other Regions 340
14 8 Effects of Human Activities 341
14 8 1 Extinction 341
14 8 2 Introduced Species 344
14 9 Conclusion 345
Chapter 15 Disturbances to Reefs in Recent Times (by Barbara E Brown) 354
15 1 Conceptual Framework 355
15 2 Tolerances of Reef Corals 357
15 2 1 Geographic Variations in Environmental Tolerances 358
15 2 2 Within-Site Variation in Environmental Tolerances 359
15 2 3 Between Species Variations in
Environmental Tolerances 359
15 2 4 Within-Species Variations in
Environmental Tolerances 360
15 2 5 Within-Colony Variations in Environmental
Tolerances 361
15 3 Natural Disturbances on Coral Reefs 362
15 3 1 Effects of Storms, Cyclones, and Hurricanes 363
15 3 2 Coral Bleaching 365
-—fr~ 15 3 3 Outbreaks of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
Acanthaster planci 366
15 3 4 Mass Mortality of the Sea Urchin Diadema
antillarum in the Caribbean and Consequences on
Coral Communities 368
15 4 Human Disturbances to Coral Reefs 370
15 4 1 Eutrophication 370
15 4 2 Sedimentation 372
15 4 3 Oil Pollution 373
15 4 4 Coral'Mining 374
15 5 Human Versus Natural Influences on Coral Reefs 375
15 6 Prediction of Responses of Reefs to Climate Change 377
15 6 1 Sea-Level Rise 377
15 6 2 Effects of Increased Seawater Temperature Increase 378
15 6 3 Carbonate Mineral Saturation State 378
15 6 4 Ultraviolet Radiation 378
Chapter 16 Traditional Coral-Reef Fisheries Management
(by Robert E Johannes) 380
16 1 Value of Traditional Knowledge 381
16 2 Putting Management Back at, the Village Level 383
16 3 Applying Traditional Knowledge in Modern Settings 383
xiv / Contents
lapter 17 Resource Use: Conflicts and Management Solutions
(by Gregor Hodgson) 386
17 1 Sustainable Use 390
17 2 Resource-Use Conflicts 390
17 3 Case Study: Logging Versus Fisheries and Tourism in
the Philippines 392
17 3 1 Logging and Siltation 392
17 3 2 An Integrated Assessment 394
17 3 3 Coral-Reef Damage 395
17 3 4 Effects of Sediment on Fish 397
17 3 5 Assumptions in Estimation of Effects 398
17 3 6 Economics of Management Alternatives 399
17 3 7 Intergenerational Equity and
Sustainable Development 401
17 3 8 El Nido Today 403
17 4 Marine Parks 403
17 5 Implementation of Sustainable Development 406
17 6 Conclusion 409
Chapter 18 Implications for Resource Management (by Charles Birkeland) 411
18 1 Export Fisheries Not Sustained 412
18:2 High Productivity, Low Yield 413
18 2 1 Recycling 415
18 2 2 Constraints of Complexity 416
18 2 3 Life-History Traits 417
18 3 Reserves for Breeding Stock 418
18 4 Economics of Harvesting Diverse Resources 422
18 4 1 High Values 423
18 4 2 Subsidies 424
18 4 3 Ratchet Effect from Population Growth 425
18 5 Village-Based Control 426
18 6 Exemplary Cases: Bermuda and Palau 428
18 7 Nonextractive Commercial Uses of Coral-Reef Resources 429
18 8 Integrative Coastal-Area Management 432
18 9 Conclusion 433
References 437
Index 527 |
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| spelling | Life and death of coral reefs Charles Birkeland, ed. New York [u.a.] Chapman & Hall [u.a.] 1997 XVII, 536 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecologie gtt Koraalriffen gtt Coral reef biology Coral reef ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Korallenriff (DE-588)4136879-4 gnd rswk-swf Korallenriff (DE-588)4136879-4 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Birkeland, Charles Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007528221&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Life and death of coral reefs Ecologie gtt Koraalriffen gtt Coral reef biology Coral reef ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Korallenriff (DE-588)4136879-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4136879-4 |
| title | Life and death of coral reefs |
| title_auth | Life and death of coral reefs |
| title_exact_search | Life and death of coral reefs |
| title_full | Life and death of coral reefs Charles Birkeland, ed. |
| title_fullStr | Life and death of coral reefs Charles Birkeland, ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Life and death of coral reefs Charles Birkeland, ed. |
| title_short | Life and death of coral reefs |
| title_sort | life and death of coral reefs |
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| topic_facet | Ecologie Koraalriffen Coral reef biology Coral reef ecology Ökologie Korallenriff |
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