Language awareness:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York
St. Martin's Press
1994
|
Ausgabe: | 6. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIV, 511 S. Ill. |
ISBN: | 0312084102 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | SIXTH EDITION
Language
Awareness
EDITORS
Paul Eschholz
Alfred Rosa
Virginia Clark
University of Vermont
ST MARTIN S PRESS New York
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
I DISCOVERING LANGUAGE
Malcolm X Coming to an Awareness of Language 9
1 saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a dictionary—to
study, to learn some words
Helen Keller The Day Language Came into My Life 13
The celebrated deaf and blind writer recalls her discovery of language
Peter Farb The Story of Human Language 17
Not every human being can play the violin, do calculus, jump high hur-
dles, or sail a canoe, no matter how excellent his teachers or how arduous
his training—but every person constantly creates utterances never before
spoken on earth
Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman What Is Language? 25
To understand our humanity we must understand the language that
makes us human
Writing Assignments for Discovering Language 34
II LANGUAGE USE AND MISUSE 37
S I Hayakawa and Alan R Hayakawa Giving Things Names 39
Two semanticists believe that naming is not a matter of identifying
essences It is simply a reflection of social convenience or necessity
Newman P Birk and Genevieve B Birk Selection, Slanting, and
Charged Language 47
Two researchers describe some ways language can be manipulated to
create particular impressions
William Lutz The World of Doublespeak 59
- An English professor exposes the disguises of doublespeak, language
which pretends to communicate but doesn t
George Orwell Politics and the English Language 70
The English language is like the air we breathe When it becomes
polluted, we all suffer
Writing Assignments for Language Use and Misuse 83
ix
CONTENTS
III USAGE, WORDS, AND STANDARD ENGLISH 87
Paul Roberts A Brief History of English 89
In 1500 English was a minor language, spoken by a few people on a
small island Now it is perhaps the greatest language of the world
• David Crystal The Prescriptive Tradition 101
A British linguist examines the prescriptivist attitudes that motivate a
widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained
BillBryson Order out of Chaos 108
The English-speaking world has the finest dictionaries, a somewhat cu-
rious fact when you consider that we have never formalized the business
of compiling them
Dorothy Z Seymour Black Children, Black Speech 122
Should children who speak Black English be excused from learning the
Standard in school? Should they perhaps be given books in Black English
to leam from?
Rachel L Jones What s Wrong with Black English 131
A student s goal is to see more black people, like herself, less dependent
on a dialect that excludes them from full participation
Lance Morrow If Slang Is Not a Sin 135
A respected columnist explores the relative decline of slang in America
- Robert MacNeil English Belongs to Everybody 140
A language enthusiast puts to rest the fear that English is on the skids as
some pop-grammarians would have the public believe
Writing Assignments for Usage, Words, and
Standard English 145
IV THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICS 147
Donna Woolfolk Cross Propaganda: How Not to Be
Bamboozled 149
If we are to continue to be a government by the people, let us become
^ informed about the methods and purposes of propaganda, so we can be
the masters, not the slaves of our destiny
Peggy Noonan Speech! Speech! 160
Speeches are important because they are one of the great constants of
our political history
Casebook: A Selection of Political Texts for Analysis 176
Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence 176
No document in history offers a more logical or stirring argument for hu-
man rights than the Declaration of Independence
CONTENTS Xi
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions 181
A nineteenth-century reformer presents a list of grievances against laws
and customs that restrict the rights of all women
Abraham Lincoln The Gettysburg Address 186
The great emancipator renders a classic statement of American ideals and
principles of government
John F Kennedy Inaugural Address 188
A young president implores his fellow Americans to ask not what your
country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country
Martin Luther King, Jr I Have a Dream 192
The great civil rights leader gives his vision of freedom and equality
William Jefferson Clinton Inaugural Address 197
The first American president born after World War II challenges Ameri-
cans to make change our friend and not our enemy
Writing Assignments for The Language of Politics 201
V THE LANGUAGE OF MEDIA AND ADVERTISING 203
Neil Postman Now This 205
A media watcher points out the frightening implications of television
news programs that fail to see life as a complex series of interrelated
events
Gloria Steinem Sex, Lies, and Advertising 217
The magazines serving the female half of this country are still far below
the journalistic and ethical standards of news and general interest publica-
tions
Jib Fowles Advertising s Fifteen Basic Appeals 231
A mass media professor examines the basic emotional appeals that adver-
tising makes to each one of us
Jeffrey Schrank The Language of Advertising Claims 249
Students, and many teachers, are notorious believers in their immunity
• to advertising
Ron Rosenbaum The Hard Sell 257
A New York writer believes that contemporary advertising has succeeded
by boldly scaring and humiliating customers
Consumers Union It s Natural! It s Organic! Or Is It? 268
A nonprofit consumer group wants us to read labels carefully Many
products don t deliver what they seem to promise
Writing Assignments for The Language of Media and
Advertising 276
XU CONTENTS
VI PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION, AND LANGUAGE 285
Gordon Allport The Language of Prejudice 287
A leading expert on prejudice discusses some of the ways in which lan-
guage itself, very often subtly, expresses and even causes prejudice
5 / Hayakawa and Alan R Hayakawa Words with Built-in
Judgments 298
The power of some words to hurt and victimize is made clear by these
leading language experts
Gloria Naylor The Meanings of a Word 305
An African-American writer believes that words themselves are innoc-
uous; it is the consensus that gives them true power
Rosalie Maggio A Guide to Nondiscriminatory Language 309
One of the most rewarding side effects of breaking away from tradi-
tional, biased language is a dramatic improvement in writing style
Writing Assignments for Prejudice, Discrimination,
and Language 322
VII CULTURAL DIVERSITY: SEARCHING FOR COMMON
GROUND 325
Barbara Ehrenreich Drawing the Line 327
A popular journalist spoofs the English-only movement and its motives
EditeCunha Talking in the New Land 331
Your name will be Mary Edith Cunha, she declared In America you
- only need two or three names Mary Edith is a lovely name And it will
be easier to pronounce
Roberto Santiago Black and Latino 342
There is no way that you can be black and Puerto Rican at the same
time What? Despite the many times I ve heard this over the years, that
statement still perplexes me
itabariNjeri What s in a Name? 345
V What s your real name?
Itabari Njeri is my real, legal name, I explain
•Amy Tan The Language of Discretion 352
To this day, I wonder which parts of my behavior were shaped by Chi-
nese, which by English I am tempted to think, for example, that if I am
of two minds on some matter it is due to the richness of my linguistic
experiences
Writing Assignments for Cultural Diversity: Searching for
Common Ground 361
CONTENTS
VIII GENDER AND LANGUAGE 363
Alleen Pace Nilsen Sexism in English: A 1990s Update 365
A study of the dictionary provides some surprising linguistic evidence for
the view of gender in our society
Casey Miller and Kate Swift One Small Step for Genkind 377
Two pioneers in the study of sexism and language demonstrate the ways
in which language discriminates against women
Deborah Tannen I ll Explain It to You: Lecturing and
Listening 389
One situation that frustrates many women is a conversation that has
mysteriously turned into a lecture, with the man delivering the lecture to
the woman, who has become an appreciative audience
Bernard R Goldberg Television Insults Men, Too 404
A CBS journalist wonders why nobody complains about the male-bashing
taking place on television
Writing Assignments for Gender and Language 407
IX EUPHEMISM AND TABOOS 411
Neil Postman Euphemism 413
A professor of media ecology argues that while some euphemisms are
bad, others serve worthwhile social purposes
S I Hayakawa and Alan R Hayakawa Verbal Taboo 418
In every language, there seem to be unmentionables —words of such
strong affective connotations that they cannot be used in polite discourse
Barbara Lawrence Four-Letter Words Can Hurt You 422
Why should any words be called obscene? Don t they all describe natu-
ral human functions?
Michael Callen AIDS: The Linguistic Battlefield 426
When I was diagnosed in 1982, I decided that I d have to pay close at-
tention to the language of AIDS—to keep my wits about me in order to
see beyond the obfuscating medical mumbo-jumbo meant to dazzle me
V into a deadly passivity
Writing Assignments for Euphemism and Taboos 433
X CENSORSHIP AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT 437
Nat Hentoff Speech Codes on the Campus and Problems of Free
Speech 439
A longtime First Amendment advocate reports on the rise of speech
codes on American college campuses
Xiv CONTENTS
Susan Jacoby Notes from a Free-Speech Junkie 447
An essayist and Times columnist takes on feminists out to censor pornog-
raphy
Caryl Rivers What Should Be Done about Rock Lyrics? 451
Make no mistake, it is not sex we are talking about here, but violence
Violence against women
Tipper Gore Curbing the Sexploitation Industry 455
I m not advocating censorship but rather a candid and vigorous debate
about the dangers posed for our children by what I call the sexploitation
industry
Frank Zappa The Wives of Big Brother 459
A famous rock musician questions the motives of the Parents Music
Resource Center
Writing Assignments for Censorship and the First
Amendment 466
XI WRITING WELL: FIVE WRITERS ON WRITING 469
Maxine Hairston What Happens When People Write? 471
A respected teacher of writing offers an overview of how professional
writers work and then examines two basic types of writing
Jack Rawlins Five Principles for Getting Good Ideas 477
Helpful advice on how to get not just ideas but good ideas
Linda Flower Writing for an Audience 483
The goal of the writer is to create a momentary common ground between
the reader and the writer
William Zinsser Simplicity 486
If you find that writing is hard, it s because it is hard It s one of the
hardest things that people do
Lewis Thomas Notes on Punctuation 492
A leading scientist and writer offers a refreshingly entertaining view of
punctuation
Writing Assignments for Writing Well: Five Writers on
Writing 495
Rhetorical Table of Contents 497
Glossary of Rhetorical Terms 500
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spellingShingle | Language awareness Lenguaje e idiomas Englisch College readers English language Rhetoric Problems, exercises, etc Language awareness Readers Language awareness Report writing Problems, exercises, etc Psycholinguistik (DE-588)4127537-8 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sondersprache (DE-588)4116530-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4127537-8 (DE-588)4077623-2 (DE-588)4116530-5 (DE-588)4014777-0 |
title | Language awareness |
title_auth | Language awareness |
title_exact_search | Language awareness |
title_full | Language awareness eds. Paul Eschholz ... |
title_fullStr | Language awareness eds. Paul Eschholz ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Language awareness eds. Paul Eschholz ... |
title_short | Language awareness |
title_sort | language awareness |
topic | Lenguaje e idiomas Englisch College readers English language Rhetoric Problems, exercises, etc Language awareness Readers Language awareness Report writing Problems, exercises, etc Psycholinguistik (DE-588)4127537-8 gnd Soziolinguistik (DE-588)4077623-2 gnd Sondersprache (DE-588)4116530-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Lenguaje e idiomas Englisch College readers English language Rhetoric Problems, exercises, etc Language awareness Readers Language awareness Report writing Problems, exercises, etc Psycholinguistik Soziolinguistik Sondersprache |
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