Electronic distance measurement: an introduction ; with 18 tables
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | German |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1996
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 276 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540611592 0387611592 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Rüeger, Jean M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electronic distance measurement |b an introduction ; with 18 tables |c J. M. Rüeger |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 276 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804125551062941696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | J. M. RIIEGER
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
AN INTRODUCTION
FOURTH EDITION
WITH 56 FIGURES AND 18 TABLES
SPRINGER
CONTENTS
HISTORY 1
2 PHYSICAL LAWS AND UNITS RELATED TO EDM 3
2.1 DEFINITIONS 3
2.2 FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 5
2.3 VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM 6
2.4 UNITS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS 8
2.4.1 SECOND OF TIME 8
2.4.2 METRE 8
2.4.3 KELVIN 9
2.4.4 OTHER UNITS YI EDM 9
3 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF EDM 11
3.1 PULSE METHOD 11
3.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE PULSE METHOD 11
3.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF THE PULSE METHOD 12
3.2 PHASE DIFFERENCE METHOD 14
3.2.1 PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSMITTED AND RECEIV-
ED SIGNAL 14
3.2.2 PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO RECEIVED SIGNALS ... 21
3.3 DOPPLER METHODS 23
3.4 INTERFEROMETRY 26
3.4.1 PRINCIPLE OF A MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER 26
3.4.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THE HP 5526A LASER
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 27
3.4.3 VAISALA INTERFERENCE COMPARATOR 29
XI
4 BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE
METERS 31
4.1 ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 31
4.1.1 PRINCIPLE AND COMPONENTS 31
4.1.2 METHODS OF MODULATION AND DEMODULATION OF
LIGHT AND NIR WAVES 34
4.1.3 METHODS OF PHASE MEASUREMENT 41
4.2 MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS 44
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 44
4.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE AND COMPONENTS 44
4.2.3 EFFECTS OF REFLECTIONS IN MICROWAVE EDM
(MULTIPATH) 46
5 PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THROUGH
THE ATMOSPHERE 48
5.1 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE 48
5.2 RANGE OF EDM INSTRUMENTS 49
5.3 PHASE REFRACTIVE INDEX 51
5.4 GROUP REFRACTIVE INDEX OF LIGHT AND NIR WAVES
FOR STANDARD CONDITIONS 51
5.4.1 FIRST EXAMPLE 53
5.4.2 SECOND EXAMPLE 53
5.4.3 THIRD EXAMPLE 54
5.4.4 ERROR ANALYSIS 54
5.5 GROUP REFRACTIVE INDEX OF LIGHT AND NIR WAVES AT
AMBIENT CONDITIONS 54
5.5.1 ERROR ANALYSIS 55
5.5.2 OMISSION OF HUMIDITY 56
5.6 REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MICROWAVES 56
5.6.1 ERROR PROPAGATION 57
5.7 COEFFICIENT OF REFRACTION 58
5.8 MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS 60
5.8.1 MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 60
5.8.2 MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE 61
5.8.3 MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY 62
5.8.4 COMPUTATION OF PARTIAL WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE
FROM PSYCHROMETER MEASUREMENTS 63
5.8.5 COMPUTATION OF PARTIAL WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE
FROM RELATIVE HUMIDITY 65
5.9 DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 66
5.9.1 NORMAL PROCEDURES 66
XII
5.9.2 LIMITATIONS OF NORMAL PROCEDURES 67
5.9.3 SPECIAL PROCEDURES 69
6 VELOCITY CORRECTIONS TO MEASURED DISTANCES 73
6.1 REFERENCE REFRACTIVE INDEX 73
6.2 FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION 74
6.2.1 DERIVATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR THE
INFRARED DISTANCE METER KERN DM501 76
6.2.2 DERIVATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR THE
INFRARED DISTANCE METER PENTAX PM-81 76
6.2.3 DERIVATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR THE
PULSE DISTANCE METER DISTOMAT WILD DI3000 77
6.2.4 DERIVATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR THE
MICROWAVE DISTANCE METER SIEMENS-ALBIS SIAL
MD60 78
6.2.5 DERIVATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR THE
MICROWAVE DISTANCE METER TELLUROMETER CA1000 .. 78
6.3 REAL-TIME APPLICATION OF FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION
BY EDM INSTRUMENT 79
6.4 SECOND VELOCITY CORRECTION 80
6.5 REFINED METHOD OF REDUCTION OF MEASURED DIS-
TANCE TO WAVE PATH CHORD 82
7 GEOMETRICAL CORRECTIONS 84
7.1 REDUCTION TO THE SPHEROID USING STATION HEIGHTS .. 84
7.1.1 FIRST METHOD: STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTION 87
7.1.2 SECOND METHOD: CLOSED SOLUTION 1 91
7.1.3 ANALYSIS OF ERRORS 92
7.2 REDUCTION TO THE SPHEROID, USING MEASURED ZENITH
ANGLES 93
7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 93
7.2.2 REDUCTION TO THE SPHEROID: CLOSED SOLUTION....... 95
7.2.3 REDUCTION TO THE SPHEROID: STEP-BY-STEP SOLUTION .. 96
7.2.4 ANALYSIS OF ERRORS 99
8 MISCELLANEOUS CORRECTIONS, COMPUTATIONS AND
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 101
8.1 CORRECTION OF MEASURED DISTANCE TO ZENITH ANGLE
RAY PATH 101
XIII
8.1.1 CORRECTION FOR UNEQUAL HEIGHTS OF THEODOLITE,
EDM INSTRUMENT, TARGET AND REFLECTOR 101
8.1.2 CORRECTION FOR THEODOLITE-MOUNTED EDM
INSTRUMENTS 103
8.1.3 CORRECTION FOR TELESCOPE-MOUNTED EDM
INSTRUMENTS 104
8.2 EYE-TO-OBJECT CORRECTIONS FOR ZENITH ANGLES AND
DISTANCES 105
8.2.1 EYE-TO-OBJECT CORRECTION FOR ZENITH ANGLES 105
8.2.2 EYE-TO-OBJECT CORRECTION FOR DISTANCES 106
8.2.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 107
8.3 HEIGHT DIFFERENCE FROM MEASURED ZENITH ANGLE(S)
AND SLOPE DISTANCE 108
8.3.1 SINGLE ZENITH ANGLE MEASUREMENT 108
8.3.2 RECIPROCAL ZENITH ANGLE MEASUREMENTS 110
8.4 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF REFRACTION
FROM RECIPROCAL ZENITH ANGLE MEASUREMENTS ILL
8.4.1 DERIVATION OF THE EQUATION FOR THE COEFFICIENT OF
REFRACTION ILL
8.4.2 ERROR ANALYSIS 113
8.5 REDUCTION TO CENTRE OF DISTANCES 114
8.5.1 ANGLES AND DISTANCES MEASURED AT SATELLITE STATION 114
8.5.2 ANGLES MEASURED AT CENTRE STATION, DISTANCES AT
SATELLITE STATION 116
8.6 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 117
8.6.1 REDUCTION OF A LONG DISTANCE 117
8.6.2 REDUCTION OF A SHORT DISTANCE 120
9 ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE METERS 123
9.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE METERS .. 123
9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO RANGE 123
9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ACCURACY 124
9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF
INTEGRATION WITH THEODOLITES 124
9.1.4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF MODERN SHORT RANGE DISTANCE
METERS 128
9.2 DESIGN OF SOME ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE METERS .. 135
9.2.1 KERN DM500 135
9.2.2 TOPCON ET-1 139
9.2.3 DISTOMAT WILD DI3000 141
9.2.4 KERN MEKOMETER ME5000 145
XIV
10 REFLECTORS 148
10.1 INTRODUCTION 148
10.2 GLASS PRISM REFLECTORS 150
10.2.1 ACCURACY OF REFLECTORS 152
10.2.2 SHAPE AND SIZE OF REFLECTORS 153
10.2.3 PHASE AND GROUP REFRACTIVE INDEX IN GLASS 155
10.2.4 REFLECTOR CONSTANT 156
10.2.5 EFFECTS OF ERRORS OF REFLECTOR ALIGNMENT 158
10.2.6 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 163
10.2.7 CARE OF REFLECTORS 164
11 BATTERIES AND OTHER POWER SOURCES 165
11.1 REVIEW OF POWER SOURCES 165
11.2 BATTERIES USED IN EDM 167
11.2.1 PRIMARY BATTERIES 167
11.2.2 SECONDARY BATTERIES 167
11.3 SEALED NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES 168
11.3.1 CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLE 168
11.3.2 DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS 170
11.3.3 CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS 171
11.3.4 CAPACITY AND LIFE OF BATTERY 172
12 ERRORS OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE METERS 174
12.1 ADDITIVE CONSTANT 174
12.2 SHORT PERIODIC ERRORS *; 175
12.2.1 ELECTRICAL OR OPTICAL CROSSTALK ERRORS 175
12.2.2 ANALOGUE PHASE MEASUREMENT ERRORS 177
12.2.3 MULTIPATH ERRORS 178
12.2.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 178
12.2.5 REDUCTION OF SHORT PERIODIC ERRORS 179
12.3 SCALE ERRORS /... 179
12.3.1 OSCILLATOR ERRORS 179
12.3.2 DIODE ERRORS 181
12.4 NON-LINEAR DISTANCE-DEPENDENT ERRORS 181
12.5 SUMMARY AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ERRORS 183
XV
13 CALIBRATION OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE METERS 186
13.1 INTRODUCTION 186
13.1.1 REASONS FOR CALIBRATION 186
13.1.2 CONCEPT OF CALIBRATION 187
13.2 CALIBRATION ON EDM BASELINES 189
13.2.1 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF EDM BASELINES 189
13.2.2 PHYSICAL DESIGN 195
13.2.3 MEASUREMENTS ON EDM BASELINES 197
13.2.4 ANALYSIS OF BASELINE MEASUREMENTS 199
13.2.5 DETERMINATION OF BASELINE LENGTHS 207
13.3 CALIBRATION ON CYCLIC ERROR TESTLINES 208
13.3.1 DESIGN OF AND MEASUREMENTS ON CYCLIC ERROR
TESTLINES 209
13.3.2 SEMI-GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SHORT PERIODIC ERRORS 211
13.3.3 ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF SHORT PERIODIC ERRORS . 213
13.4 CALIBRATION OF MODULATION FREQUENCY 217
13.4.1 FREQUENCY MEASURING TECHNIQUES 217
13.4.2 CALIBRATION OF AGEING AND WARM-UP EFFECTS 218
13.4.3 FREQUENCY VERSUS TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC 220
13.5 ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS OF EDM INSTRUMENTS 220
APPENDICES 222
A. FIRST VELOCITY CORRECTION FOR PRECISE ELECTRO-OPTICAL
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT 222
B. TABLES OF SATURATION WATER VAPOUR PRESSURES 225
C. PARAMETERS OF THE ICAO STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 230
D. DATA OF A SELECTION OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISTANCE
METERS AS REQUIRED FOR THE DERIVATION OF THE FIRST
VELOCITY CORRECTION AND FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES .. 232
E. TECHNICAL DATA OF A SELECTION OF SHORT RANGE
DISTANCE METERS 241
F. TECHNICAL DATA OF A SELECTION OF PULSE DISTANCE
* METERS 251
G. TECHNICAL DATA OF A SELECTION OF LONG RANGE
DISTANCE METERS 255
H. CRITICAL DIMENSIONS OF A SELECTION OF REFLECTORS ... 257
REFERENCES 259
SUBJECT INDEX 269
XVI
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:03:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540611592 0387611592 |
| language | German |
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| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-706 |
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| spelling | Rüeger, Jean M. Verfasser aut Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables J. M. Rüeger 4. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1996 XIX, 276 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elektronische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151915-2 gnd rswk-swf Elektrooptische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151939-5 gnd rswk-swf Elektrooptische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151939-5 s DE-604 Elektronische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151915-2 s DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007408710&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rüeger, Jean M. Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables Elektronische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151915-2 gnd Elektrooptische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151939-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4151915-2 (DE-588)4151939-5 |
| title | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables |
| title_auth | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables |
| title_exact_search | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables |
| title_full | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables J. M. Rüeger |
| title_fullStr | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables J. M. Rüeger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electronic distance measurement an introduction ; with 18 tables J. M. Rüeger |
| title_short | Electronic distance measurement |
| title_sort | electronic distance measurement an introduction with 18 tables |
| title_sub | an introduction ; with 18 tables |
| topic | Elektronische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151915-2 gnd Elektrooptische Entfernungsmessung (DE-588)4151939-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektronische Entfernungsmessung Elektrooptische Entfernungsmessung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007408710&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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