Managerial economics in a global economy:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1996
|
| Edition: | 3. ed., internat. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXIII, 723 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0070571155 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Managerial economics in a global economy |c Dominick Salvatore |
| 250 | |a 3. ed., internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIII, 723 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | ¦¦¦¦^¦B Contents in Brief
Case Studies xxiii
Preface xxvii
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION i
chapter 1 The Nature and Scope of Managerial Economics 2
APPENDIX: The Basics of Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium 25
chapter 2 Optimization Techniques and New Management Tools 33
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY ONE:
The Decision to Invest in Wendy s Restaurants 73
PART TWO: DEMAND ANALYSIS 77
chapter 3 Demand Theory 78
APPENDIX: Behind the Market Demand Curve—The Theory of consumer
Choice 116
chapter 4 Demand Estimation 124
chapter 5 Demand Forecasting 172
APPENDIX: Input Output Forecasting 208
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY TWO:
Estimating and Forecasting the U.S. Demand for Electricity 217
PART THREE: PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS 221
chapters Production Theory and Estimation 222
APPENDIX: Production Analysis with Calculus 267
chapter 7 Cost Theory and Estimation ziz
APPENDIX: Cost Analysis with Calculus 316
vii
s
vili Contents in Brief I
chapter 8 Linear Programming 319 |
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY THREE: |
Production and Cost Functions in the Petroleum Industry, I
Duality and Linear Programming 368 i
PART FOUR: MARKET STRUCTURE AND PRICING I
PRACTICES 363
chapter 9 Market Structure: Perfect Competition, Monopoly, and ;
Monopolistic Competition 364
APPENDIX: Profit Maximization with Calculus 403 4
chapter 10 Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior 407
APPENDIX: Oligopoly Theory with Calculus 446
chapter 11 Pricing Practices 453
APPENDIX: Third Degree Price Discrimination with Calculus 494 i
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FOUR:
The Art of Devising Air Fares 498
PART FIVE: REGULATION, RISK ANALYSIS, AND I
CAPITAL BUDGETING 503 {
chapter 12 Regulation and Antitrust: The Role of Government in the j
Economy 504 j
chapter 13 Risk Analysis 542 f
chapter 14 Long Run Investment Decisions: Capital Budgeting 588 :
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FIVE:
Regulation, Risk, Capital Budgeting, and the Price of
International Telephone Calls 617
APPENDIXES 621
appendixa: Compounding, Discounting, and Present Value 623
appendix b: Interest Factor Tables 633
appendix c: Statistical Tables 643
appendix d: Answers to Selected (Asterisked) Problems 651
Glossary 692
Indexes 711
Case Studies xxiii
Preface xxwii
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
chapter 1 The Nature and Scope of Managerial Economics 2
1 1 The Scope of Managerial Economics 3
Definition of Managerial Economics 3
Relationship to Economic Theory 4
Relationship to the Decision Sciences 5
Relationship to the Functional Areas of Business Administration Studies 6
Case Study 1 1: Decision Making in Business and Military Strategy 6
; Case Study 1 2: The Management Revolution 7
I 1 2 The Theory of the Firm 8
; Reasons for the Existence of Firms and Their Functions 8
I The Objective and Value of the Firm 9
i Constraints on the Operation of the Firm 11
¦ Limitations of the Theory of the Firm 11
; Case Study 1 3: The Objective and Strategy of Firms in the Cigarette Industry 13
Case Study 1 4: The Virtual Corporation 14
1 3 The Nature and Function of Profits 15
Business Versus Economic Profit 15
Theories of Profit 16
Function of Profit 17
Case Study 1 5: Profits in the Personal Computer Industry 17
1 4 The International Framework of Managerial Economics 18
Case Study 1 6: The Rise of the Global Corporation 19
Case Study 1 7: Training Global Executives 20
Case Study 1 8: The Business Leader of the Future 21
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 22
APPENDIX: The Basics of Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium 25
The Demand Side of the Market 25
The Supply Side of the Market 26
The Equilibrium Price 27
ix
x Contents !
Shift in the Demand Curve and Equilibrium 28 |
Shift in the Supply Curve and Equilibrium 29 j
Case Study 1 9: Changes in Demand and Supply and the Price of PCs 30 ¦_
Supplementary Readings 31 j
chapter 2 Optimization Techniques and New Management Tools 33 j
2 1 Methods of Expressing Economic Relationships 34
2 2 Total, Average, and Marginal Relationships 36
Total, Average, and Marginal Cost 36 j
Geometric Derivation of the Average and Marginal Cost Curves 38 f
Case Study 2 1: Total, Average, and Marginal Cost in the U.S. Steel Industry 39
2 3 Optimization Analysis 40 ;
Profit Maximization by the Total Revenue and Total Cost Approach 41 ;
Optimization by Marginal Analysis 42
Case Study 2 2: Optimal Pollution Control 43 :
2 4 Differential Calculus: The Derivative and Rules of Differentiation 44 :
The Concept of the Derivative 44
Rules of Differentiation 46
2 5 Optimization with Calculus 51
Determining a Maximum or a Minimum by Calculus 51
Distinguishing Between a Maximum and a Minimum: The Second Derivative 51 ;
2 6 Multiwariate Optimization 53 «
Partial Derivatives 53
Maximizing a Multivariable Function 55 •
Case Study 2 3: Optimal Product Quality and Total Profits at Hewlett Packard 56
2 7 Constrained Optimization 56
Constrained Optimization by Substitution 57
Constrained Optimization by the Lagrangian Multiplier Method 58
Case Study 2 4: Constrained Profit Maximization at Fast Food Restaurants 59
2 8 New Management Tools for Optimization 60
Benchmarking 60
Case Study 2 5: Benchmarking at Xerox and Ford 61
Total Quality Management 61
Case Study 2 6: Total Quality Management at Johnson Johnson, Motorola,
and Tenneco 62
Reengineering 63
Case Study 2 7: Reengineering at GE 64
The Learning Organization 64
Case Study 2 8: Applying Learning Organization Principles at Ford 65
New Management Tools and Functional Specialization in Managerial Economics 66
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 67
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY ONE:
The Decision to Invest in Wendy s Restaurants 73
Contents xi
PART TWO: DEMAND ANALYSIS 77
chapter 3 Demand Theory 78
3 1 The Demand for a Commodity 79
An Individual s Demand for a Commodity 80
From Individual to Market Demand 83
The Demand Faced by a Firm 85
Case Study 3 1: The Demand for Big Macs 87
: Case Study 3 2: The Demand for Sweet Potatoes in the United States 88
! 3 2 Price Elasticity of Demand 90
I Point Price Elasticity of Demand 90
! Arc Price Elasticity of Demand 93
: Price Elasticity, Total Revenue, and Marginal Revenue 94
! Factors Affecting the Price Elasticity of Demand 97
I Case Study 3 3: Price Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 99
i 3 3 Income Elasticity of Demand 100
j Case Study 3 4: Income Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 102
! 3 4 Cross Price Elasticity of Demand 103
j Case Study 3 5: Cross Price Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 105
I Case Study 3 6: Substitution Between Domestic and Foreign Goods 106
£ 3 5 Using Elasticities in Managerial Decision Making 106
I 3 6 International Convergence of Tastes 109
Case Study 3 7: Gillette Introduces the Sensor Razor—A Truly Global Product 109
Case Study 3 8: The New World Car by Ford 110
I Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 111
( APPENDIX: Behind the Market Demand Curve—The Theory of Consumer
I Choice 116
The Consumer s Tastes: Indifference Curves 117
The Consumer s Constraints: The Budget Line 118
I The Consumer s Equilibrium 119
I Derivation of the Consumer s Demand Curve 119
I Income and Substitution Effects of a Price Change 121
I The Theory of Consumer Choice Mathematically 122
I Supplementary Readings 123
I
I chapter 4 Demand Estimation 124
) 4 1 The Identification Problem 125
I 4 2 Marketing Research Approaches to Demand Estimation 127
I Consumer Surveys and Observational Research 128
| Case Study 4 1: Micromarketing: Marketeers Zero In on Their Customers 129
I Case Study 4 2: With the Spread of Home TV Shopping, Retailing Will Never Be
I the Same Again 130
1 Consumer Clinics 130
j Market Experiments 131
xii Contents f
Case Study 4 3: Estimation of the Demand for Oranges by Market Experiment 132 |
4 3 Introduction to Regression Analysis 133 :
4 4 Simple Regression Analysis 136 I
The Ordinary Least Squares Method 136
Tests of Significance of Parameter Estimates 139 i
Other Aspects of Significance Tests and Confidence Intervals 141 ::
Test of Goodness of Fit and Correlation 142
4 5 Multiple Regression Analysis 145 ,
The Multiple Regression Model 146
The Coefficient of Determination and Adjusted ft2 148 !
Analysis of Variance 149
Point and Interval Estimates 150 :
4 6 Problems in Regression Analysis 151
Multicollinearity 151
Heteroscedasticity 151
Autocorrelation 153 :
4 7 Demand Estimation by Regression Analysis 154 :
Model Specification 154
Collecting Data on the Variables 155 ;
Specifying the Form of the Demand Equation 155
Testing the Econometric Results 157 s
Case Study 4 4: Estimation of the Demand for Air Travel over the North Atlantic 157 ;
4 8 Estimating the Demand for U.S. Imports and Exports 158 !
Case Study 4 5: The Major Commodity Exports and Imports of the United States 161 !
Case Study 4 6: The Major Trade Partners of the United States 162 ;
Case Study 4 7: The Top U.S. Exporters 162 :
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 163 ¦
chapters Demand Forecasting 172
5 1 Qualitative Forecasts 174
Survey Techniques 174
Opinion Polls 175
Soliciting a Foreign Perspective 176
Case Study 5 1: Forecasting the Number of McDonald s Restaurants Worldwide 177
5 2 Time Series Analysis 177
Reasons for Fluctuations in Time Series Data 178
Trend Projection 180
Seasonal Variation 182
Case Study 5 2: Forecasting New Housing Starts with Time Series Analysis 185
5 3 Smoothing Techniques 186
Moving Averages 186
Exponential Smoothing 188
Case Study 5 3: Forecasting Copper Sales with Smoothing Techniques 190
Contents xiii
5 4 Barometric Methods 191
Case Study 5 4: Forecasting the Level of Economic Activity with Composite and
Diffusion Indices 195
5 5 Econometric Models 196
Single Equation Models 196
Case Study 5 5: Forecasting the Demand for Air Travel over the North Atlantic 197
Multiple Equation Models 197
Case Study 5 6: Economic Forecasts with Large Econometric Models 200
Case Study 5 7: Risks in Demand Forecasting 201
i Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 201
j APPENDIX: Input Output Forecasting 208
i Input Output Tables 208
1 Direct Requirements Matrix 209
S Total Requirements Matrix 210
! Forecasting with Input Output Tables 210
i Uses and Shortcomings of Input Output Forecasting 211
i Case Study 5 8: Using the Total Requirements Matrix for Forecasting in the
( United States 212
j Supplementary Readings 213
j. INTEGRATING CASE STUDY TWO:
I Estimating and Forecasting the U.S. Demand for Electricity 217
PART THREE: PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS 221
chapters Production Theory and Estimation 222
6 1 The Organization of Production and the Production Function 223
The Organization of Production 223
The Production Function 224
6 2 The Production Function with One Variable Input 227
Total, Average, and Marginal Product 227
The Law of Diminishing Returns and Stages of Production 230
6 3 Optimal Use of the Variable Input 232
6 4 The Production Function with Two Variable Inputs 234
Production Isoquants 235
Economic Region of Production 235
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution 237
Perfect Substitutes and Complementary Inputs 239
6 5 Optimal Combination of Inputs 241
Isocost Unes 241
Optimal Input Combination for Minimizing Costs or Maximizing Output 242
Profit Maximization 244
Effect of Change in Input Prices 245
Case Study 6 1: Substitutability Between Gasoline Consumption and Driving Time 246
I
xiv Contents I
6 6 Returns to Scale 247 1
Case Study 6 2: Returns to Scale in U.S. Manufacturing Industries 249 i
Case Study 6 3: General Motors Decides Smaller Is Better 250
6 7 Empirical Production Functions 250 ^
Case Study 6 4: Output Elasticities in U.S. Manufacturing Industries 252 i
6 8 Comparative Advantage, Technology, and International Competitiveness 293 J
Comparative Advantage and International Trade 253 ?
Case Study 6 5: The Comparative Advantage of the United States, Europe, and Japan 254 Y
Meaning and Importance of Innovations 255 ;
Case Study 6 6: How Do Firms Get New Technology? 256 J
Innovations and the International Competitiveness of U.S. Firms 257 j
Case Study 6 7: How Xerox Lost and Regained International Competitiveness 258 :
The New Computer Aided Production Revolution and U.S. International j
Competitiveness 259 .
Case Study 6 8: Relative Labor Productivity in the United States, Japan, and Germany 260 :
Case Study 6 9: The New U.S. Digital Factory 260
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 261
APPENDIX: Production Analysis with Calculus 267
Constrained Output Maximization 267
Constrained Cost Minimization 268
Profit Maximization 269 ;
Supplementary Readings 270 t
chapter 7 Cost Theory and Estimation 272
7 1 The Nature of Costs 273 1
7 2 Short Run Cost Functions 274
Short Run Total and Per Unit Cost Functions 275
Short Run Total and Per Unit Cost Curves 276
Case Study 7 1: Per Unit Cost Curves in the Cultivation of Corn 278
7 3 Long Run Cost Curves 279
Long Run Total Cost Curves 279
Long Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves 282
Case Study 7 2: The Long Run Average Cost Curve in Electricity Generation 284
7 4 Plant Size and Economies of Scale 285
Case Study 7 3: The Shape of the Long Run Average Cost Curve in Various U.S.
Industries 287
Case Study 7 4: Can Motorola Avoid Diseconomies of Scale As It Grows by Leaps
and Bounds? 288
7 5 Learning Curves 289
Case Study 7 5: To Reduce Costs, Firms Often Look Far Afield 291
Case Study 7 6: Tomorrow s Factory 292
7 6 Minimizing Costs Internationally—The New Economies of Scale 293
International Trade in Inputs 293
Case Study 7 7: Even the IBM PC Is Not All Americanl 294
Contents xv
The New International Economies of Scale 294
Immigration of Skilled Labor 295
7 7 Cost Volume Profit Analysis and Operating Leverage 296
Cost Volume Profit Analysis 296
Operating Leverage 299
Case Study 7 8: Breakeven Analysis for Lockheed s Tri Star Airbus and Europe s
Airbus Industrie 301
7 8 Empirical Estimation of Cost Functions 302
Data and Measurement Problems in Estimating Short Run Cost Functions 303
The Functional Form of Short Run Cost Functions 304
; Estimating Long Run Cost Functions with Cross Sectional Regression Analysis 305
Estimating Long Run Cost Functions with Engineering and Survival Techniques 307
; Case Study 7 9: Estimates of Short Run and Long Run Cost Functions 308
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 309
: APPENDIX: Cost Analysis with Calculus 316
j Supplementary Readings 317
j chapter 8 Linear Programming 319
I 8 1 Meaning, Assumptions, and Applications of Linear Programming 320
J The Meaning and Assumptions of Linear Programming 320
I Applications of Linear Programming 321
{ 8 2 Some Basic Linear Programming Concepts 323
I Production Processes and Isoquants in Linear Programming 323
I The Optimal Mix of Production Processes 324
( 8 3 Procedure Used in Formulating and Solving Linear Programming
{ Problems 326
( 8 4 Linear Programming: Profit Maximization 327
| Formulation of the Profit Maximization Linear Programming Problem 327
I Graphic Solution of the Profit Maximization Problem 329
| Extreme Points and the Simplex Method 332
I Algebraic Solution of the Profit Maximization Problem 333
I Case Study 8 1: Maximizing Profits in Blending Aviation Gasoline by Linear
i Programming 336
I Case Study 8 2: Linear Programming as a Tool of Portfolio Management 337
S 8 5 Linear Programming: Cost Minimization 337
Formulation of the Cost Minimization Linear Programming Problem 337
Graphic Solution of the Cost Minimization Problem 339
Algebraic Solution of the Cost Minimization Problem 340
Case Study 8 3: Cost Minimization Model for Warehouse Distribution Systems 341
8 6 The Dual Problem and Shadow Prices 342
The Meaning of Dual and Shadow Prices 342
The Dual of Profit Maximization 343
I The Dual of Cost Minimization 345
I Case Study 8 4: Shadow Prices in Closing an Airfield in a Forest Pest Control Program 346
1
xvi Contents !
8 7 Linear Programming and Logistic* in the Global Economy 346 J
Case Study 8 5: Measuring the Pure Efficiency of Operating Units 347 I
Case Study 8 6: Logistics at National Semiconductor, Saturn, and Compaq 348 j
8 8 Actual Solution of Linear Programming Problems on Personal Computers 349
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 351 J
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY THREE: i
Production and Cost Functions in the Petroleum Industry, ;
Duality, and Linear Programming 368 =
PART FOUR: MARKET STRUCTURE AND PRICING
PRACTICES
chapter o Market Structure: Perfect Competition, Monopoly, and
Monopolistic Competition 364
9 1 Market Structure and Degree of Competition 36S
9 2 Perfect Competition 366
Meaning and Importance of Perfect Competition 366
Case Study 9 1: Competition in the Stock Market 367
Price Determination under Perfect Competition 368
Short Run Analysis of a Perfectly Competitive Firm 370
Short Run Supply Curve of the Competitive Firm and Market 373 ,
Long Run Analysis of a Perfectly Competitive Firm 374
Case Study 9 2: Long Run Adjustment in the U.S. Cotton Textile Industry 375
9 3 Competition in the Global Economy 376
Domestic Demand and Supply, Imports, and Prices 376
Case Study 9 3: Economic Profiles of the EU, NAFTA, and Japan 377
The Dollar Exchange Rate and U.S. International Competitiveness 378
Case Study 9 4: Foreign Exchange Quotations 381
Case Study 9 5: The Depreciation of the Dollar and the Profitability of U.S. Firms 382
9 4 Monopoly 382
Sources of Monopoly 382
Case Study 9 6: Economies of Scale, Government Franchise, and Monopoly Power
in the Telecommunications Industry 384
Short Run Price and Output Determination under Monopoly 385
Long Run Price and Output Determination under Monopoly 386
Case Study 9 7: The Market Value of Monopoly Profits in the New York City Taxi
Industry 388
Comparison of Monopoly and Perfect Competition 388
9 5 Monopolistic Competition 391
Meaning and Importance of Monopolistic Competition 391
Case Study 9 8: The Monopolistically Competitive Restaurant Market 392
Short Run Price and Output Determination under Monopolistic Competition 393
Long Run Price and Output Determination under Monopolistic Competition 393
; Contents xvli
i Product Variation and Selling Expenses under Monopolistic Competition 395
: Case Study 9 9: Advertisers Are Taking on Competitors by Name 397
; Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 397
( APPENDIX: Profit Maximization with Calculus 403
1 Supplementary Readings 405
j chapter 10 Oligopoly and Strategic Behavior 407
! 10 1 Oligopoly and Market Concentration 408
( Oligopoly: Meaning and Sources 408
i Case Study 10 1: Brands: Thrive or Die 409
( Concentration Ratios, the Herfindahl Index, and Contestable Markets 410
j Case Study 10 2: industrial Concentration in the United States 411
I 10 2 Oligopoly Models 412
I The Kinked Demand Curve Model 413
t Cartel Arrangements 415
I Case Study 10 3: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Cartel 416
| Price Leadership 417
I Efficiency Implications of Oligopoly 419
I Case Study 10 4: Firm Size and Profitability 420
| 10 3 The Sales Maximization Model 421
j 10 4 The March of Global Oligopolists 422
t Case Study 10 5: The Rising Competition in Global Banking 425
I Case Study 10 6: The Globalization of the Pharmaceutical Industry 425
I 10 5 Strategic Behavior and Game Theory 426
I Strategic Behavior and Game Theory: Meaning and Importance 426
I Payoff Matrix for an Advertising Game 427
I Nash Equilibrium 428
i Case Study 10 7: Dell Computers and Nash Equilibrium 430
I 10 6 The Prisoners Dilemma, Price and Nonprice Competition, and Cartel
I Cheating 430
I The Prisoner s Dilemma 431
I Price Competition and the Prisoners Dilemma 432
1 Nonprice Competition, Cartel Cheating, and the Prisoners Dilemma 433
I Case Study 10 8: The Airlines Fare War and the Prisoners Dilemma 433
I 10 7 Extensions of Game Theory 434
I Repeated Games and Tlt for tat 434
I Threats, Commitments, and Credibility 435
I Entry Deterrence 436
« Case Study 10 9: Wal Mart s Preemptive Expansion Marketing Strategy 438
| 10 8 Strategic Behavior and International Competitiveness 439
I Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 440
I APPENDIX: Oligopoly Theory with Calculus 446
J The Kinked Demand Curve Model 446
xvili Contents |
The Centralized Cartel Model 447 J
The Market Sharing Cartel 449 !
The Sales Maximization Model 450 :
Supplementary Readings 451 j
chapter 11 Pricing Practices 453 f
11 1 Pricing of Multiple Products 454 !
Pricing of Products with Interrelated Demands 454 J~
Plant Capacity Utilization and Optimal Product Pricing 455 ,•_
Optimal Pricing of Joint Products Produced in Fixed Proportions 457
Optimal Pricing and Output of Joint Products Produced in Variable Proportions 459 t
Case Study 11 1: Optimal Pricing and Output by Gillette 461 i
11 2 Price Discrimination 462 ;
Meaning of and Conditions for Price Discrimination 462
First and Second Degree Price Discrimination 463
Third Degree Price Discrimination Graphically 465 ;
Third Degree Price Discrimination Algebraically 467
Case Study 11 2: Price Discrimination in the Pricing of Electricity by Con Edison 469
11 3 International Price Discrimination and Dumping 470
Case Study 11 3: Kodak Antidumping Victory over Fuji 471 ;
11 4 Transfer Pricing 471
Meaning and Nature of Transfer Pricing 471 ;
Transfer Pricing with No External Market for the Intermediate Product 472
Transfer Pricing with a Perfectly Competitive Market for the Intermediate Product 474 :
Transfer Pricing with an Imperfectly Competitive Market for the Intermediate Product 476
Case Study 11 4: Transfer Pricing by Multinational Corporations 478 .
11 5 Pricing in Practice 479
Cost Pius Pricing 479
Evaluation of Cost Pius Pricing 480
Incremental Analysis in Pricing 482
Case Study 11 5: Incremental Pricing at Continental Airlines 483
Case Study 11 6: Peak Load Pricing by Con Edison 484
Two Part Tariff, Tying, and Bundling 484
Case Study 11 7: Bundling in the Leasing of Movies 485
Other Pricing Practices 486
Case Study 11 8: No Haggling Value Pricing by General Motors 488
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems 488
APPENDIX: Third Degree Price Discrimination with Calculus 494
Supplementary Readings 496
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FOUR:
The Art of Devising Air Fares 49a
j Contents xix
! PART FIVE: REGULATION, RISK ANALYSIS, AND
| CAPITAL BUDGETING 503
! chapteri2 Regulation and Antitrust: The Role of Government in the
| Economy 504
I 12 1 Government Regulation to Support Business and to Protect
j Consumers, Workers, and the Environment 505
I Government Regulations That Restrict Competition 505
| Case Study 12 1: Restrictions on Competition in the Pricing of Milk in New York City 507
) Government Regulations to Protect Consumers, Workers, and the Environment 508
| Case Study 12 2: The FDA Steps Up Regulation of the Drug Industry 509
I Case Study 12 3: Regulation Greatly Reduced Air Pollution 510
I 12 2 Externalities and Regulation 511
j The Meaning and Importance of Externalities 511
j Policies to Deal with Externalities 513
| Case Study 12 4: The Market for Dumping Rights 515
( 12 3 Public Utility Regulation 516
( Public Utilities As Natural Monopolies 516
( Difficulties in Public Utility Regulation 518
j Case Study 12 5: Regulated Electricity Rate Increases for Con Edison 519
j: 12 4 Antitrust: Government Regulation of Market Structure and Conduct 520
I Sherman Act (1890) 520
Clayton Act (1914) 521
I Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) 521
1 Robinson Patman Act (1936) 522
Wheeler Lea Act (1938) 522
I Celler Kefauver Antimerger Act (1950) 522
I 12 5 Enforcement of Antitrust Laws and the Deregulation Movement 522
i Enforcement of Antitrust Laws: Some General Observations 522
i Enforcement of Antitrust Laws: Structure 523
| Case Study 12 6: The IBM and AT T Cases 525
j Case Study 12 7: Antitrust and the New Merger Boom 525
j Enforcement of Antitrust Laws: Conduct 526
I The Deregulation Movement 527
I Case Study 12 8: Deregulation of the Airline Industry: An Assessment 529
I 12 6 Regulation of International Competition 530
I Case Study 12 9: Voluntary Export Restraints on Japanese Automobiles to the
f United States 532
( Case Study 12 10: Reductions of Trade Restrictions under the Uruguay Round 533
I Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 534
( chapter 13 Risk Analysis 542
{ 13 1 Risk and Uncertainty in Managerial Decision Making 543
|
XX Contents |
Case Study 13 1: The Risk Faced by Coca Cola in Changing Its Secret Formula 544 J
Case Study 13 2: Why Companies Fail 545 |
13 2 Measuring Risk with Probability Distributions 546
Probability Distributions 547 |
An Absolute Measure of Risk: The Standard Deviation 549 |
Measuring Probabilities with the Normal Distribution 550 |
A Relative Measure of Risk: The Coefficient of Variation 553 ~*
Case Study 13 3: RiskMetrics: J.P. Morgan s Method of Measuring Risk 553 J
13 3 Utility Theory and Risk Aversion 554 j
Case Study 13 4: The Purchase of Insurance and Gambling by the Same Individual— 4
A Seeming Contradiction 558 |
13 4 Adjusting the Valuation Model for Risk 559 ;
Risk Adjusted Discount Rates 559 ^
Certainty Equivalent Approach 562 j
Case Study 13 5: Adjusting the Valuation Model for Risk in the Real World 563 |
13 5 Other Techniques for Incorporating Risk into Decision Making 564 j
Decision Trees 564 t
Simulation 567 j
13 6 Decision Making under Uncertainty 568 j
The Maximin Criterion 568 ;
The Minimax Regret Criterion 569 |
Other Methods of Dealing with Uncertainty 570 {
Case Study 13 6: Spreading Risks in the Choice of a Portfolio 571 j
13 7 Foreign Exchange Risks and Hedging 572 j
Case Study 13 7: Local Currency and Dollar Stock Returns around the World 574 I
Case Study 13 8: How Foreign Stocks Have Benefitted a Domestic Portfolio 575 |
13 8 Information and Risk 575 |
Asymmetric Information and the Market for Lemons 576 j
The Insurance Market and Adverse Selection 576
The Problem of Moral Hazard 577 j
Case Study 13 9: The Internet and the Information Superhighway 577 !
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 578
chapter 14 Long Run Investment Decisions: Capital Budgeting 588 I
14 1 Capital Budgeting: An Overview 589 :
Meaning and Importance of Capital Budgeting 589
Overview of the Capital Budgeting Process 591 :
Case Study 14 1: Benefit Cost Analysis and the SST 593 =
Case Study 14 2: The Eurotunnel: Another Bad French British Investment? 593
14 2 The Capital Budgeting Process 594
Projecting Cash Flows 594 !
Net Present Value (NPV) 596 1
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 597 j
Comparison of NPV and IRR 598 j
i
Contents xxi
Case Study 14 3: Pennzoil s $3 Billion Capital Budgeting Challenge 598
Case Study 14 4: Capital Budgeting for Investments in Human Capital 599
14 3 Capital Rationing and the Profitability Index 600
14 4 The Cost of Capital 601
The Cost of Debt 602
The Cost of Equity Capital: The Risk Free Rate Plus Premium 602
The Cost of Equity Capital: The Dividend Valuation Model 603
The Cost of Equity Capital: The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 604
The Weighted Cost of Capital 605
Case Study 14 5: The Choice Between Equity and Debt 606
14 5 Reviewing Investment Projects after Implementation 607
Case Study 14 6: Capital Budgeting Techniques of Major U.S. Firms 608
14 6 The Cost of Capital and International Competitiveness 609
Summary • Discussion Questions • Problems • Supplementary Readings 610
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FIVE:
Regulation, Risk, Capital Budgeting, and the Price of
International Telephone Calls 617
APPENDIX1S 621
; appendixa Compounding, Discounting, and Present Value 623
i A 1 Future Value and Compounding 624
A 2 Present Value and Discounting 626
A 3 Future Value of an Annuity 627
A 4 Present Value of an Annuity 628
A 5 Compounding and Discounting Periods 629
A 6 Determining the Interest Rate 630
A 7 Perpetuities 631
appendix b Interest Factor Tables 633
Table B 1 Compound Value of $1 634
Table B 2 Present Value of $1 636
Table B 3 Future Value of an Annuity of $1 for n Periods 638
Table B 4 Present Value of an Annuity of $1 for n Periods 640
appendix c Statistical Tables 643
Table C 1 Areas under the Standard Normal Distribution 644
Table C 2 Areas in the Tails of the f Distribution 645
Table C 3 F Distribution for 5 Percent Significance 646
£ Table C 3 F Distribution for 1 Percent Significance 647
; Table C 4 Durbin Watson Statistic for 5 Percent Significance Points of dL and du 648
I Table C 4 Durbin Watson Statistic for 1 Percent Significance Points of dL and du 649
1
xxii Contents Jj
appendix d Answers to Selected (Asterisked) Problems esi I
Glossary 692 ;
Indexes 711 I
Name Index 713 ]
Subject Index 716 ,
I T^^HUSk Case Studies
j a .^^^H
i
j
k
i 1 1 Decision Making in Business and Military Strategy 6
; 1 2 The Management Revolution 7
; 1 3 The Objective and Strategy of Firms in the Cigarette Industry 13
.= 1 4 The Virtual Corporation 14
I 1 5 Profits in the Personal Computer Industry 17
; 1 6 The Rise of the Global Corporation 19
: 1 7 Training Global Executives 20
1 8 The Business Leader of the Future 21
; 1 9 Changes in Demand and Supply and the Price of PCs 30
I 2 1 Total, Average, and Marginal Cost in the U.S. Steel Industry 39
( 2 2 Optimal Pollution Control 43
i 2 3 Optimal Product Quality and Total Profits at Hewlett Packard 56
2 4 Constrained Profit Maximization at Fast Food Restaurants 59
i 2 5 Benchmarking at Xerox and Ford 61
2 6 Total Quality Management at Johnson Johnson, Motorola, and Tenneco 62
2 7 Reengineering at GE 64
2 8 Applying Learning Organization Principles at Ford 65
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY ONE: The Decision to Invest in Wendy s Restaurants 73
3 1 The Demand for Big Macs 87
3 2 The Demand for Sweet Potatoes in the United States 88
3 3 Price Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 99
3 4 Income Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 102
3 5 Cross Price Elasticities of Demand in the Real World 105
3 6 Substitution Between Domestic and Foreign Goods 107
3 7 Gillette Introduces the Sensor Razor A Truly Global Product 109
3 8 The New World Car by Ford 110
xxiii
]
xxiv Case Studies j
4 1 Micromarketing: Marketeers Zero In on Their Customers 129 1
4 2 With the Spread of Home TV Shopping, Retailing Will Never Be the Same Again 130 J
4 3 Estimation of the Demand for Oranges by Market Experiment 132
4 4 Estimation of the Demand for Air Travel over the North Atlantic 157 j
4 5 The Major Commodity Exports and Imports of the United States 161 ;|
4 6 The Major Trade Partners of the United States 162 ]
4 7 The Top U.S. Exporters 162 i
5 1 Forecasting the Number of McDonald s Restaurants Worldwide 177 1
5 2 Forecasting New Housing Starts with Time Series Analysis 186 ;
5 3 Forecasting Copper Sales with Smoothing Techniques 190 .
5 4 Forecasting the Level of Economic Activity with Composite and Diffusion Indices 195 ;
5 5 Forecasting the Demand for Air Travel over the North Atlantic 197 .
5 6 Economic Forecasts with Large Econometric Models 200
5 7 Risks in Demand Forecasting 201
5 8 Using the Total Requirements Matrix for Forecasting in the United States 212
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY TWO: Estimating and Forecasting the U.S. Demand ;
for Electricity 217
6 1 Substitutability Between Gasoline Consumption and Driving Time 246 :
6 2 Returns to Scale in U.S. Manufacturing Industries 249 :
6 3 General Motors Decides Smaller Is Better 250 •
6 4 Output Elasticities in U.S. Manufacturing Industries 252 1
6 5 The Comparative Advantage of the United States, Europe, and Japan 254
6 6 How Do Firms Get New Technology? 256
6 7 How Xerox Lost and Regained International Competitiveness 258
6 8 Relative Labor Productivity in the United States, Japan, and Germany 260
6 9 The New U.S. Digital Factory 260
7 1 Per Unit Cost Curves in the Cultivation of Corn 278
7 2 The Long Run Average Cost Curve in Electricity Generation 284
7 3 The Shape of the Long Run Average Cost Curve in Various U.S. Industries 287
7 4 Can Motorola Avoid Diseconomies of Scale As It Grows by Leaps and Bounds? 288
7 5 To Reduce Costs, Firms Often Look Far Afield 291
7 6 Tomorrow s Factory 292
7 7 Even the IBM PC Is Not All American! 294
7 8 Breakeven Analysis for Lockheed s Tri Star Airbus and Europe s Airbus Industrie 301
I
{ Case Studies xxv
f 7 9 Estimates of Short Run and Long Run Cost Functions 308
I 8 1 Maximizing Profits in Blending Aviation Gasoline by Linear Programming 336
8 2 Linear Programming as a Tool of Portfolio Management 337
8 3 Cost Minimization Model for Warehouse Distribution Systems 341
8 4 Shadow Prices in Closing an Airfield in a Forest Pest Control Program 346
8 5 Measuring the Pure Efficiency of Operating Units 347
8 6 Logistics at National Semiconductor, Saturn, and Compaq 348
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY THREE: Production and Cost Functions in the
Petroleum Industry, Duality, and Linear Programming 358
9 1 Competition in the Stock Market 367
9 2 Long Run Adjustment in the U.S. Cotton Textile Industry 375
9 3 Economic Profiles of the EU, NAFTA, and Japan 377
9 4 Foreign Exchange Quotations 381
9 5 The Depreciation of the Dollar and the Profitability of U.S. Firms 382
9 6 Economies of Scale, Government Franchise, and Monopoly Power in the
Telecommunications Industry 384
9 7 The Market Value of Monopoly Profits in the New York City Taxi Industry 388
9 8 The Monopolistically Competitive Restaurant Market 392
9 9 Advertisers Are Taking on Competitors by Name 397
10 1 Brands: Thrive or Die 409
10 2 Industrial Concentration in the United States 411
10 3 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Cartel 416
10 4 Firm Size and Profitability 420
10 5 The Rising Competition in Global Banking 425
10 6 The Globalization of the Pharmaceutical Industry 425
10 7 Dell Computers and Nash Equilibrium 430
10 8 The Airlines Fare War and the Prisoners Dilemma 433
10 9 Wal Mart s Preemptive Expansion Marketing Strategy 438
11 1 Optimal Pricing and Output by Gillette 461
11 2 Price Discrimination in the Pricing of Electricity by Con Edison 469
11 3 Kodak Antidumping Victory over Fuji 471
11 4 Transfer Pricing by Multinational Corporations 478
11 5 Incremental Pricing by Continental Airlines 483
11 6 Peak Load Pricing by Con Edison 484
xxvi Case Studies
11 7 Bundling in the Leasing of Movies 485
11 8 No Haggling Value Pricing by General Motors 488
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FOUR: The Art of Devising Air Fares 498
12 1 Restrictions on Competition in the Pricing of Milk in New York City 507
12 2 The FDA Steps Up Regulation of the Drug Industry 509
12 3 Regulation Greatly Reduced Air Pollution 510
12 4 The Market for Dumping Rights 515
12 5 Regulated Electricity Rate Increases for Con Edison 519
12 6 The IBM and AT T Cases 525
12 7 Antitrust and the New Merger Boom 525
12 8 Deregulation of the Airline Industry: An Assessment 529
12 9 Voluntary Export Restraints on Japanese Automobiles to the United States 532
12 10 Reductions of Trade Restrictions under the Uruguay Round 534
13 1 The Risk Faced by Coca Cola in Changing Its Secret Formula 544
13 2 Why Companies Fail 545
13 3 RiskMetrics: J.P. Morgan s Method of Measuring Risk 553
13 4 The Purchase of Insurance and Gambling by the Same Individual—A Seeming
Contradiction 558
13 5 Adjusting the Valuation Model for Risk in the Real World 563
13 6 Spreading Risks in the Choice of a Portfolio 571
13 7 Local Currency and Dollar Stock Returns around the World 574
13 8 How Foreign Stocks Have Benefitted a Domestic Portfolio 575
13 9 The Internet and the Information Superhighway 577
14 1 Benefit Cost Analysis and the SST 593
14 2 The Eurotunnel: Another Bad French British Investment? 593
14 3 Pennzoil s $3 Billion Capital Budgeting Challenge 598
14 4 Capital Budgeting for Investments in Human Capital 599
14 5 The Choice Between Equity and Debt 606
14 6 Capital Budgeting Techniques of Major U.S. Firms 608
INTEGRATING CASE STUDY FIVE: Regulation, Risk, Capital Budgeting,
and the Price of International Telephone Calls 617
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Salvatore, Dominick |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121929019 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010935372 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HD30 |
| callnumber-raw | HD30.22.S247 1996 |
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| callnumber-sort | HD 230.22 S247 41996 |
| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| classification_rvk | QP 120 QP 305 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)32430516 (DE-599)BVBBV010935372 |
| dewey-full | 338.5/024658 338.5/02465820 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.5/024658 338.5/024658 20 |
| dewey-search | 338.5/024658 338.5/024658 20 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.5 524658 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 3. ed., internat. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV010935372 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:01:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0070571155 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXXIII, 723 S. graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Salvatore, Dominick Verfasser (DE-588)121929019 aut Managerial economics in a global economy Dominick Salvatore 3. ed., internat. ed. New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1996 XXXIII, 723 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Économie d'entreprise ram Managerial economics Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd rswk-swf Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd rswk-swf Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 s DE-604 Management (DE-588)4037278-9 s Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 s 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007314700&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Salvatore, Dominick Managerial economics in a global economy Économie d'entreprise ram Managerial economics Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037278-9 (DE-588)4557997-0 (DE-588)4069402-1 |
| title | Managerial economics in a global economy |
| title_auth | Managerial economics in a global economy |
| title_exact_search | Managerial economics in a global economy |
| title_full | Managerial economics in a global economy Dominick Salvatore |
| title_fullStr | Managerial economics in a global economy Dominick Salvatore |
| title_full_unstemmed | Managerial economics in a global economy Dominick Salvatore |
| title_short | Managerial economics in a global economy |
| title_sort | managerial economics in a global economy |
| topic | Économie d'entreprise ram Managerial economics Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Économie d'entreprise Managerial economics Management Globalisierung Betriebswirtschaftslehre |
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