The geology of stratigraphic sequences: with 11 tables
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1997
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 433 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3540593489 0387593489 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Miall, Andrew D. |d 1944- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)120310562 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The geology of stratigraphic sequences |b with 11 tables |c Andrew D. Miall |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 433 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804125395377717249 |
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| adam_text | Contents
I Review of Current Concepts................................. 1
1 Introduction............................................ 3
1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? ....................... 3
1.2 From Sloss to Vail........................................ 3
1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status................ 9
1.4 Stratigraphie Terminology................................... 11
2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy.................... 15
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 15
2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework.............................. 15
2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities............................ 15
2.2.2 Faciès Cycles............................................ 21
2.2.3 Stratigraphie Architecture: The Seismic Method................... 22
2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level,
Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy.............................. 30
2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphie Units....................... 30
2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves....................................... 31
2.3.3 Backstripping............................................ 33
2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points..... 40
2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles.......................... 43
2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis....................... 48
3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphie Cycle..................... 49
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 49
3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle................................... 51
3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years .............. 52
3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities.......................... 53
3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years ........... 56
4 The Basic Sequence Model.................................. 57
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 57
4.2 Terminology ............................................ 57
4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts ....................... 59
4.4 Sequence Boundaries...................................... 65
4.5 Other Sequence Concepts................................... 67
5 The Global Cycle Chart .................................... 71
YjT Contents
II The Stratigraphie Framework................................ 77
6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years .... 79
6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis......................... 79
6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle................................... 81
6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model............................. 81
6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record.................................... 83
6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years .............. 85
6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations................................. 85
6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences............................... 88
6.4 Main Conclusions......................................... 98
7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities ......................... 99
7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins................ 99
7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior ............ 101
7.3 Other Foreland Basins ..................................... 108
7.4 Forearc Basins........................................... 115
7.5 Backarc Basins........................................... 120
7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems................................. 125
7.7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins................ 128
7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans ....................... 137
7.9 Main Conclusions......................................... 138
8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years........... 139
8.1 Introduction............................................. 139
8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins................... 139
8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles................. 149
8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems.................................. 157
8.5 Lacustrine Clastic and Chemical Rhythms....................... 161
8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins ............................. 167
8.7 Main Conclusions......................................... 180
III Mechanisms............................................. 183
9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny........................... 185
9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography..................... 185
9.2 Supercontinent Cycles ..................................... 185
9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years .............. 191
9.3.1 Eustasy................................................ 191
9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny.......................... 198
9.4 Main Conclusions ........................................ 199
10 Milankovitch Processes .................................... 201
10.1 Introduction ............................................ 201
10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes.......................... 202
10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing............................... 202
10.2.2 Basic Climatology......................................... 202
10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities..................... 205
10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes................................. 206
Contents XIII
10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base................... 206
10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation ....................... 208
10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic?............................... 210
10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity............................. 211
10.3 The Cenozoic Record...................................... 214
10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems.................................. 216
10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation............................... 222
10.6 Main Conclusions......................................... 222
11 Tectonic Mechanisms...................................... 225
11.1 Introduction............................................. 225
11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins........... 228
11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change . 228
11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets............... 233
11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones....... 238
11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction............................... 238
11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins.................... 239
11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin..................... 243
11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin.............................. 250
11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins.............................. 251
11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence............................... 252
11.3.4 Discussion.............................................. 254
11.4 Intraplate Stress.......................................... 255
11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress................................. 255
11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture.............. 256
11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change.......... 259
11.5 Basement Control......................................... 263
11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses......................... 264
11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers................ 265
11.8 Environmental Change..................................... 269
11.9 Main Conclusions......................................... 269
IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation:
Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned................ 271
12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy............................... 273
12.1 Introduction ............................................ 273
12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphie Record . . 273
12.3 Main Conclusions......................................... 279
13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error........................ 281
13.1 Introduction ............................................ 281
13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? ........................ 282
13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphie Events:
Potential Sources of Uncertainty.............................. 284
13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries.......................... 286
13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities.................. 286
13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework................. 288
13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery.............. 288
13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record ..................... 289
XIV
Contents
13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods................ 291
13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision.................. 293
13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework........... 295
13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages................................ 296
13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart.................... 298
13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart. 300
13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data......................... 300
13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart ...................... 302
13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment................................... 304
13.4.4 Discussion.............................................. 306
13.5 Main Conclusions......................................... 306
14 Sea-Level Curves Compared................................. 309
14.1 Introduction............................................. 309
14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties............. 309
14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves..................................... 311
14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves................................. 313
14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves................................... 316
14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events
Than Other Sea-Level Curves?................................ 320
14.4 Main Conclusions......................................... 320
V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework......... 323
15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model....................... 325
15.1 Introduction............................................. 325
15.2 Definitions.............................................. 325
15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces................... 325
15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries........................ 331
15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems........... 337
15.3.1 Fluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change......... 337
15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline.................................. 341
15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries..................... 343
15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections................ 350
15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems..................................... 355
15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems........ 357
15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up.................. 357
15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes......................................... 360
15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments.............................. 361
15.5 Main Conclusions......................................... 361
16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences................. 365
16.1 Introduction............................................. 365
16.2 Model Design............................................ 366
16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results............................ 369
16.4 Main Conclusions......................................... 372
Contents XV
VI Discussion and Conclusions................................. 373
17 Implications for Petroleum Geology........................... 375
17.1 Introduction............................................. 375
17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis....................... 375
17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology................................ 375
17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework............... 375
17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models........................ 376
17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms................................. 377
17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization.................................. 377
17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis..................... 378
17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico................... 378
17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia......................... 378
17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis
for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists.............. 382
17.4 Main Conclusions......................................... 384
18 Conclusions and Recommendations........................... 385
18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphie Record.......................... 385
18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphie Cycles .............................. 385
18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities.......................... 385
18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years............ 386
18.2 Mechanisms............................................. 386
18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny............................ 386
18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes..................................... 387
18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms...................................... 387
18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation ........................... 389
18.3.1 Concepts of Time......................................... 389
18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart........ 389
18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves.............................. 390
18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis.................................. 390
18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model........................ 390
18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphie Sequences........ 391
18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology............................ 392
18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? . . 392
18.6.1 The Exxon Factor......................................... 392
18.6.2 Conclusions............................................. 395
18.7 Recommendations........................................ 395
References.................................................... 397
Author Index.................................................. 423
Subject Index.................................................. 429
|
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| spelling | Miall, Andrew D. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)120310562 aut The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables Andrew D. Miall Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1997 XV, 433 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sequenzstratigraphie (DE-588)4415907-9 gnd rswk-swf Sequenzstratigraphie (DE-588)4415907-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007293082&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Miall, Andrew D. 1944- The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables Sequenzstratigraphie (DE-588)4415907-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4415907-9 |
| title | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables |
| title_auth | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables |
| title_exact_search | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables |
| title_full | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables Andrew D. Miall |
| title_fullStr | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables Andrew D. Miall |
| title_full_unstemmed | The geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables Andrew D. Miall |
| title_short | The geology of stratigraphic sequences |
| title_sort | the geology of stratigraphic sequences with 11 tables |
| title_sub | with 11 tables |
| topic | Sequenzstratigraphie (DE-588)4415907-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sequenzstratigraphie |
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