Vertebrate life:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice Hall
1996
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 798 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0023963700 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vertebrate life |c F. Harvey Pough ; John B. Heiser ; William N. McFarland |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, NJ |b Prentice Hall |c 1996 | |
| 300 | |a XVII, 798 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1805083617976647680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
FOURTH EDITION
VERTEBRATE LIFE
Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART I Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution 2
1 The Diversity, Evolution, and Classification of Vertebrates 3
2 The Origin of Vertebrates 44
3 Vertebrate Organ Systems and Their Evolution 63
4 Homeostasis and Energetics: Water Balance, Temperature Regulation,
and Energy Use 123
5 Geography and Ecology from the Cambrian to the Mid-Devonian 160
PART II Aquatic Vertebrates: Cartilaginous and Bony Fishes 166
6 Earliest Vertebrates 167
7 The Rise of Jawed Vertebrates and the Radiation of the Chondrichthyes 191
8 Dominating Life in Water: Teleostomes and the Major Radiation of Fishes 220
9 Geography and Ecology from the Mid-Devonian to Late Permian 276
PART III Terrestrial Ectotherms: Amphibians, Turtles,
Crocodilians, and Squamates 280
10 Origin and Radiation of Tetrapods in the Late Paleozoic 282
11 Salamanders, Anurans, and Caecilians 309
12 Turtles 356
13 Mesozoic Diapsids: Nonavian Dinosaurs, Birds, Crocodilians, and Others 385
14 Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic 445
15 The Lepidosaurs: Tuatara, Lizards, Amphisbaenians, and Snakes 451
16 Ectothermy: A Low-Cost Approach to Life 497
PART IV Terrestrial Endotherms: Birds and Mammals 520
17 Characteristics of Birds: Specializations for Flight 521
18 The Ecology and Behavior of Birds 553
19 The Synapsida and the Evolution of Mammals 594
20 Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic 620
21 Characteristics of Mammals 636
22 Endothermy: A High-Energy Approach to Life 683
23 Body Size, Ecology, and Sociality of Mammals 711
24 Humans as Vertebrates 732
Glossary 773
Subject Index 779
Author Index 793
CONTENTS
Preface v
PARTI
Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution 2
The Diversity, Evolution, and Classification of Vertebrates 3
The Vertebrate Story 3
The Different Kinds of Vertebrates 4
Evolution 7
Variation and Evolution 16
Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution 27
Classification of Vertebrates 29
Traditional and Cladistic Classifications 30
The Time Course of Vertebrate Diversity and the Effect of Human Population Growth 38
Summary 41
References 42
Box 1-1 Evolving Views of Evolution 10
Box 1-2 Tempo in Evolution: The Molecular Clock Hypothesis 24
The Origin of Vertebrates 44
The Significance of Similarity and Differences 44
Some Familiar Facts About Vertebrates 45
The Basic Vertebrate Body Plan and a Search for the Relatives of the Vertebrates 45
Environment in Relation to the Origin of Bone 58
Did Vertebrates Evolve in Marine or in Freshwater Habitats? 60
Summary 61
References 62
Box 2-1 Multiple Views of the Origin of Craniates 53
Vertebrate Organ Systems and Their Evolution 63
The Unity of Vertebrate Structure 63
Protection, Support, and Movement 73
Energy Acquisition and Support of Metabolism 86
Homeostasis 96
Coordination and Integration 100
Continuity of Life: The Reproductive System 116
Summary 121
References 121
Homeostasis and Energetics: Water Balance, Temperature
Regulation, and Energy Use 123
The Internal Environment of Vertebrates 123
Exchange of Water and Ions 124
Responses to Temperature 139
Energy Utilization: Patterns Among Vertebrates 151
Summary 157
References 158
Geography and Ecology From the Cambrian to the Mid-Devonian
Early History, Changing Environments, and Vertebrate Evolution 160
The Environment of Early Craniate Evolution 161
Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Paleozoic 163
Early Paleozoic Climates 164
References 165
PART II _
Aquatic Vertebrates: Cart'il'aginous and Bony Fishes 166
Earliest Vertebrates 167
The First Evidence of Craniates 167
Earliest Known Craniates 172
Extant Jawless Fishes 183
Summary 189
References 189
Box 6-1 Reconstructing the First Craniates 170
Box 6-2 Interrelationships of Early Craniates 179
xii Contents
7 The Rise of Jawed Vertebrates and the Radiation of the Chondrichthyes 191 The First Appearance of Jaws and Unique Gnathostome Characters 191
Placoderms: The Armored Fishes 195
Chondrichthyes: The Cartilaginous Fishes 197
A Second Radiation of Chondrichthyans: Holocephali 217
Summary 218
References 218
Box 7-1 Food for Sharks 208
Box 7-2 Electroreception by Elasmobranchs 210
Dominating Life in Water: Teleostomes and the Major Radiation of
Fishes 220
Living in Water 220
The Appearance of Teleostomes 238
The Evolution of the Actinopterygii 242
Extant Actinopterygii; Ray-Finned Fishes 247
Actinopterygian Reproduction and Conservation 259
Sex Reversal and Life History Strategies of Actinopterygians 262
Extent Sarcopterygii: Lobe-Finned Fishes 265
Summary 273
References 274
Box 8-1 Mauthner Neurons and the Actinopterygian Brain 230
Box 8-2 The Evolution of Jaw Mechanisms in Actinopterygians 249
Box 8-3 The Protrusible Jaw 252
Box 8-4 What a Fish's Ears Tell About Its Life 268
Geography and Ecology From the Mid-Devonian to Late Permian
Continental Geography in the Late Paleozoic 276
Evolution fifTerrestrial Ecosystems 276
Devonian Climates 279
References 279
Contents xiii
PART III
Terrestrial Ectotherms: Amphibians, Turtles, Crocodilians, and
Squamates 280
Origin and Radiation of Tetrapods in the Late Paleozoic 282
The Earliest Tetrapods 282
Early Tetrapods 283
The Radiation and Diversity of Nonamniotic Paleozoic Tetrapods 292
Amniotes 298
Summary 308
References 308
Box 10-1 Early Feet 290
Salamanders, Anurans, and Caecilians 309
Amphibians 309
Diversity of Life Histories of Amphibians 322
Amphibian Metamorphosis 341
Water Relations of Amphibians 343
Poison Glands and Other Defense Mechanisms 346
Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? 349
Summary 353
References 354
Box 11-1 The Energy Cost of Vocalization by Frogs 334
Box 11-2 Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog: Toxins in the Skin of Amphibians 348
Turtles 356
Everyone Recognizes a Turtle 356
Phylogenetic Relationships of Turtles 359
TurtleStructureand Functions 359
Ecology and Behavior of-Turtles 368
Conservation of Turtles 376
Summary 382
References 383
Box 12-1 High-Tech Hatchlings 372
Box 12-2 Sick Turtles 378
Mesozoic Diapsids: Nonavian Dinosaurs, Birds, Crocodilians, and
Others 385
The Mesozoic Fauna 386
Phylogenetic Relationships Among Diapsids 387
The Archosauromorpha 388
xiv Contents
The Saurischian Dinosaurs and the Origin of Birds 400
The Ornithischian Dinosaurs 413
The Ecology and Behavior of Nonavian Dinosaurs 419
The Lepidosauromorpha: Ichthyosaurs, Lizards, and Others 429
Other Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Late Mesozoic 436
Late Cretaceous Extinctions 438
Summary 440
References 442
Box 13-1 Long Snouted Fish Eaters 392
Box 13-2 Dinosaur Eggs and Nests 426
Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic 445
Pangaea: The World Continent 445
Terrestrial Ecosystems 445
Are Mass Extinctions Periodic? 449
References 449
The Lepidosaurs: Tuatara, Lizards,Amphisbaenians, and Snakes
The Lepidosaurs 451
The Radiation of Squamates 455
Ecology and Behavior of Squamates 463
Thermoregulation and the Ecology and Behavior of Squamates 486
Summary 494
References 495
Box 15-1 The Way of a Snake 466
Box 15-2 Caudal Autotomy: Your Tail or Your Life 476
Box 15-3 Designer Lizards 484
Ectothermy: A Low-Cost Approach to Life 497
Vertebrates and Their Environments 497
Characteristics of Environments 498
Ectotherms in Extreme Environments 499
The Role of Ectothermal Tetrapods in Terrestrial Ecosystems 516
Summary 519
References 519
Box 16-1 Doubly Labeled Water 506
Contents XV
PART IV
Terrestrial Endotherms: Birds and Mammals 520
Characteristics of Birds: Specializations for Flight 521
Birds as Flying Machines 521
Feathers and Flight 522
Aerodynamics of the Avian Wing Compared to Fixed Airfoils 526
Body Form and Right 533
The Hind Limbs and Locomotion 541
The Sensory Systems 547
Summary 551
References 551
Box 17-1 High-Flying Birds 538
Box 17-2 Not Hearing Straight: Ear Asymmetry of Owls 550
The Ecology and Behavior of Birds 553
The Evolution of Birds 553
Birds as Model Organisms 557
Social Behavior and Reproduction 567
Migration and Navigation 583
Summary 591
References 592
Box 18-1 Giant Predatory Birds 564
Box 18-2 Training Bird Brains 570
Box 18-3 Built-in Babysitters: Nest Helpers 585
The Synapsida and the Evolution of Mammals 594
Terrestrial-Vertebrates of the Late Paleozoic 594
The Synapsid Skull 595—
Eupelycosaurs and Caseasaurs 595
Therapsida and Theriodontia 601
The First Mammals 610
Summary 617
References 618
Box 19-1 The Evolution of the Mammalian Middle Ear 607
Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic 620
Continental Geography During the Cenozoic 620
The Pleistocene Ice Ages 623
Cenozoic Mammals and Vicariance Biogeography 625
Chance in Evolution 633
References 635
xvi Contents
Characteristics of Mammals 636
The Major Lineages of Mammals 636
The Mammalian Integument 637
Mammalian Food and Feeding Specializations 649
Evolution of the Mammalian Nervous and Sensory Systems 663
Mammalian Reproduction 671
Summary 680
References 681
Box 21-1 Herbivores, Microbes, and the Ecology of Digestion 659
Endothermy: A High-Energy Approach to Life
Costs and Benefits 683
Energy Budgets of Vertebrates 684
Endotherms in the Cold: The Arctic 686
Migration to Avoid Stressful Conditions 690
Torpor as a Response to Low Temperatures and Limited Food 692
Endotherms in the Heat: Deserts 697
Summary 709
References 710
Box 22-1 Waking Up Is Hard Work: The Cost of Arousal 695
Box 22-2 How Hot Is It? 706
Body Size, Ecology, and Sociality of Mammals
Social Behavior 711
Population Structure and the Distribution of Resources 712
Advantages of Sociality 717
Body Size, Diet, and the Structure of Social Systems 718
Social Systems Among Primates 724
Summary 730
References 731
Box 23-1 Unprofitable Prey? 723
Humans as Vertebrates 732
The Origin of Humans 732
Evolution and Phylogeny of the Hominoidea 737
The Human Race and the Future of Vertebrates 753
Summary 768
References 769
Glossary 773
Subject Index 779
Author Index 793 |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Pough, F. Harvey Verfasser aut Vertebrate life F. Harvey Pough ; John B. Heiser ; William N. McFarland 4. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 1996 XVII, 798 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vertebrados (biologia) larpcal Vertebrates Vertebrates, Fossil Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd rswk-swf Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 s DE-604 Heiser, John B. Verfasser aut MacFarland, William N. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007248957&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pough, F. Harvey Heiser, John B. MacFarland, William N. Vertebrate life Vertebrados (biologia) larpcal Vertebrates Vertebrates, Fossil Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066376-0 |
| title | Vertebrate life |
| title_auth | Vertebrate life |
| title_exact_search | Vertebrate life |
| title_full | Vertebrate life F. Harvey Pough ; John B. Heiser ; William N. McFarland |
| title_fullStr | Vertebrate life F. Harvey Pough ; John B. Heiser ; William N. McFarland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vertebrate life F. Harvey Pough ; John B. Heiser ; William N. McFarland |
| title_short | Vertebrate life |
| title_sort | vertebrate life |
| topic | Vertebrados (biologia) larpcal Vertebrates Vertebrates, Fossil Wirbeltiere (DE-588)4066376-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vertebrados (biologia) Vertebrates Vertebrates, Fossil Wirbeltiere |
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