Concepts in vaccine development:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
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Berlin [u.a]
de Gruyter
1996
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 583 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3110148153 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concepts in vaccine development |c ed. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a] |b de Gruyter |c 1996 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Drug Design | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vaccines | |
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CONCEPTS IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT EDITOR STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN W DE G
WALTER DE GRUYTER * BERLIN * NEW YORK 1996 CONTENTS 1. THE NEED FOR NEW
VACCINES 1 1.1 VACCINES AS EVOLUTIONARY TOOLS: THE VIRULENCE-ANTIGEN
STRATEGY 1 PAUL W. EWALD 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.2 APPLICATION TO
SPECIFIC PATHOGENS 3 1.1.2.1 CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE 3 1.1.2.2
BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS 5 1.1.2.3 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE 8 1.1.2.4
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE 14 1.1.2.5 VIBRIO CHOLERAE 14 1.1.3 GUIDELINES
FOR THE VIRULENCE-ANTIGEN STRATEGY 15 1.1.3.1 VIRULENCE,
CROSS-PROTECTION, AND ANTIGEN SELECTION 15 1.1.3.2 COMPLIANCE, AGE, AND
VACCINATION 17 1.1.3.3 A GLOBAL LONG-TERM VIEW 18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20
REFERENCES 20 1.2 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON VACCINE NEEDS 27 ROBERT V.
ASHLEY AND CHRISTOPHER J. L. MURRAY 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION 27 1.2.2 THE ROLE
FOR EXISTING VACCINES 28 1.2.2.1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS AND
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 30 1.2.2.2 ASSESSING COSTS 31 1.2.2.2.1 COSTING
PERSPECTIVES 31 1.2.2.2.2 OPPORTUNITY COST 32 1.2.2.2.3 CALCULATIONS OF
COSTS 32 1.2.2.2.4 INTERPRETATIONS OF COST DATA 33 1.2.2.3 ASSESSING
EFFECTIVENESS 35 1.2.2.3.1 MORTALITY 36 1.2.2.3.2 NON-FATAL HEALTH
OUTCOMES 36 1.2.2.3.3 OTHER VALUE JUDGMENTS IN HEALTH OUTCOME MEASURES
38 1.2.2.4 THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINES 40 1.2.2.4.1 VACCINE
COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND INCIDENCE OF DISEASE 40 X CONTENTS 1.2.2.4.2
RESULTS FROM THE HEALTH SECTOR PRIORITIES REVIEW 41 1.2.2.4.3 RESULTS
FROM THE CENTER FOR RISK ANALYSIS 45 1.2.2.5 RESOURCE ALLOCATION 47
1.2.3 ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF VACCINE RESEARCH PRIORITIES 49 1.2.3.1 THE
INSTIUTE OF MEDICINE STUDY 51 1.2.3.2 THE CHILDREN'S VACCINE INITIATIVE
STUDY 53 1.2.3.3 THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION'S AD HOC COMMITTEE ON
HEALTH RESEARCH 54 1.2.3.3.1 IDENTIFYING RESEARCH NEEDS BASED ON PRESENT
AND FUTURE BURDENS OF DISEASE 55 1.2.3.3.2 THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE
STUDY 55 1.2.4 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES 64 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 65 REFERENCES
65 1.3 FUTURE IMMUNIZATION STRATEGIES - CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE PUBLIC
HEALTH VIEW 71 SIEGHART DITTMANN INTRODUCTION 71 GLOBAL HEALTH SITUATION
71 HEALTH SITUATION IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES 72 CURRENT IMMUNIZATION
PROGRAMMES - PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN, GOALS AND SUCCESSES,
CONSTRAINTS AND LESSONS LEARNED 74 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN 74
SUCCESSES OF CURRENT IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES 76 CONSTRAINTS AND LESSONS
LEARNED 79 MAINTENANCE OF HIGH COVERAGE 79 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IS
FUNDAMENTAL FOR MONITORING IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES 79 LABORATORY NETWORK
80 VACCINE DEMAND, SUPPLY, FINANCING AND QUALITY CONTROL 80 LOGISTICS
AND COLD CHAIN 81 VACCINE RESEARCH 81 FUTURE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES 82
AVAILABLE AND NEEDED VACCINES 85 NEW OR SIMPLIFIED APPROACHES FOR
VACCINE ADMINISTRATION 85 COMBINED VACCINES 85 CONTROLLED RELEASE
VACCINES 87 OPTIMAL USE OF EPI EXPERIENCE 87 87 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.2. 1.3.3
1.3.3 1.3.3 1.3.3 1.3.3 1.3.3 1.3.3 1.3.3 1 1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
1.3.3.3.5 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.5 1.3.5 1 2 1.3.5.2.1 1.3.5.2.2 1.3.5 3
REFERENCES CONTENTS XI 1.4 THE NEW PERTUSSIS VACCINES 89 DAVID L. KLEIN
AND CAROLE HEILMAN 1.4.1 INTRODUCTION 89 1.4.2 BACKGROUND: THE DISEASE
89 1.4.3 THE WHOLE CELL VACCINE 90 1.4.3.1 SAFETY 90 1.4.3.2 EFFICACY 91
1.4.4 NEW CANDIDATE VACCINES 93 1.4.4.1 ACELLULAR VACCINE COMPOSITION 93
1.4.4.2 CLINICAL STUDIES 98 1.4.5 FUTURE IMPACT 105 REFERENCES 110 2.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY 117 2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNITY
AGAINST INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA AND PROTOZOA 117 GUDRUN SZALAY AND STEFAN
H. E. KAUFMANN 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 117 2.1.2 SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE 118
2.1.2.1 MHC AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION 119 2.1.2.2 T CELLS 122 2.1.2.2.1 T
H FUNCTIONS 123 2.1.2.2.2 CYTOLYTIC FUNCTIONS 125 2.1.3 T H I FUNCTION
AND CYTOLYSIS IN INTRACELLULAR MICROBIAL INFECTIONS . 126 2.1.4 INNATE
IMMUNE MECHANISMS 126 2.1.5 EVASION MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENS 129 2.1.6
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS 130 2.1.7 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 131 2.1.8 CONCLUDING
REMARKS 133 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 133 REFERENCES 134 2.2 VIRAL IMMUNITY AND
VACCINE STRATEGIES 141 DAVID L. WOODLAND, GEOFFREY A. COLE AND PETER C.
DOHERTY 2.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGEN 141 2.2.1.1 MULTI-HOST
VIRUSES WITH A SYSTEMIC PATHOGENESIS 141 2.2.1.2 VIRUSES WITH A MUCOSAL
ENTRY BUT A SYSTEMIC PATHOGENESIS 143 2.2.1.3 VIRUSES THAT CAUSE SEVERE
PATHOLOGY AT MUCOSAL SURFACES 144 2.2.2 THE NATURE OF IMMUNE MEMORY 144
2.2.2.1 THE ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN T CELL AND B CELL MEMORY .
145 2.2.2.2 THE INITIATION OF T CELL MEMORY 145 XII CONTENTS 2.2.2.3 THE
NATURE OF B CELL MEMORY 146 2.2.2.4 THE ANTIGEN PERSISTENCE DEBATE 146
2.2.2.5 THE DIFFERENTIATION STATE OF MEMORY T CELLS 148 2.2.3 SECONDARY
STIMULATION AND THE RECALL RESPONSE 148 2.2.3.1 THE EFFECT OF ANTIBODY
149 2.2.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE RECALL RESPONSE FOR
MEMORY T CELLS 150 2.2.4 MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE T CELL MEMORY 150 2.2.4.1
SECONDARY STIMULATION 151 2.2.4.2 BYSTANDER ACTIVATION AND MEMORY T CELL
LOSS 151 2.2.5 VACCINE STRATEGIES BASED ON PRIMING CD8 + T CELLS 152
2.2.6 CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES AS TARGETS FOR VACCINES 153 2.2.7 EPITOPE
SELECTION 155 2.2.8 FACTORS THAT CONTROL IMMUNODOMINANCE 156 2.2.9
SUBDOMINANT EPITOPES AS VACCINE TARGETS? 157 2.2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS
159 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 160 REFERENCES 160 2.3 BROADLY REACTIVE HLA
RESTRICTED T CELL EPITOPES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINE DESIGN 169
JOHN SIDNEY, RALPH T. KUBO, PEGGY A. WENTWORTH, JEFF ALEXANDER, ROBERT
W. CHESNUT, HOWARD M. GREY, AND ALESSANDRO SETTE 2.3.1 GENERAL
INTRODUCTION 169 2.3.2 A GENERAL STRATEGY FOR VACCINE DESIGN 170 2.3.3
THE CONCEPT OF CLASS I SUPERTYPES 173 2.3.4 PAN DR CLASS II EPITOPES
(PADRE) 181 2.3.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 182 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 183 REFERENCES
183 2.4 QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF VACCINATION
STRATEGIES AGAINST PATHOGENS UNIQUELY SUSCEPTIBLE TO CELL-MEDIATED
ATTACK 187 PETER BRETSCHER 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 187 2.4.2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTINCT CLASSES OF IMMUNITY AND
THEIR EXCLUSIVE REGULATION 188 2.4.3 BASIC STUDIES ON IMMUNE CLASS
REGULATION 189 2.4.4 PARADOXES OF THIS VIEW OF IMMUNE CLASS REGULATION
IN TERMS OF CURRENT MODELS FOR THE INDUCTION OF TH CELLS AND A POTENTIAL
RESOLUTION 193 CONTENTS XIII 2.4.5 DEPENDENCE OF THE CLASS OF IMMUNITY
INDUCED ON DOSE OF ANTIGEN ADMINISTERED AND ON TIME AFTER IMMUNISATION:
RELEVANCE TO ESTABLISHING CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE DEVIATION . 194 2.4.6
ESTABLISHING LOW-ZONE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE DEVIATION TO L. MAJOR IN
"SUSCEPTIBLE MICE" 195 2.4.7 THE DEPENDENCE OF THE GENERATION OF THL AND
TH2 CELLS ON PARASITE DOSE APPEARS TO BE GENERAL: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS
FOR UNIVERSALLY EFFICACIOUS VACCINATION 196 2.4.8 FURTHER QUANTITATIVE
CONSIDERATIONS 197 2.4.9 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN: ORGAN-SPECIFIC
IMMUNITY 198 2.4.10 ESTABLISHMENT OF RESISTANCE TO TUMOURS BY EXCISION
PRIMING AND ITS POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP TO CELL-MEDIATED LOW-ZONE IMMUNE
DEVIATION 199 2.4.11 PROBLEMS IN VACCINE DESIGN AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND
SPECULATION ON POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 201 REFERENCES 203 2.5 THE IMPACT OF
THE TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 T HELPER CELL CONCEPT ON NOVEL VACCINE DESIGN WITH
EMPHASIS ON PROTECTION AGAINST LEISHMANIA PARASITES 205 CHRISTIAN BOGDAN
AND MARTIN ROLLINGHOFF 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 205 2.5.2 T HELPER CELL
SUBPOPULATIONS AND INFECTIONS WITH INTRACELLULAR PARASITES 206 2.5.2.1
BASIC ASPECTS OF THE THL/TH2 CONCEPT 206 2.5.2.2 PRINCIPLES OF THE
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO LEISHMANIA 210 2.5.2.2.1 MOUSE MODEL OF L MAJOR
INFECTION 210 2.5.2.2.2 HUMAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS 216 2.5.2.2.3
MOUSE MODEL OF L. DONOVANI INFECTION 217 2.5.2.2.4 HUMAN VISCERAL
LEISHMANIASIS (KALA AZAR) 218 2.5.3 VACCINATION AGAINST LEISHMANIA 219
2.5.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 219 2.5.3.1.1 TYPE OF ANTIGEN 220
2.5.3.1.2 ROUTE OF ANTIGEN APPLICATION 223 2.5.3.1.3 ANTIGEN DOSE 224
2.5.3.1.4 HOST FACTORS 224 2.5.3.2 BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTECTIVE LEISHMANIA ANTIGENS 224 2.5.3.3 INDUCTION
OF PROTECTIVE CD4* T LYMPHOCYTES BY COMBINED IMMUNIZATION WITH ANTIGENS
AND IMMUNOMODULATORS 228 2.5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 228 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
229 REFERENCES 229 XIV CONTENTS 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VACCINOLOGY 243
3.1 MODERN ADJUVANTS. FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS 243 BROR MOREIN, KARIN
LOVGREN-BENGTSSON AND JOHN COX 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION 243 3.1.1.1 EXPERIENCE
WITH CONVENTIONAL ADJUVANT FORMULATIONS 243 3.1.2 CATEGORIES OF
ADJUVANTS 245 3.1.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ADJUVANT FORMULATIONS 245
3.1.2.2 ENCAPSULATION AND SLOW-RELEASE FORMULATIONS 248 3.1.2.3
IMMUNOMODULATORS - ONE PART OF THE ADJUVANT FORMULATION . 248 3.1.3
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION AND TARGETING 249 3.1.3.1 UPTAKE AND INTRACELLULAR
DISTRIBUTION OF AG IN ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS 249 3.1.3.2 ADJUVANT
INFLUENCES THE TRANSPORT OF AG AND LOCALIZATION OF B AND T CELL
RESPONSES FOLLOWING PARENTERAL IMMUNIZATION 250 3.1.3.2.1 INDUCTION OF
CTL 251 3.1.3.3 ADJUVANTS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR INDUCTION OF MUCOSAL
IMMUNITY 252 3.1.4 VACCINE-DISEASE RELATIONSHIPS 254 3.1.4.1 REQUIREMENT
OF ADJUVANT FOR PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED VACCINES FOR PREVENTION OF
DISEASE CAUSED BY MUCOSAL INFECTIONS 254 3.1.4.2 VACCINES FOR INFANTS
REQUIRES THAT THE INTERFERENCE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODIES IS OVERCOME 257
3.1.5 FUTURE ADJUVANT FORMULATIONS 257 REFERENCES 259 3.2 BIODEGRADABLE
MICROSPHERES AS VEHICLES FOR ANTIGENS 265 GIDEON F.A. KERSTEN AND BRUNO
GANDER 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION 265 3.2.2. BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS 266 3.2.3.
PREPARATION TECHNIQUES OF MICROSPHERES 273 3.2.3.1 SOLVENT
EVAPORATION/EXTRACTION 275 3.2.3.2 COACERVATION (OR ORGANIC PHASE
SEPARATION) 277 3.2.3.3 SPRAY-DRYING 278 3.2.4 MODE OF ACTION 278
3.2.4.1 IN VITRO RELEASE KINETICS 278 3.2.4.2 IN VIVO PROCESSING 281
3.2.5 PARENTERAL IMMUNIZATION 284 3.2.6 LOCAL IMMUNIZATION 287 3.2.7
SAFETY ISSUES AND QUALITY CONTROL 290 3.2.8 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS
292 REFERENCES 293 CONTENTS XV 3.3 PEPTIDE BASED VACCINES 303 HANSJORG
SCHILD AND HANS-GEORG RAMMENSEE 3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 303 3.3.2 INDUCTION
OF IMMUNE RESPONSES USING SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES 304 3.3.2.1 B CELL
RESPONSES INDUCED BY SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES 304 3.3.2.2 T H CELL RESPONSES
INDUCED BY SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES 305 3.3.2.3 CTL RESPONSES INDUCED BY
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES 306 3.3.3 IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION OF T CELL
EPITOPES 307 3.3.3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROTEIN 307 3.3.3.2
IDENTIFICATION OF MHC CLASS I RESTRICTED T CELL EPITOPES 308 3.3.3.3
IDENTIFICATION OF MHC CLASS II RESTRICTED T CELL EPITOPES 311 3.3.4
ADMINISTRATION OF PEPTIDES 315 3.3.4.1 ADJUVANTS 315 3.3.4.2 DELIVERY
SYSTEMS 315 3.3.4.3 LIPOPEPTIDES 316 3.3.4.4 PROTEIN CARRIERS 317 3.3.5
DEALING WITH MHC POLYMORPHISM 318 3.3.6 CONTROLLING THE EFFICACY 318
3.3.7 CONCLUSION 319 REFERENCES 319 3.4 RECOMBINANT BACTERIA AS VACCINE
CARRIERS OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTIGENS 327 CARLOS E. HORMAECHE AND C. M.
ANJAM KHAN 3.4.1 USE OF LIVE ATTENUATED BACTERIA AS ANTIGEN DELIVERY
SYSTEMS. 327 3.4.2 LIVE SALMONELLA VACCINES 328 3.4.3 LIVE SALMONELLA
VACCINES AS ANTIGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS 330 3.4.4 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN
THE EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS IN SALMONELLA VACCINES 331 3.4.5
DEGRADATION OF THE RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN BY SALMONELLA PROTEASES 332 3.4.6
PLASMID STABILITY AND LEVEL OF EXPRESSION 333 3.4.6.1 PLASMID LOSS 333
3.4.6.2 IMPAIRED PERSISTENCE OF THE VACCINE 333 3.4.6.3 STABLE IN VITRO.
UNSTABLE IN VIVO 334 3.4.6.4 REPEATED INOCULATIONS 334 3.4.6.5 VACCINE
STRAIN BACKGROUND 334 3.4.6.6 REPEATED PASSAGE 335 3.4.6.7 REMOVAL OF
TOXIC SUBREGIONS OF THE ANTIGEN 335 3.4.6.8 CODON OPTIMIZATION 335
3.4.6.9 REDUCING THE EXPRESSION LEVEL WITH A WEAKER PROMOTER 336
3.4.6.10 INCORPORATION OF THE FOREIGN GENE INTO THE SALMONELLA
CHROMOSOME 336 XVI CONTENTS 3.4.6.11 STABILISATION BY INCORPORATION OF
ESSENTIAL GENES INTO EXPRESSION PLASMIDS 336 3.4.6.12 INCOMPATIBLE
PLASMIDS 337 3.4.6.13 "ON-OFF" PROMOTERS 337 3.4.6.14 IN VIVO INDUCIBLE
PROMOTERS 337 3.4.7 LOCATION OF THE RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN ON THE BACTERIAL
CELL AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION 338 3.4.8 EXAMPLES OF MULTIVALENT VACCINE
STRAINS 340 3.4.9 EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS AS FUSIONS TO
TETANUS TOXIN FRAGMENT C (TETC) DRIVEN FROM THE ANAEROBICALLY INDUCIBLE
NIRB PROMOTER 345 3.4.10 FUSIONS OF REPEATING EPITOPES TO TETC 346
3.4.11 PREIMMUNISATION WITH TETANUS TOXOID DID NOT DECREASE VACCINE
EFFICACY 346 3.4.12 FUSIONS OF TETC AND ANTIGENS FROM HERPES SIMPLEX
VIRUS 347 3.4.13 CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATION 347 3.4.14 INFLUENCE OF
THE HOST BACKGROUND ON THE RESPONSE TO RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS 348 3.4.15
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 348 REFERENCES 349 3.5 GENETIC DETOXIFICATION OF
BACTERIAL TOXINS 361 RINO RAPPUOLI AND MARIAGRAZIA PIZZA 3.5.1
INTRODUCTION 361 3.5.2 GENETIC DETOXIFICATION OF PERTUSSIS TOXIN,
CHOLERA TOXIN AND HEAT-LABILE TOXIN 362 3.5.2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE
PROTEINS 362 3.5.2.2 THE ACTIVE SITE OF ADP-RIBOSYLATING TOXINS 364
3.5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE PT-9K/129G NON TOXIC DERIVATIVE OF PT . 364
3.5.3.1 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT SHOWS THE SUPERIOR IMMUNOGENICITY OF
PT-9K/129G 365 3.5.3.2 GENETICALLY DETOXIFIED PT IS EFFECTIVE IN
PROTECTING AGAINST THE DISEASE 370 3.5.4. GENETIC DETOXIFICATION OF LT
AND CT 371 3.5.4.1 NON TOXIC MUTANTS OF CT AND LT INDUCE NEUTRALIZING
ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE A SUBUNIT 371 3.5.4.2 NON TOXIC DERIVATIVES OF LT
ARE MUCOSAL ADJUVANTS 372 3.5.5 CONCLUSIONS 373 REFERENCES 374 CONTENTS
XVII 3.6 RECOMBINANT VIRUS AS VACCINATION CARRIER OF HETEROLOGOUS
ANTIGENS 379 MARION E. PERKUS AND ENZO PAOLETTI 3.6.1 INTRODUCTION 379
3.6.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF LIVE RECOMBINANT VIRUSES AS VACCINES 379 3.6.2
DOUBLE STRANDED DNA VIRUSES: POXVIRUSES 380 3.6.2.1 POXVIRUSES 380
3.6.2.1.1 ORTHOPOXVIRUS VECTORS 380 3.6.2.1.2 AVIPOXVIRUS VECTORS 382
3.6.2.1.3 POXVIRUS-BASED VACCINE CANDIDATES AGAINST HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND RELATED VIRUSES 384 3.6.2.1.4 POXVIRUS
RECOMBINANTS AND TUMOR THERAPY 385 3.6.2.2 HERPESVIRUSES 385 3.6.2.2.1
HERPESVIRUS VECTORS 386 3.6.2.2.1.1 HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-1 AS A VECTOR
387 3.6.2.3 ADENOVIRUSES 388 3.6.2.3.1 ADENOVIRUS VECTORS 388 3.6.2.3.2
RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRUSES AS VACCINES 389 3.6.2.3.3 USE OF RECOMBINANT
ADENOVIRUSES IN CANCER THERAPY 392 3.6.2.3.4 USE OF RECOMBINANT
ADENOVIRUSES IN GENE THERAPY 392 3.6.2.3.5 USE OF RECOMBINANT
ADENOVIRUSES AS SUICIDE VECTORS 394 3.6.2.3.6 ADENOVIRUS CAPSIDS AS
DELIVERY VEHICLES 394 3.6.2.3.7 ANIMAL ADENOVIRUSES AS VECTORS 395
3.6.2.4 BOVINE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AS A VECTOR FOR GENE THERAPY 395 3.6.3
SINGLE STRANDED DNA VIRUSES AS VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY 396 3.6.4 RNA
VIRUSES: RETROVIRUSES 397 3.6.4.1 RETROVIRUSES 397 3.6.4.1.1
RETROVIRUSES AS VACCINE VECTORS 397 3.6.4.1.2 USE OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS
FOR GENE TRANSFER 397 3.6.4.1.3 USE OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS IN CANCER
THERAPY 398 3.6.4.1.4 RETROVIRUSES AS SUICIDE VECTORS FOR TREATMENT OF
BRAIN TUMORS. . 399 3.6.4.1.5 RECOMBINANT RETROVIRUSES IN TREATMENT OF
HIV 400 3.6.4.1.6 ISSUES RELATED TO THE USE OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS 400
3.6.4.2 POSITIVE STRAND RNA VIRUSES 401 3.6.4.2.1 ALPHAVIRUSES 401
3.6.4.2.2 PICORNAVIRUSES 402 3.6.4.2.2.1 POLIOVIRUS VECTORS 402
3.6.4.2.2.2 POLIOVIRUS VECTORS EXPRESSING HIV ANTIGENS 403 3.6.4.2.2.3
OTHER PICORNAVIRUSES VECTORS 403 3.6.4.3 NEGATIVE STRAND RNA VIRUSES 404
3.6.4.3.1 PARAMYXOVIRUSES AS VECTORS 404 3.6.4.3.2 INFLUENZA VIRUS
VECTORS 405 XVIII CONTENTS 3.6.4.3.2.1 INFLUENZA VIRUS VECTORS FOR
EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN GENES 405 3.6.4.3.3 HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS AS A
VECTOR 406 3.6.5 SUMMARY 407 REFERENCES 408 3.7 NAKED DNA VACCINATION
423 JOHN W. SHIVER, JEFFREY B. ULMER, JOHN J. DONNELLY, AND MARGARET A.
LIU 3.7.1 INTRODUCTION 423 3.7.2 VACCINE PLASMID DESIGN 424 3.7.3
FORMULATION AND DELIVERY OF DNA 425 3.7.4 DNA VACCINE-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
427 3.7.4.1 HUMORAL IMMUNITY 427 3.7.4.2 CELLULAR IMMUNITY 429 3.7.4.2.1
GENERATION OF ANTI-VIRAL CTL 429 3.7.4.2.2 HELPER T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES
:. 430 3.7.5 PROTECTION IN ANIMAL CHALLENGE MODELS 431 3.7.6 CONCLUSIONS
AND FUTURE OF DNA VACCINES 432 REFERENCES 433 3.8 ORAL VACCINATION,
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND ORAL TOLERANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHOLERA
TOXIN 437 JAN HOLMGREN, CECIL CZERKINSKY, JIA-BIN SUN AND ANN-MARI
SVENNERHOLM 3.8.1 INTRODUCTION 437 3.8.2 ORAL VACCINES AGAINST CHOLERA
AND E. COLI DIARRHEA 438 3.8.2.1 CHOLERA VACCINES 439 3.8.2.2 ETEC
VACCINE 441 3.8.3 USE OF CTB AS CARRIER FOR UNRELATED VACCINE ANTIGENS
443 3.8.4 ORAL TOLERANCE AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION 445
3.8.4.1 THE ORAL TOLERANCE PHENOMENON 445 3.8.4.2 MEDICAL POTENTIAL AND
LIMITATIONS 446 3.8.4.3 CHOLERA TOXIN AND ORAL TOLERANCE 447 3.8.4.4 CTB
AND THE INDUCTION OF TOLERANCE 447 3.8.4.5 MECHANISMS OF TOLERIZATION
449 3.8.4.6 CTB-TOLEROGEN CONJUGATES FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY 451 3.8.5
CONCLUSIONS 452 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 453 REFERENCES . 454 CONTENTS XIX 4.
SPECIFIC VACCINATION STRATEGIES 459 4.1 HELICOBACTER PYLORI: PATHOGENIC
DETERMINANTS AND STRATEGIES FOR VACCINE DESIGN 459 PAOLO GHIARA,
ANTONELLO COVACCI, JOHN L. TELFORD AND RINO RAPPUOLI 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
459 4.1.1.1 THE SECOND DECADE OF H.PYLORI: RELEVANCE OF INFECTION AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINED 461 4.1.1.2 THE FIGHT AGAINST INFECTION:
CHEMOTHERAPY VERSUS VACCINATION . 462 4.1.1.3 HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS
462 4.1.1.3.1 H.PYLORI ADAPTATION TO A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT 462 4.1.1.3.2
IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST H.PYLORI 463 4.1.2 H.PYLORI ANTIGENS AND THEIR
POTENTIAL AS VACCINE CANDIDATES . 464 4.1.2.1 ANTIGENS COMMON TO BOTH
TYPE I AND TYPE II STRAINS 465 4.1.2.1.1 UREASE 465 4.1.2.1.2 FLAGELLINS
467 4.1.2.1.3 HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS 468 4.1.2.1.4 SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 469
4.1.2.1.5 ADHESINS 469 4.1.2.1.6 LPS 470 4.1.2.1.7 OTHERS 471 4.1.2.2
ANTIGENS EXPRESSED ONLY IN TYPE I STRAINS 471 4.1.2.2.1 CAGA 471
4.1.2.2.2 VACA 472 4.1.2.3 LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF ANTIGENS 474 4.1.3.
ANIMAL MODELS 474 4.1.3.1 ANIMAL MODELS OF DISEASE 474 4.1.3.2 ANIMAL
MODELS OF INFECTION 476 4.1.4 ANTIGEN DELIVERY AND MUCOSAL ADJUVANTS 479
4.1.5 VACCINE FEASIBILITY 482 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 484 REFERENCES 484 4.2
MALARIA VACCINATION 497 MANUEL E. PATARROYO AND ROBERTO AMADOR 4.2.1
INTRODUCTION 497 4.2.2 IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MALARIA VACCINES
498 4.2.3 NOVEL MALARIA VACCINE APPROACHES 500 4.2.4 SCENARIOS AND
METHODS OF EVALUATION 501 4.2.5 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF THE MALARIA
VACCINE AROUND THE WORLD. 503 4.2.6 CONCLUSIONS 504 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
505 XX CONTENTS REFERENCES 505 4.3 VACCINATION AGAINST SCHISTOSOMIASIS:
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES. 509 GILLES J. RIVEAU AND ANDRE CAPRON 4.3.1
INTRODUCTION 509 4.3.2 ESCAPE MECHANISMS IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS 510 4.3.3
EFFECTOR MECHANISMS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS TO IMMUNITY IN HUMANS 512
4.3.4 TARGET ANTIGENS OF IMMUNITY 515 4.3.4.1 SURFACE ANTIGENS 515
4.3.4.2 ANTIGENS IDENTIFIED USING IRRADIATED CERCARIAE VACCINE MODEL.
516 4.3.4.3 INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS OF SCHISTOSOMES 516 4.3.4.4
ENZYMES OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY 517 4.3.4.5 EXCRETED-SECRETED ANTIGENS
518 4.3.4.6 PARAMYOSIN 519 4.3.4.7 GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES 519 4.3.5
CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF A VACCINE STRATEGY 521 4.3.6 NEW APPROACHES FOR
EFFECTIVE VACCINE AGAINST SCHISTOSOMIASIS . 523 4.3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
525 REFERENCES 526 4.4 AIDS VACCINATION 533 STEPHEN NORLEY AND REINHARD
KURTH A A. 1 INTRODUCTION 533 4.4.2 THE PROBLEM OF VARIABILITY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIDS VACCINE 534 4.4.3 POSSIBLE PROTECTIVE IMMUNE
RESPONSES 535 4.4.3.1 NEUTRALISING ANTIBODY 535 4.4.3.2 VIROLYSIS,
COMPLEMENT MEDIATED LYSIS AND ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY
(ADCC) 536 4.4.3.3 CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES (CTL) 537 4.4.4 PRIMATE
MODELS FOR AIDS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 537 4.4.4.1 HIV-1 INFECTION OF
CHIMPANZEES 537 4.4.4.2 SIV INFECTION OF MACAQUES 538 4.4.4.3 HIV-2
INFECTION OF PRIMATES 539 4.4.5 VACCINE STRATEGIES 539 4.4.5.1 WHOLE
INACTIVATED VIRUS 539 4.4.5.2 PURIFIED RECOMBINANT SUBUNIT VACCINES 541
4.4.5.3 SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE IMMUNOGENS 542 4.4.5.4 LIVE VECTORS 542
4.4.5.5 COMBINATION VACCINES 543 4.4.5.6 LIVE ATTENUATED VIRUS 544
CONTENTS XXI 4.4.5.7 GENETIC IMMUNISATION 545 4.4.6 CONCLUSIONS 547
REFERENCES 548 4.5 VACCINATION THERAPY AGAINST AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 559
IRUN R. COHEN AND FELIX MOR 4.5.1 INTRODUCTION 559 4.5.1.1 VACCINATION,
TOLERANCE AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 559 4.5.2 T CELL VACCINATION 560
4.5.2.1 SPECIFIC CELL VACCINES 560 4.5.2.2 COMPLEXITIES OF T CELL
VACCINATION 561 4.5.2.3 ERGOTYPIC VACCINATION 562 4.5.2.4 TCR PEPTIDE
VACCINATION 563 4.5.2.5 CLINICAL T CELL VACCINATION 563 4.5.3
VACCINATION WITH AUTOANTIGENS 564 4.5.3.1 MUCOSAL VACCINATION 564
4.5.3.2 PEPTIDE VACCINATION 565 4.5.3.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ADJUVANT
567 4.5.4 THE FUTURE 568 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 568 REFERENCES 568
CONTRIBUTORS 573 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:38:17Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Concepts in vaccine development ed. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Berlin [u.a] de Gruyter 1996 XXI, 583 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Drug Design Vaccines Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 s DE-604 Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)112059252 oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007237645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Concepts in vaccine development Drug Design Vaccines Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026655-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Concepts in vaccine development |
| title_auth | Concepts in vaccine development |
| title_exact_search | Concepts in vaccine development |
| title_full | Concepts in vaccine development ed. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_fullStr | Concepts in vaccine development ed. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concepts in vaccine development ed. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann |
| title_short | Concepts in vaccine development |
| title_sort | concepts in vaccine development |
| topic | Drug Design Vaccines Impfstoff (DE-588)4026655-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Drug Design Vaccines Impfstoff Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007237645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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