Chemical induction of cancer: modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boston [u.a.]
Birkhäuser
1995
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXII, 711 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0817637664 3764337664 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chemical induction of cancer |b modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |c Joseph C. Arcos ... ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b Birkhäuser |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XXXII, 711 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Cancer |x Etiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Carcinogens | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical carcinogenesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neoplasms |x etiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neoplasms, Experimental |x chemically induced | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wechselwirkung |0 (DE-588)4064937-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Risikofaktor |0 (DE-588)4050131-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Carcinogen |0 (DE-588)4032909-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Carcinogenese |0 (DE-588)4069853-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Chemikalie |0 (DE-588)4009833-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Carcinogen |0 (DE-588)4032909-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Risikofaktor |0 (DE-588)4050131-0 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Arcos, Joseph C. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
XXIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XXVII
A
QUOTE
FROM
1962
XXIX
FOREWORD
BY
EMMANUEL
FARBER
XXXI
PREFATORY
CHAPTER
MULTIFACTOR
INTERACTION
NETWORK
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
-
A
"
TOUR
GUIDE
"
JOSEPH
C.
ARCOS
AND
MARY
F.
ARGUS
I.
INTRODUCTION.
THE
INTERACTION
NETWORK
AS
A
GRAPH
1
II.
REVIEW
OF
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
NETWORK
-
AN
ANALYSIS
OF
THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS
2
A.
VARIETIES
OF
INITIATION
PROCESSES
6
B.
BEYOND
INITIATION
8
C.
REPOSITORIES
OF
INHERITABLE
EPIGENETIC
INFORMATION
8
D.
ROLE
AND
CONTROL
OF
MIXED-FUNCTION
OXIDASES
10
E.
PROMOTERS
VERSUS
EPIGENETIC
CARCINOGENS
10
F.
PROMOTERS,
INHIBITORS,
CALORIE
INTAKE
VERSUS
RATE
OF
CELL
PROLIFERATION
11
G.
THE
NEUROENDOCRINE
INTERFACE.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
HORMONAL
REGULATORY
PATHWAYS
11
H.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
THE
SYSTEMIC
IMMUNE
NETWORK.
THE
NEUROIMMUNOENDOCRINE
INTERFACE
12
I.
CENTRAL
ROLE
OF
THE
EFFECT
OF
AGING
13
J.
GENERATION
OF
REACTIVE
RADICAL
SPECIES
AND
DAMAGE
TO
MEMBRANES
14
K.
AGING,
CANCER,
AND
LOSS
OF
HOMEOSTATIC
FUNCTIONS
14
III.
CLOSING
NOTE
15
REFERENCES
16
VLLL
CONTENTS
PART
1
CROSS-REACTIONS
BETWEEN
CARCINOGENS.
MODIFICATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
NONCARCINOGENIC
AGENTS
CHAPTER
2
SYNERGISM
AND
ANTAGONISM
BETWEEN
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
MARTIN
R.
BERGER
I.
INTRODUCTION
23
II.
SOURCES
AND
SELECTION
OF
DATA
FOR
ANALYSIS
24
III.
OVERVIEW
OF
CARCINOGENIC
EFFECTS
OF
SELECTED
BINARY
COMBINATIONS
25
IV.
OVERVIEW
OF
CARCINOGENIC
EFFECTS
OF
SELECTED
MULTIPLE
(NONBINARY)
COMBINATIONS
OF
STRUCTURALLY-DEFINED
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
AND
COMPLEX
MIXTURES
36
V.
CONSIDERATIONS
ON
THE
MECHANISMS
INVOLVED
IN
THE
SYNERGISTIC
AND
ANTAGONISTIC
INTERACTIONS
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
45
REFERENCES
48
CHAPTER
3
SYNERGISM
IN
CARCINOGENESIS:
MATHEMATICAL
APPROACHES
TO
ITS
EVALUATION
ARNOLD
E.
REIF
I.
THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
51
A.
CONDITIONS
FOR
SUBSTANTIATION
OF
SYNERGISM
52
B.
CLASSES
OF
SYNERGISM
52
1.
SUGGESTION
OF
SYNERGISM
52
2.
APPARENT
SYNERGISM
52
3.
PROBABLE
SYNERGISM
53
4.
STRICT
SYNERGISM
53
5.
ABSOLUTE
SYNERGISM
53
C.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
LINEARITY
OF
DOSE-RESPONSE
CURVES
54
D.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
NONLINEARITY
OF
DOSE-RESPONSE
CURVES
54
E.
MULTIPLICATIVE
SYNERGISM
56
II.
EXAMPLES
OF
SUBSTANTIATION
OF
CLASSES
OF
SYNERGISM
58
A.
SUGGESTION
OF
SYNERGISM
(CLASS
1
SYNERGISM)
58
B.
APPARENT
SYNERGISM
(CLASS
2
SYNERGISM)
58
C.
PROBABLE
SYNERGISM
(CLASS
3
SYNERGISM)
59
D.
STRICT
SYNERGISM
(CLASS
4
SYNERGISM)
60
E.
ABSOLUTE
SYNERGISM
(CLASS
5
SYNERGISM)
60
III.
DISCUSSION
61
A.
DEFINITION
AND
STATISTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
61
B.
ON
INTERACTION
BETWEEN
INITIATION
AND
PROMOTION
IN
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DATA
62
C.
SOME
PRINCIPLES
OF
TESTING
FOR
SYNERGISM
IN
ANIMALS
62
D.
COMMENTS
ON
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
OF
TESTING
FOR
SYNERGISM
63
E.
SPECULATIVE
CONSIDERATIONS
ON
THE
MECHANISM
OF
SYNERGISM
64
APPENDIX
I:
STATISTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
66
A.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
LINEARITY
OF
DOSE-RESPONSE
CURVES
66
CONTENTS
LX
B.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
NONLINEARITY
OF
DOSE-RESPONSE
CURVES;
SUBSTANTIATION
OF
STRICT
SYNERGISM
67
C.
IF
TUMOR
INCIDENCE
IN
THE
CONTROL
GROUP
IS
UNKNOWN
69
REFERENCES
70
CHAPTER
4
INHIBITION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
GARY
J.
KELLOFF,
CHARLES
W.
BOONE,
VERNON
E.
STEELE,
JUDITH
R.
FAY,
AND
CAROLINE
C.
SIGMAN
I.
INTRODUCTION
73
II.
EXPERIMENTAL
SYSTEMS
74
III.
MECHANISMS
OF
INHIBITION
75
A.
BLOCKING
ACTIVITIES
76
1.
INHIBITION
OF
CARCINOGEN
UPTAKE
76
2.
INHIBITION
OF
THE
FORMATION
OR
ACTIVATION
OF
CARCINOGENS
78
3.
DEACTIVATION
OF
CARCINOGENS
79
4.
INCREASE
OF
DETOXIFICATION
BY
ENZYMATIC
REACTION
79
5.
PREVENTION
OF
CARCINOGEN
BINDING
TO
DNA
80
6.
INCREASE
OF
THE
LEVEL
OR
FIDELITY
OF
DNA
REPAIR
80
B.
ANTIOXIDANT
ACTIVITIES
81
1.
SCAVENGING
OF
REACTIVE
ELECTROPHILES
81
2.
SCAVENGING
OF
OXYGEN
RADICALS
81
3.
INHIBITION
OF
ARACHIDONIC
ACID
(AA)
METABOLISM
83
C.
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE/ANTIPROGRESSION
ACTIVITIES
84
1.
MODULATION
OF
SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
84
2.
MODULATION
OF
HORMONAL/GROWTH
FACTOR
ACTIVITY
84
3.
INHIBITION
OF
ONCOGENE
ACTIVITY
85
4.
INHIBITION
OF
POLYAMINE
METABOLISM
86
5.
INDUCTION
OF
TERMINAL
DIFFERENTIATION
87
6.
RESTORATION
OF
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
87
7.
INCREASING
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
88
8.
RESTORATION
OF
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
FUNCTION
89
9.
INDUCTION
OF
PROGRAMMED
CELL
DEATH
(APOPTOSIS)
89
10.
CORRECTION
OF
DNA
METHYLATION
IMBALANCE
90
11.
INHIBITION
OF
ANGIOGENESIS
90
12.
INHIBITION
OF
BASEMENT
MEMBRANE
DEGRADATION
91
13.
ACTIVATION
OF
ANTIMETASTASIS
GENES
91
IV.
CHEMICAL
AGENTS
CLASSIFIED
BY
STRUCTURE
OR
BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY
THAT
HAVE
DISPLAYED
INHIBITION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
91
A.
ANTIHORMONES
92
B.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
AGENTS
93
C.
ANTIOXIDANTS
93
D.
ARACHIDONIC
ACID
(AA)
METABOLISM
INHIBITORS
95
E.
GSH
ENHANCERS
96
F.
ORNITHINE
DECARBOXYLASE
(ODC)
INHIBITORS
97
G.
PROTEIN
KINASE
C
(PKC)
INHIBITORS
98
H.
RETINOIDS/CAROTENOIDS
98
I.
THIOLS/DITHIOLTHIONES/SULFIDES
100
J.
OTHER
CHEMICAL
CLASSES
ASSOCIATED
WITH
INHIBITION
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
101
1.
ARYLALKYL
ISOTHIOCYANATES
101
2.
CALCIUM
COMPOUNDS
103
3.
DHEA/DHEA
ANALOGS
104
4.
DISULFIRAM/DISULFIRAM
ANALOGS
104
X
CONTENTS
5.
GLUCARATES
105
6.
INDOLES
105
7.
MOLYBDENUM
COMPOUNDS
105
8.
MONOCYCLIC
TERPENES/ISOPRENYLATION
INHIBITING
COMPOUNDS
106
9.
PROTEASE
INHIBITORS
106
10.
SELENIUM
COMPOUNDS
106
11.
VITAMIN
D
3
/VITAMIN
D
3
ANALOGS
107
V.
CANCER
CHEMOPREVENTION:
THE
APPLIED
SCIENCE
OF
THE
INHIBITION
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
107
REFERENCES
109
CHAPTER
5
PROMOTION
AND
COCARCINOGENESIS
INTRODUCTION
123
FRIEDRICH
MARKS,
MICHAEL
SCHWARZ,
AND
GERHARD
FURSTENBERGER
SECTION
I
TUMOR
PROMOTION
IN
SKIN
FRIEDRICH
MARKS
AND
GERHARD
FURSTENBERGER
I.
MULTISTAGE
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
SKIN:
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
AND
BASIC
CONCEPTUAL
DEVELOPMENTS
125
A.
FROM
COAL
TAR
PAINTING
TO
THE
INITIATION-PROMOTION
EXPERIMENT
125
B.
INITIATION-PROMOTION
IN
MOUSE
SKIN:
AN
EXPERIMENTAL
MODEL
126
C.
CONVERSION
AND
PROMOTION
(
"
TWO-STAGE
TUMOR
PROMOTION
"
)
129
II.
SKIN
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
130
A.
TUMOR
PROMOTION
BY
SPECIFIC
INTERACTIONS
WITH
INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALLING
130
B.
TUMOR
PROMOTION
VIA
NONSPECIFIC
TISSUE
DAMAGE
132
C.
SKIN
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
INVOLVED
IN
THE
ETIOLOGY
OF
HUMAN
CANCER
134
III.
THE
RESPONSE
OF
THE
SKIN
TO
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
134
A.
TUMOR
DEVELOPMENT
134
1.
PAPILLOMAS
AND
CARCINOMAS
134
2.
SPECIES
AND
STRAIN
DIFFERENCES
137
3.
TISSUE
SPECIFICITY
138
B.
MORPHOLOGICAL
AND
CYTOLOGICAL
RESPONSES
139
C.
BIOCHEMICAL
RESPONSES
140
1.
ACTIVATION
OF
PROTEIN
KINASE
C
141
2.
EFFECT
ON
THE
BIOSYNTHESIS
OF
EICOSANOIDS
142
3.
EFFECT
ON
THE
GENERATION
OF
REACTIVE
OXYGEN
SPECIES
144
4.
INDUCTION
OF
ORNITHINE
DECARBOXYLASE
145
IV.
THE
BIOLOGICAL
NATURE
OF
SKIN
TUMOR
PROMOTION
AND
CONVERSION
145
A.
SKIN
TUMOR
PROMOTION
AS
THE
CONSEQUENCE
OF
A
CHRONIC
REGENERATIVE
REACTION
146
B.
CONVERSION
AND
WOUND
RESPONSE
148
V.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
150
REFERENCES
151
SECTION
II
TUMOR
PROMOTION
IN
LIVER
MICHAEL
SCHWARZ
I.
STAGES
IN
HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS
161
II.
LIVER
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
161
III.
SPECIFICITY
OF
LIVER
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
162
CONTENTS
XL
IV.
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
PROMOTER
AS
CARCINOGEN
WITHOUT
INITIATOR;
EFFECT
OF
REVERSION
OF
THE
INITIATION-PROMOTION
SEQUENCE
163
V.
MECHANISMS
OF
TUMOR
PROMOTION
IN
LIVER
165
A.
ROLE
OF
LIVER
GROWTH,
CELL
PROLIFERATION,
AND
CELL
DEATH
165
B.
CHANGES
IN
GAP-JUNCTION-MEDIATED
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
167
C.
ROLE
OF
REACTIVE
OXYGEN
SPECIES
169
VI.
QUANTITATIVE
ASPECTS
OF
TUMOR
PROMOTION
IN
LIVER
170
VIL
RELEVANCE
OF
LIVER
TUMOR
PROMOTERS
TO
HUMANS
172
REFERENCES
173
SECTION
IHA
NOTE
ON
MULTISTAGE
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
OTHER
ORGANS
AND
IN
VITRO
180
FRIEDRICH
MARKS
REFERENCES
182
SECTION
IIIB
NOTE
ON
TUMOR
PROMOTERS,
COCARCINOGENS,
AND
NONGENOTOXIC
CARCINOGENS
183
FRIEDRICH
MARKS
REFERENCES
184
CHAPTER
6
COMPUTERIZED
DATA
MANAGEMENT
AS
A
TOOL
TO
STUDY
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
IN
CARCINOGENESIS
YIN-TAK
WOO,
GREGG
POLANSKY,
JOSEPH
C.
ARCOS,
JEFF
STOKES
DUBOSE,
AND
MARY
F.
ARGUS
I.
INTRODUCTION
185
II.
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
CATEGORIES:
DEFINITIONS
186
III.
CONCEPTUAL
PRINCIPLES
INVOLVED
IN
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ISS
187
A.
THE
"
INHERENT
CANCER
HAZARD
"
COMPONENT
187
B.
THE
"
HAZARD
MODIFICATION
"
COMPONENT
188
IV.
SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
AND
APPLICATION
TO
SAMPLE
MIXTURES
191
V.
CLOSING
NOTE
195
APPENDIX
A:
LIST
OF
STRUCTURAL
AND
FUNCTIONAL
CLASSES
OF
CHEMICALS
IN
ISS
197
APPENDIX
B:
DERIVATION
OF
CLASS
HIT
VALUES
AS
INFERENCES
FROM
CLASS
INTERACTIONS
198
1.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
198
2.
THE
CLASS
PAIR
INTERACTION
MATRIX
199
3.
ABSOLUTE
CELL
FREQUENCIES
AND
EXPECTED
CELL
VALUES
200
4.
REPRESENTATIVENESS
OF
CLASSES
IN
THE
DATABASE
201
5.
CALCULATION
OF
H
B
VALUES
201
6.
PREPARING
AN
INFERRED
H
B
VALUES
CLASS
MATRIX;
THE
USE
OF
THESE
VALUES
IN
THE
WEIGHTING
RATIO
202
REFERENCES
203
CHAPTER
7
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION:
A
PARADIGM
FOR
THE
INTERPRETATION
OF
THE
INITIATION/PROMOTION/PROGRESSION
MODEL
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
JAMES
E.
TROSKO,
CHIA-CHENG
CHANG,
BURRA
V.
MADHUKAR,
AND
EMMANUEL
DUPONT
I.
INTRODUCTION:
CANCER
AS
A
PROBLEM
OF
HOMEOSTATIC
DYSFUNCTION
205
XLL
CONTENTS
II.
THE
NATURAL
HISTORY
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
206
III.
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION:
A
PROCESS
TO
ENSURE
HOMEOSTASIS
210
IV.
DYSFUNCTIONAL
GAP-JUNCTIONAL
COMMUNICATION
DURING
CARCINOGENESIS
212
V.
CHEMICAL
INHIBITION
DURING
TUMOR
PROMOTION
213
VI.
ONCOGENES/ANTI-ONCOGENES
OR
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENES
AND
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
214
VII.
MODULATION
OF
GAP-JUNCTIONAL
INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
BY
GROWTH
FACTORS
216
VIII.
ALTERED
GAP
JUNCTION
FUNCTION
AND
"
PARTIALLY
BLOCKED
ONTOGENY
"
DURING
CARCINOGENESIS
216
IX.
THE
INTEGRATION
OF
EXTRACELLULAR-INTRACELLULAR-INTERCELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
MECHANISMS
FOR
MAINTAINING
HOMEOSTASIS
218
X.
MODULATION
OF
GAP-JUNCTIONAL
COMMUNICATION
AND
ITS
IMPLICATIONS
FOR
THE
PREVENTION
AND
TREATMENT
OF
CANCER
220
REFERENCES
221
APPENDIX
TO
PART
1
CHEMICAL
CANCEROGENESIS:
DEFINITIONS
OF
FREQUENTLY
USED
TERMS
K.
E.
APPEL,
G.
FIIRSTENBERGER,
H.
J.
HAPKE,
E.
HECKER,
A.
G.
HILDEBRANDT,
W.
KORANSKY,
F.
MARKS,
H.
G.
NEUMANN,
F.
K.
OHNESORGE,
AND
R.
SCHULTE-HERMANN
I.
INTRODUCTION
227
II.
DEFINITIONS
227
A.
CHEMICAL
CANCEROGENESIS
227
B.
CHEMICAL
RISK
FACTORS
OF
CANCER
228
C.
SOLITARY
CANCEROGENS
(SYNONYMS:
CANCEROGENS,
COMPLETE
CANCEROGENS)
229
D.
CONDITIONAL
CANCEROGENS
(CONDITIONALLY
CANCER-GENERATING
FACTORS)
229
E.
MULTISTAGE
MODEL
OF
CANCEROGENESIS
(INITIATION,
PROMOTION)
230
F.
PROGRESSION
231
G.
COCANCEROGENESIS
231
H.
SYNCANCEROGENESIS
231
I.
ANTICANCEROGENESIS
231
J.
SYNPROMOTION
232
K.
ANTIPROMOTION
232
L.
GENOTOXICITY
232
M.
THRESHOLD
VALUES
FOR
CHEMICAL
RISK
FACTORS
OF
CANCER
(NON-OBSERVED
EFFECT
LEVEL,
NO-EFFECT
LEVEL,
THRESHOLD
VALUE)
232
PART
2
EXOGENOUS
FACTORS
AND
ENDOGENOUS
BIOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
THAT
MODULATE
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
CHAPTER
8
IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
KAREN
A.
SULLIVAN
AND
JOHN
E.
SALVAGGIO
I.
INTRODUCTION
237
II.
THE
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
237
A.
T
CELLS
238
CONTENTS
XLLL
B.
B
CELLS
243
C.
NATURAL
KILLER
CELLS
(NK
CELLS)
244
D.
MONOCYTES
AND
ANTIGEN
PROCESSING
244
E.
LYMPHOCYTE
ACTIVATION
245
1.
ROLE
OF
THE
T
CELL
RECEPTOR
(T
CR
)
245
2.
CYTOKINES/LYMPHOKINES/MONOKINES
246
3.
INTERLEUKINS
246
4.
B
CELL
ACTIVATION
251
F.
REGULATION
OF
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
251
III.
IMMUNE
SURVEILLANCE
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
252
IV.
IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY
252
V.
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
AND
OTHER
IMMUNESUPPRESSANTS:
EFFECTS
ON
THE
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
253
A.
POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
255
B.
ASBESTOS
258
C.
THERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
259
D.
"
IMMUNOTOXIC
"
POLYCLONAL
AND
MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
262
E.
HALOGENATED
AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
262
F.
PESTICIDES
264
G.
METALS
AND
METALLOIDS
266
REFERENCES
268
CHAPTER
9
THE
EFFECT
OF
DIET
ON
TUMOR
INDUCTION
SECTION
I.
EFFECT
OF
CALORIC
(ENERGY)
RESTRICTION
DAVID
KRITCHEVSKY
I.
CALORIC
RESTRICTION
EFFECTS
ON
TUMORIGENESIS:
HISTORICAL
BEGINNINGS
273
II.
MODALITIES
OF
CALORIC
RESTRICTION
275
III.
THE
EARLY
WORK
OF
ALBERT
TANNENBAUM
275
IV.
CALORIC
RESTRICTION
VERSUS
DIETARY
FAT
CONTENT
276
V.
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
TIMING
OF
CALORIC
RESTRICTION
279
VI.
CALORIC
INTAKE
VERSUS
CALORIC
EXPENDITURE
279
VII.
MECHANISM
OF
ACTION
OF
CALORIC
RESTRICTION
280
VIII.
OVEMUTRITION-RELATED
FACTORS
AND
LACK
OF
MUSCULAR
ACTIVITY
VERSUS
CANCER
RISK
281
REFERENCES
281
SECTION
II.
MODULATION
BY
PROTEIN
AND
INDIVIDUAL
AMINO
ACIDS
ERWIN
J.
HAWRYLEWICZ
I.
INTRODUCTION
284
II.
SOME
BACKGROUND
CONCEPTS
285
A.
DIETARY
PROTEIN
REQUIREMENT
285
B.
TUMOR
PROTEIN
REQUIREMENT
286
III.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
286
A.
BREAST
CANCER
286
B.
COLON
CANCER
289
C.
OTHER
CANCERS
290
IV.
ANIMAL
STUDIES
WITH
WHOLE
PROTEINS
290
A.
MAMMARY
TUMORS
290
XLV
CONTENTS
B.
COLON
TUMORS
296
C.
LIVER
TUMORS
299
D.
PANCREATIC
TUMORS
301
E.
KIDNEY
TUMORS
302
F.
PITUITARY
TUMORS
303
G.
TUMORS
IN
OTHER
ORGANS
303
V.
EFFECT
OF
INDIVIDUAL
DIETARY
AMINO
ACIDS
ON
CARCINOGENESIS
304
A.
METHIONINE
304
B.
TRYPTOPHAN
307
C.
TYROSINE
AND
PHENYLALANINE
309
D.
LEUCINE
AND
ISOLEUCINE
309
VI.
CLOSING
NOTE
310
REFERENCES
312
SECTION
III.
MODULATION
BY
VITAMINS
EDGAR
PETRU,
YIN-TAK
WOO,
AND
MARTIN
R.
BERGER
I.
INTRODUCTION
316
II.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
AND
BIOCHEMICAL
ROLES
OF
VITAMINS
WITH
SPECIAL
EMPHASIS
ON
RELATIONSHIP
TO
CARCINOGENESIS
316
III.
VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
319
A.
VITAMIN
A
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
319
B.
DEFICIENCY
IN
B
VITAMINS
AND
RELATED
COMPOUNDS
320
C.
VITAMIN
C
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
320
D.
VITAMIN
D
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
320
E.
VITAMIN
E
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
320
F.
LIPOTROPE
DEFICIENCY
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
321
IV.
MODULATION
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
VITAMIN
SUPPLEMENTATION
321
A.
INFLUENCE
OF
VITAMIN
A
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
321
B.
INFLUENCE
OF
VITAMIN
B
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
324
C.
INFLUENCE
OF
VITAMIN
C
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
324
D.
INFLUENCE
OF
VITAMIN
D
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
325
E.
INFLUENCE
OF
VITAMIN
E
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
325
F.
INFLUENCE
OF
OTHER
VITAMINS,
LIPOTROPES
AND
OTHER
QUASI-VITAMINS
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
325
V.
CLOSING
NOTE
329
REFERENCES
330
SECTION
IV.
MODULATION
BY
MINERALS
MARYCE
M.
JACOBS
AND
ROMAN
J.
PIENTA
I.
INTRODUCTION
335
II.
SELENIUM
MODULATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
336
A.
SELENIUM
MODULATION
OF
COLON
CARCINOGENESIS
336
B.
SELENIUM
MODULATION
OF
LIVER
CARCINOGENESIS
338
C.
SELENIUM
MODULATION
OF
MAMMARY
GLAND
CARCINOGENESIS
341
D.
SELENIUM
MODULATION
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
AT
OTHER
SITES
342
E.
MODULATION
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
SELENIUM
RESTRICTION/DEFIDENCY
343
III.
COPPER
MODULATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARDNOGENESIS
344
IV.
ZINC
MODULATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARDNOGENESIS
346
V.
MODULATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
OTHER
MINERALS
349
A.
MAGNESIUM
349
B.
CALCIUM
349
C.
LEAD
349
CONTENTS
XV
D.
IRON
350
E.
POTASSIUM
351
F.
SODIUM
351
G.
ARSENIC
351
H.
IODINE
351
I.
GERMANIUM
AND
OTHER
MINERALS
352
REFERENCES
353
SECTION
V.
DIETARY
FIBER
AND
ITS
EFFECT
ON
CANCER
INCIDENCE
DAVID
KRITCHEVSKY
I.
DIETARY
FIBERS:
SOURCES,
CLASSIFICATION,
DEFINITIONS
357
II.
METHODOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS
AND
LIMITATIONS
OF
THE
ASSESSMENT
OF
FIBER
EFFECTS
358
III.
PROTECTION
BY
DIETARY
FIBER
AGAINST
COLORECTAL
CANCER
358
IV.
MECHANISM
OF
FIBER
PROTECTION
AGAINST
COLORECTAL
CANCER
362
V.
DIETARY
FIBER
EFFECT
ON
CANCER
OF
THE
BREAST
AND
PANCREAS:
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDIES
364
REFERENCES
364
EDITORS'
NOTE
I
TO
CHAPTER
9:
INDIRECT
MODIFICATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
NUTRITIONAL
FACTORS
THROUGH
REGULATION
OF
THE
MIXED-FUNCTION
OXIDASE
SYSTEM
367
REFERENCES
369
EDITORS
'
NOTE
II
TO
CHAPTER
9:
ON
EVIDENCE
FOR
PREVENTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
DIETARY
SUPPLEMENTATION
370
REFERENCES
370
CHAPTER
10
THE
EFFECT
OF
ANIMAL
AGE
ON
TUMOR
INDUCTION
YVONNE
LEUTZINGER
AND
JOHN
P.
RICHIE,
JR.
I.
INTRODUCTION
373
II.
BACKGROUND
373
A.
THE
AGING
PROCESS
373
B.
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
AGING
AND
CANCER
375
C.
RESEARCH
APPROACHES
376
III.
STUDIES
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
AGING
ANIMALS
378
A.
POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS
379
1.
IN
SKIN
379
2.
IN
CELL
CULTURE
382
B.
AROMATIC
AMINES
383
C.
NITROSAMINES
REQUIRING
ACTIVATION
383
D.
DIRECT-ACTING
NITROSAMINES
384
E.
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS
386
IV.
STUDIES
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
AGING
HUMANS
387
V.
STUDIES
ON
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
DURING
OTHER
PHASES
OF
THE
LIFE
SPAN
388
VI.
HOST
FACTORS
AFFECTING
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
AGING
389
A.
METABOLISM
AND
DISPOSITION
OF
CARCINOGENS
389
1.
CARCINOGEN
ACTIVATION
389
2.
CARCINOGEN
DETOXIFICATION
390
B.
DNA
SUSCEPTIBILITY
TO
CHEMICAL
DAMAGE
391
XVL
CONTENTS
C.
DNA
REPAIR
391
D.
CELL
PROLIFERATION
392
E.
IMMUNE
COMPETENCE
392
VIL
CLOSING
NOTE
392
REFERENCES
393
CHAPTER
11
THE
EFFECT
OF
HORMONES
ON
TUMOR
INDUCTION
JONATHAN
J.
LI
AND
SARA
A.
LI
INTRODUCTION
397
SECTION
I.
BRIEF
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
I.
MECHANISMS
OF
HORMONE
ACTION:
INTERACTION
WITH
RECEPTORS
399
A.
STEROID
RECEPTORS:
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
400
B.
AMINE
AND
PEPTIDE
HORMONE
RECEPTORS:
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
402
II.
CLASSIFICATION,
BIOSYNTHESIS,
RELEASE,
AND
DISPOSITION
OF
HORMONES
404
A.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
HORMONES
BASED
ON
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
AND
MECHANISM
OF
ACTION
404
B.
BIOSYNTHESIS
AND
RELEASE
OF
HORMONES
405
C.
PATTERNS
OF
HORMONE
SECRETION
406
D.
TRANSPORT
AND
METABOLISM
OF
HORMONES
406
III.
PRINCIPAL
COMPONENT
SEGMENTS
OF
THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
407
A.
THE
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY
AXIS
AND
ITS
PERIPHERAL
GLAND
TARGETS
407
1.
HYPOPHYSIS
407
2.
ADRENAL
GLANDS
410
3.
THYROID
GLAND
410
4.
GONADS
411
B.
HORMONAL
REGULATION
OF
CALCIUM
HOMEOSTASIS
413
C.
HORMONAL
CONTROL
OF
ENERGY
UTILIZATION
AND
STORAGE
413
IV.
FEEDBACK
CONTROL
IN
THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM:
A
SYNOPTIC
OVERVIEW
415
REFERENCE
SOURCES
417
SECTION
II.
HORMONAL
CARCINOGENESIS
I.
KIDNEY
420
II.
LIVER
422
III.
PROSTATE
424
IV.
TESTES
424
V.
MAMMARY
GLAND
425
VI.
UTERUS
426
VII.
NOTE
ON
THE
MECHANISMS
OF
HORMONAL
CARCINOGENESIS
426
REFERENCES
427
SECTION
III.
EFFECT
OF
HORMONES
ON
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
NONHORMONE
CHEMICAL
AGENTS
I.
ENHANCEMENT
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
HORMONES
431
A.
MAMMARY
GLAND
431
B.
LIVER
434
C.
OVARY
435
D.
EPIDERMIS
435
E.
BLADDER
435
CONTENTS
XVIL
F.
PROSTATE
436
G.
OTHER
ORGAN
SITES
436
II.
INHIBITION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
BY
HORMONES
437
III.
SOME
MECHANISMS
OF
HORMONAL
EFFECTS
IN
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENESIS
438
REFERENCES
441
EDITORS
'
NOTE
ADDED
IN
PROOF:
ON
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
XENOESTROGENS
445
CHAPTER
12
EFFECT
OF
GENETIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY
ON
TUMOR
INDUCTION
NORMAN
R.
DRINKWATER
I.
INTRODUCTION
451
II.
GENETIC
APPROACHES
TO
STUDYING
MECHANISMS
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
451
A.
MUTANT
AND
CONGENIC
STRAINS
452
B.
VARIATION
AMONG
INBRED
STRAINS
452
III.
GENETIC
CONTROL
OF
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
INBRED
STRAINS
454
A.
LUNG
TUMOR
INDUCTION
IN
MICE
457
B.
LIVER
TUMOR
INDUCTION
IN
MICE
458
C.
SKIN
TUMOR
INDUCTION
IN
MICE
460
D.
COLON
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
MICE
462
E.
RAT
MAMMARY
CARCINOGENESIS
464
IV.
EFFECTS
OF
SPECIFIC
LOCI
ON
CARCINOGENESIS
464
A.
A
(AGOUTI)
465
B.
AH
(AROMATIC
HYDROCARBON
RESPONSIVENESS)
465
C.
APD*
'
N
(ADENOMATOUS
POLYPOSIS
COLI)
465
D.
BG
(BEIGE)
466
E.
BM
(BRACHYMORPHIC)
466
F.
H-2
(HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
COMPLEX-2)
466
G.
K-RAS-2
467
H.
TFM
(TESTICULAR
FEMINIZATION)
467
V.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
468
REFERENCES
468
CHAPTER
13
RADIATION
INJURY
AND
RADIATION
CARCINOGENESIS
WITH
SPECIAL
REFERENCE
TO
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
WITH
CHEMICAL
AGENTS
JEFFREY
L.
SCHWARTZ
I.
INTRODUCTION
473
II.
MECHANISM
OF
RADIATION
INJURY
474
A.
RADIATION
INTERACTIONS
WITH
MATTER
474
1.
SUBATOMIC
NATURE
OF
INTERACTIONS
474
2.
LINEAR
ENERGY
TRANSFER
475
3.
UNITS
OF
DOSE
AND
ACTIVITY
476
B.
CHEMICAL
NATURE
OF
INTERACTIONS
476
1.
DIRECT
AND
INDIRECT
EFFECTS
476
2.
INTERACTION
WITH
BIOLOGICAL
TARGETS
477
C.
RADIATION
EFFECTS
ON
DNA
478
1.
INDUCTION
OF
DNA
DAMAGE
AND
ITS
REPAIR
478
2.
EFFECT
ON
DNA
FUNCTION
480
XVLLL
CONTENTS
D.
INDUCTION
OF
CHROMOSOME
DAMAGE
AND
ITS
REPAIR
481
E.
CELL
RESPONSE
TO
IONIZING
RADIATION
483
1.
CELL
CYCLE
EFFECTS
483
2.
CELL
TOXICITY
483
3.
INDUCTION
OF
MUTATION
485
4.
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
486
F.
RADIATION
CARCINOGENESIS
487
1.
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
487
2.
INITIATION,
PROMOTION,
AND
PROGRESSION
489
3.
MOLECULAR
ASPECTS
489
III.
MODIFICATION
OF
RESPONSE
490
A.
PHYSICAL
MODIFIERS
490
1.
LET
EFFECTS
AND
RELATIVE
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTIVENESS
490
2.
OXYGEN
EFFECTS
AND
THE
OXYGEN
ENHANCEMENT
RATIO
491
3.
DOSE-RATE
491
B.
BIOLOGICAL
MODIFIERS
492
1.
TISSUE
ORIGIN
492
2.
PLOIDY
492
3.
DNA
REPAIR
492
4.
CELL
CYCLE
493
5.
CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE
494
C.
CHEMICAL
MODIFIERS
494
1.
MECHANISMS
OF
ACTION
494
2.
EXAMPLES
OF
RADIOPROTECTORS
AND
ANTICARCINOGENS
496
3.
EXAMPLES
OF
RADIOSENSITIZERS
AND
COCARCINOGENS
499
REFERENCES
502
CHAPTER
14
MECHANISMS
OF
VIRAL
TUMORIGENESIS
AND
THE
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
OF
VIRUSES
AND
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
INTRODUCTION
509
JOSEPH
C.
ARCOS
SECTION
I.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
TUMOR
VIRUSES.
VIRAL
AND
CELLULAR
ONCOGENES.
NONVIRAL
ONCOGENE
ACTIVATORS.
JOSEPH
C.
ARCOS,
LAWRENCE
R.
BOONE,
AND
WILLIAM
C.
PHELPS
I.
RNA
TUMOR
VIRUSES
511
II.
DNA
TUMOR
VIRUSES
523
III.
VARIETIES
OF
NONVIRAL
ONCOGENE
ACTIVATORS
523
A.
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
524
1.
ACTIVATION
OF
RAS
525
2.
AUGMENTATION
OF
RAS
525
3.
AUGMENTATION
AND
ACTIVATION
OF
MYC
526
4.
COLLABORATION
BETWEEN
RAS
AND
MYC
526
5.
ACTIVATION/ENHANCEMENT
OF
OTHER
ONCOGENES
527
B.
RADIATIONS
528
1.
IONIZING
RADIATIONS
528
A.
ACTIVATION
OF
RAS
GENES
528
B.
AUGMENTATION
OF
MYC
GENES
529
2.
NONIONIZING
RADIATIONS
529
CONTENTS
XLX
C.
CHROMOSOME
TRANSLOCATIONS:
SPONTANEOUS
AND
INDUCED;
INTRINSICALLY
FRAGILE
SITES.
EXCESS
CHROMOSOMES
ACQUIRED
IN
MEIOSIS
530
1.
SUMMARY
CLINICAL
PICTURE
OF
CHROMOSOME
INSTABILITY
SYNDROMES
531
2.
EXCESS
CHROMOSOME
SYNDROMES
532
3.
CHROMOSOME
TRANSLOCATION
IN
CHRONIC
MYELOGENOUS
LEUKEMIA
532
D.
CONDITIONS
OF
SUSTAINED
CELLULAR
STRESS
533
1
DEPRIVATION
FROM
EXTRACELLULAR
SIGNALS
534
2.
OSMOLARITY
CRISIS
535
REFERENCES
537
SECTION
II.
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
OF
VIRALLY-INDUCED
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
AND
TUMORIGENESIS
LAWRENCE
R.
BOONE,
K.
GREGORY
MOORE,
WILLIAM
C.
PHELPS,
AND
YIN-TAK
WOO
I.
ASSAYS
FOR
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
AND
ONCOGENESIS;
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
TRANSFORMED
CELL
542
A.
IN
VITRO
ASSAYS
FOR
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
542
1.
PROPERTIES
OF
CULTURED
CELLS:
CELL
STRAINS,
ESTABLISHED
CELL
LINES,
AND
TRANSFORMED
CELLS
542
2.
BASIC
METHODOLOGY
OF
IN
VITRO
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
ASSAYS
543
3.
STUDY
OF
TUMOR
VIRUSES
USING
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
ASSAYS
543
4.
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
IN
DNA
TRANSFECTION
ASSAYS
544
5.
USE
OF
THE
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
ASSAY
FOR
SCREENING
POTENTIALLY
CARCINOGENIC
AGENTS
544
B.
SPECIALIZED
IN
VIVO
ASSAYS
FOR
ONCOGENESIS
545
1.
THE
"
NUDE
MICE
"
ASSAY
545
2.
THE
TRANSGENIC
MICE
ASSAY
545
A.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES/METHODOLOGY
IN
MAKING
TRANSGENIC
MICE
545
B.
TRANSGENIC
MODELS
OF
TUMOR
DEVELOPMENT
546
C.
TRANSGENIC
MICE
IN
TESTS
OF
POTENTIAL
CARCINOGENS,
FOR
EXPLORING
THERAPEUTIC
STRATEGIES,
AND
RISK
ASSESSMENT
546
II.
SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
CASCADES:
NON-DNA
TARGETS
OF
VIRAL
EFFECTORS
547
A.
TRANSMEMBRANE
RECEPTORS
AND
PROTEIN
TYROSINE
KINASE
ACTIVITY
548
B.
"
SIGNALLING
MOTIFS
"
:
THE
FUNCTIONAL
DOMAINS
IN
PROTEINS
THAT
ENACT
SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
549
C.
PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-ASSOCIATED
INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALLING
PATHWAYS
550
D.
GRB2
AND
SOS:
THE
LINK
BETWEEN
THE
ACTIVATED
RECEPTOR
AND
RAS
551
E.
RAS:
THE
MOLECULAR
SWITCH
OF
CELLULAR
SIGNALLING
551
F.
RAF
AND
THE
14-3-3
FAMILY
PROTEINS
552
G.
THE
MAP
KINASE
CASCADE
552
H.
THE
SRC
FAMILY
TYROSINE
KINASES
553
I.
JAKS
AND
THE
STAT
FAMILY:
RAS-INDEPENDENT
SIGNALLING
555
J.
TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
555
K.
CLOSING
NOTE:
A
PERSPECTIVE
ON
THE
REQUIREMENT
FOR
COMPLEXITY
IN
THE
SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION
NETWORK
556
III.
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENES:
TARGETS
OF
VIRAL
EFFECTORS
557
A.
THE
P53
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENE
558
B.
THE
RETINOBLASTOMA
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENE
558
C.
THE
WIHNS
'
-TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENE
558
IV.
RETROVIRAL
ONCOGENES
-
AN
ILLUSTRATIVE
SAMPLING:
EFFECTORS
OF
ONCOGENIC
TRANSFORMATION
559
A.
SIS:
HOMOLOGY
TO
HUMAN
PDGF
B,
A
MUTATED
GROWTH
FACTOR
ANALOG
559
B.
FMS:
MUTATED
ANALOG
OF
CSF-1
RECEPTOR
561
C.
RAS:
MUTATED
ANALOG
OF
GTP-BINDING
GTPASE
562
XX
CONTENTS
D.
SRC:
MEMBRANE-BOUND
MUTATED
NONRECEPTOR
TYROSINE
PROTEIN
KINASE
564
E.
MOST
UNSCHEDULED
EXPRESSION
OF
CYTOPLASMIC
SERINE/THREONINE
PROTEIN
KINASE
566
F.
MYCT
CODES
FOR
MUTATED
AND/OR
EXCESSIVE
NUCLEAR
REGULATORY
PROTEIN
568
G.
CIS-ACTIVATION
OF
C-ONC
GENES:
MULV
AND
MMTV
570
H.
TRA/IS-ACTIVATION
OF
C-ONC
GENES:
HTLV-I
572
V.
DNA
TUMOR
VIRUSES:
EFFECTORS
OF
ONCOGENIC
TRANSFORMATION
574
A.
ADENOVIRIDAE
FAMILY
574
1.
GENERAL
FEATURES
574
2.
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
574
3.
TRANSFORMING
PROTEINS
575
A.
E1A
575
B.
E1B
575
4.
A
DUAL
LINK
TO
TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR
GENES
576
B.
PAPOVAVIRIDAE
FAMILY
577
1.
POLYOMAVIRUSES
577
A.
GENERAL
FEATURES
577
B.
CELL
TRANSFORMATION
578
C.
TRANSFORMING
PROTEINS:
T
ANTIGENS
578
2.
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
579
A.
GENERAL
FEATURES
579
B.
ANIMAL
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
579
C.
HUMAN
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
580
D.
TRANSFORMATION
OF
CELLS
IN
CULTURE
BY
PAPILLOMAVIRUSES
581
E.
TRANSFORMING
PROTEINS
OF
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
581
C.
HEPATITIS
VIRUSES
583
1.
HEPATITIS
B
VIRUS
583
A.
INTERNAL
ORGANIZATION
AND
REPLICATION
FEATURES
583
B.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
LINKAGE
TO
HCC
584
C.
VIRAL
MECHANISMS
OF
NEOPLASTIC
CONVERSION
585
2.
HEPATITIS
C
VIRUS
587
D.
HERPESVIRIDAE
FAMILY
588
1.
THE
EPSTEIN-BARR
VIRUS
588
A.
GENERAL
FEATURES
588
B.
BURKITT
'
S
LYMPHOMA
589
C.
NASOPHARYNGEAL
CARCINOMA
590
D.
IMMUNODEFICIENCY-ASSOCIATED
LYMPHOMAS
590
E.
TRANSFORMING
PROTEINS
591
2.
MAREK
'
S
DISEASE
VIRUS
592
A.
GENERAL
FEATURES
592
B.
TRANSFORMING
GENES
592
E.
POXVIRIDAE
FAMILY
593
1.
GENERAL
FEATURES
593
2.
VIRALLY-ENCODED
GROWTH
FACTORS
593
REFERENCES
595
SECTION
III.
VIRAL-CHEMICAL
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
IN
TUMORIGENESIS
YIN-TAK
WOO
I.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC
EVIDENCE
OF
POSSIBLE
SYNERGISTIC
INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN
TUMOR
VIRUSES
AND
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS/PROMOTERS
IN
HUMAN
610
II.
COMBINATION
EFFECTS
BETWEEN
TUMOR
VIRUSES
AND
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS/PROMOTERS
IN
ANIMALS
613
III.
POTENTIATION
OF
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS
BY
VIRUSES
NOT
KNOWN
TO
BE
ONCOGENIC
616
CONTENTS
XXL
IV.
COMBINED
EFFECTS
OF
VIRUSES
AND
CHEMICAL
CARCINOGENS/PROMOTERS
IN
CELL
CULTURES
617
V.
CONCLUDING
NOTE
619
REFERENCES
620
SPECULATIVE
CLOSING
NOTE
623
JOSEPH
C.
ARCOS
CHAPTER
15
EFFECT
OF
STRESS
ON
TUMOR
INDUCTION
WOLFGANG
H.
VOGEL
I.
INTRODUCTION
627
II.
STRESSOR,
STRESS,
AND
HEALTH
CONSEQUENCES
627
III.
HOMEOSTATIC
CHANGES
DURING
STRESS
629
IV.
SPECIFIC
HOMEOSTATIC
CHANGES
POSSIBLY
AFFECTING
CARCINOGENESIS
629
V.
STRESS
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
ANIMALS
632
VI.
EFFECT
OF
STRESS
ON
VIRALLY-INDUCED
TUMORS
AND
ON
TUMOR
CELL
GROWTH
634
VII.
STRESS
AND
SPONTANEOUS
TUMORS
634
VIII.
TRAUMA
635
IX.
STRESS,
IMMUNITY,
AND
CARCINOGENESIS
IN
HUMANS
635
X.
CLOSING
NOTE
636
REFERENCES
637
EDITORS
'
NOTE
ADDED
IN
PROOF:
STRESS
PROTEINS:
HEAT-SHOCK
PROTEINS/MOLECULAR
CHAPERONES
640
CHAPTER
16
EXTREMELY
LOW
FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
AND
CANCER
BARY
W.
WILSON
AND
JEFFREY
D.
STIFFER
I.
INTRODUCTION
645
II.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
646
A.
PROPERTIES
OF
ELF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
648
III.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC
STUDIES
649
A.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC
STUDIES
ON
ELECTRIC
BLANKET
USE
650
B.
OCCUPATIONAL
EPIDEMIOLOGIC
STUDIES
651
C.
BRAIN
CANCER
651
D.
LEUKEMIA
AND
LYMPHOMA
652
E.
MALE
BREAST
CANCER
652
F.
MELANOMA
654
IV.
OVERVIEW
OF
IN
VITRO
STUDIES
654
A.
ELF
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
ARE
NOT
DIRECTLY
GENOTOXIC
654
B.
ALTERED
CELL
PROLIFERATION
655
C.
ALTERED
DNA
SYNTHESIS
655
V.
EFFECTS
OF
EMF
ON
GENE
EXPRESSION
655
A.
GENERAL
CHANGES
IN
RNA
655
B.
ALTERED
EXPRESSION
OF
SPECIFIC
RNA
657
XXLL
CONTENTS
C.
SUMMARY
OF
TRANSCRIPTION
EFFECTS
658
D.
ELF
FIELD
EFFECTS
ON
SPECIFIC
PROTEINS
659
VI.
MECHANISMS
FOR
EMF-INDUCED
CELLULAR
CHANGES
660
A.
MODULATION
OF
INTRACELLULAR
CALCIUM
CONCENTRATION
660
B.
POSSIBLE
DIRECT
EFFECTS
OF
ELF
FIELDS
ON
CELL-SURFACE
RECEPTORS
660
VIL
IN
VIVO
STUDIES
661
A.
CANCER
CO-PROMOTION
POTENTIAL
OF
EMF
662
B.
PINEAL
FUNCTION
AND
CANCER
RISK
662
C.
MELATONIN
AS
A
TUMOR
SUPPRESSOR
662
D.
EMF
EFFECTS
ON
MELATONIN
PRODUCTION
663
E.
NEUROENDOCRINE
EFFECTS
OF
EMF
AND
THE
MELATONIN
HYPOTHESIS
664
VIII.
EVIDENCE
FOR
EMF
EFFECTS
IN
HUMANS
665
IX.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS
OF
EMF
EFFECTS
IN
BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
666
X.
PHYSICAL
MECHANISMS
FOR
EMF
EFFECTS
ON
BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
667
A.
OTHER
POSSIBLE
PHYSICAL
BASES
FOR
EMF
DETECTION
668
B.
FREE
RADICAL
MECHANISMS
668
XL
CONCLUDING
NOTE
669
REFERENCES
671
POSTSCRIPTOM:
AN
EDITOR
'
S
MUSINGS
675
INDEX
681 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010675554 |
| callnumber-first | R - Medicine |
| callnumber-label | RC268 |
| callnumber-raw | RC268.6 |
| callnumber-search | RC268.6 |
| callnumber-sort | RC 3268.6 |
| callnumber-subject | RC - Internal Medicine |
| classification_rvk | XH 4500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)31078593 (DE-599)BVBBV010675554 |
| dewey-full | 616.88/4071 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.88/4071 |
| dewey-search | 616.88/4071 |
| dewey-sort | 3616.88 44071 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV010675554 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-10T11:10:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0817637664 3764337664 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007124273 |
| oclc_num | 31078593 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-188 DE-578 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-188 DE-578 |
| physical | XXXII, 711 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Birkhäuser |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis Joseph C. Arcos ... ed. Boston [u.a.] Birkhäuser 1995 XXXII, 711 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cancer Etiology Carcinogens Chemical carcinogenesis Neoplasms etiology Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd rswk-swf Risikofaktor (DE-588)4050131-0 gnd rswk-swf Carcinogen (DE-588)4032909-4 gnd rswk-swf Carcinogenese (DE-588)4069853-1 gnd rswk-swf Chemikalie (DE-588)4009833-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Carcinogen (DE-588)4032909-4 s Risikofaktor (DE-588)4050131-0 s Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 s DE-604 Carcinogenese (DE-588)4069853-1 s Chemikalie (DE-588)4009833-3 s Arcos, Joseph C. Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007124273&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis Cancer Etiology Carcinogens Chemical carcinogenesis Neoplasms etiology Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd Risikofaktor (DE-588)4050131-0 gnd Carcinogen (DE-588)4032909-4 gnd Carcinogenese (DE-588)4069853-1 gnd Chemikalie (DE-588)4009833-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064937-4 (DE-588)4050131-0 (DE-588)4032909-4 (DE-588)4069853-1 (DE-588)4009833-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |
| title_auth | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |
| title_exact_search | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |
| title_full | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis Joseph C. Arcos ... ed. |
| title_fullStr | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis Joseph C. Arcos ... ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis Joseph C. Arcos ... ed. |
| title_short | Chemical induction of cancer |
| title_sort | chemical induction of cancer modulation and combination effects an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |
| title_sub | modulation and combination effects ; an inventory of the many factors wich influence carcinogenesis |
| topic | Cancer Etiology Carcinogens Chemical carcinogenesis Neoplasms etiology Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd Risikofaktor (DE-588)4050131-0 gnd Carcinogen (DE-588)4032909-4 gnd Carcinogenese (DE-588)4069853-1 gnd Chemikalie (DE-588)4009833-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cancer Etiology Carcinogens Chemical carcinogenesis Neoplasms etiology Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced Wechselwirkung Risikofaktor Carcinogen Carcinogenese Chemikalie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007124273&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT arcosjosephc chemicalinductionofcancermodulationandcombinationeffectsaninventoryofthemanyfactorswichinfluencecarcinogenesis |