Meaning in interaction: an introduction to pragmatics
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Longman
1995
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Learning about language
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | XII, 224 S. |
| ISBN: | 0582291518 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Thomas, Jenny |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Meaning in interaction |b an introduction to pragmatics |c Jenny Thomas |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Longman |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 224 S. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804125054982684672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgements
xiv
What is pragmatics?
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Defining pragmatics
1
1.3
From abstract meaning to contextual meaning
2
1.3.1
Assigning sense in context
5
1.3.2
Assigning reference in context
8
1.3.3
Structural ambiguity
12
1.3.4
Interaction of sense, reference and structure
12
1.3.5
Ambiguity and intentional icy
14
1.4
Utterance meaning: first level of speaker meaning
16
1.4.1
Importance of utterance meaning
16
1.5
Force: the second level of speaker meaning
18
1.5.1
Understanding both utterance meaning and force
18
1.5.2
Understanding utterance meaning but not force
19
1.5.3
Understanding force but not utterance meaning
19
1.5.4
Understanding neither utterance meaning nor
force
20
1.5.5
Interrelationship of utterance meaning and force
21
1.6
Definitions of pragmatics (revisited)
21
1.6.1
Speaker meaning
21
1.6.2
Utterance interpretation
22
1.6.3
Pragmatics: meaning in interaction
22
1.7
Summary
23
viii Contents
2
Speech
acts
28
2.
IJ.
L.
Austin
28
2.2
Ordinary language philosophy
29
2.3
Logical positivism and truth conditional semantics
29
2.4
The performative hypothesis
32
2.4.1
Metalinguistic performatives
33
2.4.2
Ritual performatives
36
2.4.2.1
Felicity conditions
37
2.4.2.2
Explicit reference to felicity conditions
39
2.4.3
Collaborative performatives
40
2.4.4
Group performatives
41
2.4.5
Overlap of categories
42
2.4.6
Cross-cultural differences in use of performatives
42
2.4.7
Collapse of Austin s performative hypothesis
43
2.4.7.1
The grammatical distinctiveness of
performatives
44
2.4.7.2
Do performatives always perform actions?
45
2.4.7.3
How to do things without performative
verbs
45
2.4.8
Explicit and implicit performatives
47
2.5
Utterances as actions
49
2.5.1
Locution,
illocution, perlocution
49
2.5.2
Speech acts
50
2.6
Conclusion
51
3
Conversational implicature
55
3.t Introduction
55
3.2
H. P. Grice
56
3.3
Implicature
57
3.3.1
Conventional implicature
57
3.3.2
Conversational implicature
58
3.3.3
Implicature and inference
58
3.4
The Cooperative Principle
61
3.5
The four conversational maxims
63
3.5.1
Observing the maxims
64
3.5.2
Non-observance of the maxims
64
Contents ix
3.6
Flouting a maxim
65
3.6.1
Flouts necessitated by a clash between maxims
65
3.6.2
Flouts which exploit a maxim
67
3.6.2.1
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quality
67
3.6.2.2
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Quantity
69
3.6.2.3
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Relation
70
3.6.2.4
Flouts exploiting the maxim of Manner
71
3.7
Other categories of non-observance of the
conversational maxims
72
3.7.1
Violating a maxim
72
3.7.2
Infringing a maxim
74
3.7.3
Opting out of a maxim
74
3.7.4 Suspendinga
maxim
76
3.8
Testing for implicature
78
3.8.1
Non-detachability and non-conventionality
78
3.8.2
Implicature changes
80
3.8.3
Calculability
82
3.8.4
Defeasibility
82
3.9
Conclusion
84
4
Approaches to pragmatics
87
4.1
Introduction
87
4.2
Problems with Grice s theory
87
4.2.1
When is non-observance intentional?
88
4.2.2
Distinguishing between types of non-observance
90
4.2.3
Different nature of maxims
91
4.2.4
Maxims may overlap
91
4.2.5
Problems of calculability
92
4.3
Grice s informal approach
93
4.4
J. R. Searle
93
4.4.1
Indirect speech acts
93
4.4.2
Searle s conditions for speech acts
94
4.4.2.1
Distinguishing speech acts
96
4.4.2.2
Plugging the gaps in Scarle s rules
98
4.4.2.3
The speech act
oí
apologizing·, a case study
99
4.4.2.4
Over-generality of rules
102
4.4.2.5
The speech act of warning: a case study
103
χ
Contents
4.5 Searle s formal
approach to the categorization of speech
acts
105
4.6
Rules versus principles
107
4.6.1
Rules are all or nothing, principles are more or less
108
4.6.2
Rules are exclusive, principles can co-occur
108
4.6.3
Rules are constitutive, principles are regulative
109
4.6.4
Rules are definite, principles are probabilistic
110
4.6.5
Rules are conventional, principles are motivated
111
4.7
Conclusion 111
5
Pragmatics and indirectness
119
5.1
Introduction
119
5.2
Pragmatics and indirectness
120
5.2.1
Intentional indirectness
120
5.2.2
Indirectness is costly and risky
120
5.2.3
Assumption of rationality
121
5.2.4
The principle of expressibility
122
5.2.5
Indirectness
—
an illustration
123
5.3
How do we know how indirect to be?
124
5.3.1
Power
124
5.3.2
Social distance
128
5.3.3
Size of imposition
130
5.3.4
Rights and obligations
131
5.3.5
The negotiation of pragmatic parameters
131
5.4
Measuring indirectness
133
5.4.1
The role of context in interpreting indirectness
136
5.4.2
The role of belief in interpreting indirectness
137
5.4.3
Background knowledge and interpreting
indirectness
138
5.4.4
The role of co-text in interpreting indirectness
138
5.4.5
Goals and the interpretation of indirectness
139
5.5
Why use indirectness?
142
5.5.1
Interestingness
143
5.5.2
Increasing the force of one s message
144
5.5.3
Competing goals
145
5.6
Conclusion
146
Contents xi
6
Theories of politeness
149
6.1
Introduction
149
6.2
Delimiting the concept of politeness
149
6.2.1
Politeness as a real-world goal
150
6.2.2
Deference versus politeness
150
6.2.3
Register
154
6.2.4
Politeness as an utterance level phenomenon
155
6.2.5
Politeness as a pragmatic phenomenon
157
6.3
Politeness explained in terms of principles and maxims
158
6.3.1
Ambivalence and politeness
158
6.3.2
Pragmatic principles
159
6.3.2.1
The Tact maxim
160
6.3.2.2
The Generosity maxim
162
6.3.2.3
The Approbation maxim
162
6.3.2.4
The Modesty maxim
163
6.3.2.5
The Agreement maxim
165
6.3.2.6
The Pollyanna Principle
166
6.3.3
Problems with Leech s approach
167
6.4
Politeness and the management of face
168
6.4.1
Face-threatening acts
169
6.4.1.1
Supcrstratcgies for performing face-
threatening acts
169
6.4.1.2
Performing an FTA without any redress
(bald-on-record)
170
6.4.1.3
Performing an FTA with redress (positive
politeness)
171
6.4.1.4
Performing an FTA with redress (negative
politeness)
172
6.4.1.5
Performing an FTA using oflf-record
politeness
173
6.4.1.6
Do not perform FTA
174
6.4.2
Criticisms of Brown and
Levinson
176
6.5
Politeness viewed as a conversational contract
176
6.6
Politeness measured along pragmatic scales
177
6.7
Conclusion
178
xii Contents
7 The
construction
of meaning
183
7.1
Introduction
183
7.2
How does pragmatics fit into linguistics?
184
7.3
Pragmatics versus sociolinguistics
185
7.3.1
Overlap between pragmatics and sociolinguistics
186
7.4
Activity types versus speech events
187
7.5
The construction of meaning
195
7.5.1
Pragmatic ambivalence
195
7.5.2
The collaborative nature of speech acts
196
7.5.3
The negotiability of force
198
7.5.4
Preparing the ground for a speech act
199
7.5.5
Successive utterances in situated discourse
201
7.5.6
Discoursal ambivalence
202
7.5.7
Dynamic pragmatics
203
7.6
What counts as evidence in pragmatics?
204
7.6.1
Perlocutionary effect
205
7.6.2
Explicit commentary by speaker
205
7.6.3
Explicit commentary by others
206
7.6.4
Co-text (subsequent discourse)
207
7.7
Conclusion
208
References
211
Author Index
219
General Index
221
|
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| spelling | Thomas, Jenny Verfasser aut Meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics Jenny Thomas 1. publ. London [u.a.] Longman 1995 XII, 224 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Learning about language Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Actes de parole Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Pragmatiek gtt Pragmatique Pragmatics Speech acts (Linguistics) Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007057692&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Thomas, Jenny Meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics Actes de parole Habla, Actos del (Lingüística) Pragmatiek gtt Pragmatique Pragmatics Speech acts (Linguistics) Pragmatik (DE-588)4076315-8 gnd |
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| title_full | Meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics Jenny Thomas |
| title_fullStr | Meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics Jenny Thomas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics Jenny Thomas |
| title_short | Meaning in interaction |
| title_sort | meaning in interaction an introduction to pragmatics |
| title_sub | an introduction to pragmatics |
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