Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
1995
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in environmental science
63 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 044482247X |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Erisman, Jan W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |c J. W. Erisman ; G. P. J. Draaijers |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIV, 405 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Studies in environmental science |v 63 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologia vegetal |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Florestas |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Plantes - Effet des précipitations acides |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Plantes des forêts - Effet des précipitations acides |2 ram | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | PREFACE vii
CONTENTS xi
LIST OF FIGURES xix
LIST OF TABLES xxvii
NOMENCLATURE xxxi
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE OF ACIDIFICATION 1
Dutch Priority Programme on Acidification 3
1. 2 HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION RESEARCH 8
1.2.1 NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 9
Wet deposition 9
Dry deposition 11
1.2.2 SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 12
Wet deposition 12
Dry deposition 14
1.2.3 THROUGHFALL MEASUREMENTS 15
1.2.4 LONG RANGE TRANSPORT 15
1.2.5 SYNTHESIS 17
xi
CONTENTS 1.3 ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION RESEARCH IN THE NETHERLANDS 18
1.4 OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 20
CHAPTER 2 EMISSION, TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSPORT 23
Introduction 23
2.1 EMISSION OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 23
2.1.1 ATMOSPHERIC SULPHUR AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 24
2.1.2 EMISSIONS 24
2.1.3 EVOLVEMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS SINCE 1900 26
Emissions between 1900 and 1990 26
Emissions in the Netherlands and Europe during recent years 28
2.2 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 30
SO2 32
NOx 32
NH3 33
2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORT 34
2.4 LONG RANGE TRANSPORT MODELLING 39
2.5 SPATIAL VARIATION IN CONCENTRATION 41
2.5.1 THE NETHERLANDS 41
2.5.2 EUROPE 43
CHAPTER 3 DEPOSITION PROCESSES AND MEASUREMENT 49
Introduction 49
3.1 WET DEPOSITION 49
3.1.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 49
3.1.2 MEASURING METHODS 51
3.2 DRY DEPOSITION 55
3.2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 55
3.2.2 FRAMEWORKS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF ATMOSPHERE SURFACE
EXCHANGE 57
Resistance analogy for trace gases 57
Particles 60
xii
CONTENTS 3.2.3 MEASURING METHODS FOR DRY DEPOSITION 62
Micrometeorological methods for estimating dry deposition 62
Surface wash methods to estimate dry deposition 72
Watershed mass balance method 74
Inferential technique 74
Chamber methods 74
3.3 CLOUD AND FOG DEPOSITION AND DEW 76
3.3.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 76
3.3.2 MEASURING METHODS 76
3.4 EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR
ESTIMATING DEPOSITION 78
3.4.1 WET DEPOSITION 78
3.4.2 DRY DEPOSITION 78
Sulphur 79
Nitrogen 80
Base cations 81
3.4.3 CLOUD AND FOG DEPOSITION 82
3.4.3 SYNTHESIS 83
Process oriented studies 83
Evaluation of models 83
Detection of trends 84
CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND DRY DEPOSITION 85
Introduction 85
4.1 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 85
4.1.1 SO2 85
Physiological Control 86
Physico chemical control 86
Deposition to soil and litter 88
4.1.2 NOx 89
4.1.3 HNOx 90
4.1.4 PAN 91
4.1.5 NH3 91
4.1.6 HC1 93
4.1.7 PARTICLES 93
4.1.8 METEORITES 94
xiii
CONTENTS 4.2 SURFACE RESISTANCE PARAMETRISATIONS 98
Introduction 98
4.2.1 SURFACE RESISTANCE PARAMETERISATION FOR GASES 98
Stomatal and mesophyll resistance 99
External leaf uptake 100
In canopy transport 104
Deposition to soil and water surfaces 105
4.2.2 PARTICLES 107
4.2.3 SYNTHESIS 109
Uncertainties Ill
CHAPTER 5 GENERALISATION OF DEPOSITION 113
Introduction 113
5.1 LOCAL SCALE DEPOSITION MAPS, WHAT S THE USE? 114
5.2 DEPOSITION MODELLING IN THE NETHERLANDS 116
5.2.1 DEADM 116
5.2.2 WET DEPOSITION 118
Dry deposition in bulk samplers 118
Neutral salts 118
Calculation procedure 119
Wet deposition estimates 120
5.2.3 DRY DEPOSITION 122
Roughness length maps 122
Dry deposition of acidifying components 128
Dry base cation deposition 132
5.2.4 TOTAL DEPOSITION 136
Acidifying components 136
Total base cation deposition 141
5.3 DEPOSITION MODELLING IN EUROPE 146
5.3.1 EDACS 146
5.3.2 WET DEPOSITION 147
Data collection and data quality 148
Interpolation 149
Description of spatial patterns 150
5.3.3 DRY DEPOSITION 157
Acidifying components 157
Dry base cation deposition 161
5.3.4 TOTAL DEPOSITION 164
xiv
CONTENTS Acidifying components 164
Base cations 172
5.4 VARIATION IN DEPOSITION OVER SEVERAL YEARS 176
5.4.1 DEPOSITION AS A RESULT OF NATURAL SOURCES 176
5.4.2 HISTORICAL MEASUREMENTS OF WET DEPOSITION 177
Nitrogen compounds 177
Sulphur 181
Base cations 182
The Netherlands 183
5.4.3 NON LINEARITIES IN TEMPORAL VARIATIONS 188
5.5 SYNTHESIS 193
CHAPTER 6 EVALUATION OF DEPOSITION ESTIMATES 195
Introduction 195
6.1 EVALUATION OF SURFACE EXCHANGE PARAMETERS FOR SO2 196
6.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 196
Deciduous forest 196
Coniferous forest 196
Grassland 197
Heathland 197
6.1.3 MODELLED VD COMPARED WITH MEASUREMENTS 198
6.1.4 DISCUSSION 204
Uncertainties 205
Comparison with other parameterisations 208
Representativeness of parameterisation for European pollution climates 208
6.2.5 SYNTHESIS 209
6.2 RELATION BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AND SOIL LOADS211
Introduction 211
6.2.1 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING CANOPY EXCHANGE 212
6.2.2 RESEARCH RESULTS FROM THE SPEULDER FOREST SITE 213
Throughfall fluxes at the Speulder forest 213
Atmospheric deposition at the Speulder forest 213
Comparison of throughfall fluxes with atmospheric deposition estimates 216
Canopy exchange processes in the Speulder forest 216
Synthesis 219
6.2.3 THROUGHFALL FLUXES COMPARED TO DEADM DEPOSITION
ESTIMATES 220
xv
CONTENTS Acidifying components 220
Base cations 222
6.3 UNCERTAINTY IN DEADM RESULTS 225
6.3.1 DRY DEPOSITION MEASUREMENTS 225
6.3.2 COMPARISON WITH OTHER MODEL RESULTS 228
6.3.3 ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY RANGES 230
Wet deposition 231
Dry deposition 233
Total deposition 236
6.4 UNCERTAINTY IN THE EDACS RESULTS 238
6.4.2 WET DEPOSITION 238
Total uncertainty in the wet deposition maps 243
6.4.2 DRY DEPOSITION 244
6.4.3 TOTAL DEPOSITION 245
6.5 GENERAL SYNTHESIS 248
CHAPTER 7 THREE CASE STUDIES 253
Introduction 253
7.1 THE ELSPEETSCHE VELD EXPERIMENT ON SURFACE EXCHANGE OF
TRACE GASES 254
7.1.1 INTRODUCTION 254
7.1.2 STUDY AREA AND METHODS 254
Study area 254
Measurement methods and approach 255
7.1.3 CALCULATION OF DEPOSITION PARAMETERS 256
SO2 256
NO2 259
NH3 259
Throughfall and stemflow 262
Co deposition of SO2 and NH3 264
7.1.4 CONCLUSIONS 265
7.2 THE UTRECHTSE HEUVELRUG EXPERIMENT ON THE IMPACT OF
CANOPY STRUCTURE AND FOREST EDGE EFFECTS ON DEPOSITION 267
7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 267
7.2.2 METHODS 269
Study area 269
xvi
CONTENTS Through/all and bulk precipitation sampling procedure 272
Canopy and edge structure measurements 274
7.2.3 THE IMPACT OF CANOPY STRUCTURE: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..280
Evaluation of canopy structure parametrisation 280
Relationships between dry deposition and canopy structure 283
Predicting net through/all using simple regression models with canopy structure and
information on pollution climate 288
7.2.4 THE IMPACT OF FOREST EDGES: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 290
Evaluation of canopy structure parametrisation 290
Dry deposition gradients in the forest edges 292
Impact of canopy/edge structure and edge aspect 298
The impact of edge effects on dry deposition amounts to forests in the Netherlands. 303
7.2.5 CONCLUSIONS 307
The impact of forest canopy structure on deposition amounts 307
The impact of forest edge effects on deposition amounts 308
7.3 THE SPEULDER FOREST EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE INPUT
AND RELATED IMPACTS TO DOUGLAS FIR 310
7.3.1 INTRODUCTION 310
Deposition research 310
Assessment of relations between loads/levels and effects 311
7.3.2 SITE DESCRIPTION 312
7.3.3 RESEARCH PROJECTS 313
7.3.4 DEPOSITION MONITORING OF GASEOUS COMPONENTS 314
Introduction 314
Experimental procedure 314
Theory and interpretation 315
Dry deposition parameters for the Speulder forest 316
7.3.5 THE AEROSOL PROJECT 325
Introduction 325
Experimental set up 326
Experimental determination of the acidifying aerosol and base cation input onto
Speulder forest 329
Modelling particle deposition 331
7.3.6 ANNUAL AVERAGE GAS AND PARTICLE DEPOSITION AND CHANGES
WITH TIME 338
7.3.7 ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF ACIDIFICATION, EUTROPHICATION
AND OZONE 341
Critical levels and loads at the Speulder forest site 341
Effect parameters and observed effects 344
Synthesis 345
xvii
CONTENTS 7.3.8 CONCLUSIONS 350
Gaseous deposition 350
Deposition of particles 351
Assessment of the relation between loadsAevels and effects 353
7.3.9 EVALUATION 355
REFERENCES 357
INDEX 397
xviii
CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 Pattern of rainfall acidity in Europe based on EMEP measurements (EMEP,
1988) 2
FIGURE 1.2 Intensity of defoliation for all species, or conifers only in 1988. Percentage of
trees in classes 1 4 ( 10% defoliation) 4
FIGURE 1.3 Cause and effect chain studied in the DPA (Heij and Schneider, 1991) 5
FIGURE 1.4 Schematic representation of deposition 6
FIGURE 2.1 Emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in Europe from
1900 to 1990 (mton a 1) compiled by De Leeuw (1994) 27
FIGURE 2.2 Emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in USA from 1900
to 1990 (mton a 1) (NAPAP, 1992) 27
FIGURE 2.3 Annual average total SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions in the Netherlands 29
FIGURE 2.4 Atmospheric chemistry for trace gases in the troposphere 31
FIGURE 2.5 Schematic representation of the main circulation types above western and
central Europe. The location of the high pressure area is indicated by dots. The arrows
give the tracking direction of depressions as well as the mean direction of the wind in the
higher air layers. Generally, the characters represent the main direction of the circulation
(e.g. SE = southeast); Ww = bending west circulation, BM = high pressure area above
Atlantic ocean central Europe, HM = high pressure area above central Europe, TM =
low pressure area above central Europe (after Van der Ham, 1977) 37
FIGURE 2.6 Daily variation of the boundary layer development (Stull, 1988) 38
FIGURE 2.7 Distribution of annual median SO2 (A) and NO2 (B) concentrations in the
Netherlands in 1993 (ug m 3) 42
FIGURE 2.8 Distribution of annual average NH3 concentrations in the Netherlands in 1993
(ugny3) 43
FIGURE 2.9 Annual country average of 50 percentile SO2, NO2, NOx and O3 concentrations,
and annual average NH3 (ug m 3) in 1977 1993 based on LML measurements (RIVM,
1994) and TREND model calculations (Van Jaarsveld, 1995) 44
xix
CONTENTS FIGURE 2.10 Annual mean concentration of SO2 (above) and SO42 aerosol (below) in 1993
in Europe as calculated by Tuovinen et al. (1994) using the EMEP LTRAP model 45
FIGURE 2.10 {continued) Annual mean concentration of NOx (above) and HNO3 (below) in
1993 in Europe as calculated by Tuovinen et al. (1994) using the EMEP LTRAP
model 46
FIGURE 2.10 {continued) Annual mean concentration of NO3 aerosol (above) and NH3
(below) in 1993 in Europe as calculated by Tuovinen et al. (1994) using the EMEP
LTRAP model 47
FIGURE 2.10 {continued) Annual mean concentration of NH/ aerosol in 1993 in Europe as
calculated by Tuovinen et al. (1994) using the EMEP LTRAP model 48
FIGURE 3.1 Wet deposition processes 50
FIGURE 3.2 The dry deposition process 55
FIGURE 3.3 Schematic representation of four transport mechanisms for particles through the
quasi laminar boundary layer (after Davidson and Wu, 1990). Shaded areas indicate the
laminar boundary layer 61
FIGURE 3.4 Relationship between the deposition velocity of particles and their mass median
diameter for an Eucalyptus forest canopy (after Slinn, 1982). The dashed line indicates
the sedimentation velocity (i.e. where the deposition rate is a linear function of the fall
velocity of the particles). Canopy height = 27.4 m; friction velocity = 75 cm s 1;
roughness length = 1.86 m; zero plain displacement height = 21.6 m; particle density = 1
gem 3 62
FIGURE 3.5 Illustration of instrumentation used for flux gradient measurements 70
FIGURE 3.5 {continued) Illustration of instrumentation used for flux gradient
measurements 71
FIGURE 5.1 Frequency distribution of deposition on a small scale (5x5 km) within an
EMEP grid (150 x 150 km) for nitrogen compounds. Using EMEP model results together
with the appropriate filtering factor, we estimate total nitrogen deposition to this grid at
1650 mol ha1 a 1 115
FIGURE 5.2 Distribution of the acidification areas over the Netherlands 117
FIGURE 5.3 The spatial distribution of the dry deposition of SO42 NO3 NH/ and total
potential acid in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 121
FIGURE 5.4 Values for zo as a function of wind direction sector (30°) and season for the
Steeg station (103) 124
FIGURE 5.5 Values for z0 as a function of wind direction sector (30°) for the Cabauw station
(620) estimated by Beljaars (1988) and in this study for summer (A) and winter (B)
months 125
FIGURE 5.6 1 x 1 km grid average zo values in the Netherlands: A: 0 60 cm, B: 50 cm.. 127
FIGURE 5.7 The spatial distribution of the dry deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx and total
potential acid in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 129
FIGURE 5.8 Distribution of dry deposition SOx to forest, grassland and water in 1993 in the
Netherlands 130
xx
CONTENTS FIGURE 5.8 (continued) Distribution of dry deposition of NOy and NHx to forest, grassland
and water in 1993 in the Netherlands 131
FIGURE 5.9 Maps of the dry deposition of Na+ (A), K+ (B), Mg2+ (C) and Ca2+ (D) in the
Netherlands (mol ha 1 a 1) 133
FIGURE 5.10 Dry deposition distribution of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ for forest, grassland and
water 134
FIGURE 5.10 (continued) Distribution of dry deposition Mg2+ and Ca2+ to forest, grassland
and water 135
FIGURE 5.11 Variation in total SOx, NOy, NHx and potential acid deposition between 1980
and 1993 (mol ha1 a 1) 136
FIGURE 5.12 The spatial distribution of the total deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx and total
potential acid in 1980 (mol ha1 a 1) 137
FIGURE 5.13 The spatial distribution of the total deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx and total
potential acid in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 138
FIGURE 5.14 Contribution of different countries to the deposition in the Netherlands (A)
1980 and (B) 1993 142
FIGURE 5.15 Source category contribution to the deposition in the Netherlands (A) 1980 and
(B) 1990 143
FIGURE 5.16 The spatial distribution of the deposition of Na, K, Mg2+ and Ca in 1993 (mol
ha1 a1) 145
FIGURE 5.17 Outline of method to estimate local scale deposition fluxes 147
FIGURE 5.18 Location of wet deposition monitoring sites in Europe 148
FIGURE 5.19 Wet deposition of SO42 in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in mol ha 1 a
1 (Van Leeuwen et al, 1995) 151
FIGURE 5.20 Wet deposition of NO3 in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in mol ha 1 a 1
(Van Leeuwen et al, 1995) 151
FIGURE 5.21 Wet deposition of NH/ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in mol ha 1 a
•(Van Leeuwen et al., 1995) 152
FIGURE 5.22 Wet deposition of H+ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in mol ha 1 a 1
(Van Leeuwen et al., 1995) 152
FIGURE 5.23 Wet deposition of total base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) in Europe on a 50 x
50 km basis in 1989 in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van Leeuwen et al, 1995) 153
FIGURE 5.24 Concentration of Na+ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in umol I 1
(Van Leeuwen et al, 1995) 154
FIGURE 5.25 Concentration of Cl in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in umol I 1 (Van
Leeuwen et al, 1995) 155
FIGURE 5.26 Concentration of Mg2+ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in umol I1
(Van Leeuwen etal, 1995) 155
FIGURE 5.27 Concentration of Ca2+ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in umol I 1
(Van Leeuwen etal, 1995) 156
xxi
CONTENTS FIGURE 5.28 Concentration of K+ in Europe on a 50 x 50 km basis in 1989 in ^mol I 1 (Van
Leeuwen et al., 1995) 156
FIGURE 5.29 Land use map on a 1/6° x 1/6° grid of Europe (Van Velde, 1994) 157
FIGURE 5.30 Roughness length map (cm) for the summer season (A) and winter season (B)
on a 1/6° x 1/6° grid of Europe (Van Pul et al., 1995) 158
FIGURE 5.31 Dry deposition of SOx in Europe on a 1/6° x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van Pul
etal., 1995) 159
FIGURE 5.32 Dry deposition of NOy in Europe on a 1/6°x l/6°scale in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van Pul
etal., 1995) 160
FIGURE 5.33 Dry deposition of NHx in Europe on a 1/60 x 1/60 scale in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van
Pul etal., 1995) 160
FIGURE 5.34 Dry deposition of Na+ in Europe on a 1/6 x l/6o scale in mol ha 1 a 1 161
FIGURE 5.35 Dry deposition of Ca2+ in Europe on a 1/6 x l/6o scale in mol ha 1 a 1 162
FIGURE 5.36 Dry deposition of Mg2+ in Europe on a 1/6 x l/6o scale in mol ha 1 a 1 162
FIGURE 5.37 Dry deposition of K+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 163
FIGURE 5.38 Dry deposition of K+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 163
FIGURE 5.39 Total deposition of SOx in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van
Pul etal., 1995) 164
FIGURE 5.40 Total deposition of NOy in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 (Van
Pul etal., 1995) 165
FIGURE 5.41 Total deposition of NHx in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a (Van
Pule? a/., 1995) 165
FIGURE 5.42 Total deposition of potential acid in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1
(Van Pul etal., 1995) 166
FIGURE 5.43 Emission of SOx, NOy and NHx per country or region in Europe in 1993
expressed in mol H+ ha 1 a 1 (Tuovinen et al., 1994) 168
FIGURE 5.44 Deposition of SOx, NOy and NHx per country or region in Europe in 1993
expressed in mol H+ha a 1 (Tuovinen et al., 1994) 169
FIGURE 5.45 Emission and deposition of potential acid per country or region in Europe in
1993 in mol H+ha a 1 (Tuovinen et al., 1994) 170
FIGURE 5.46 Contribution (%) of different source catagories to the total potential acid
deposition for different countries in Europe 171
FIGURE 5.47 Total deposition of Na+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 172
FIGURE 5.48 Total deposition of Ca2+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 173
FIGURE 5.49 Total deposition of Mg2+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 173
FIGURE 5.50 Total deposition of K+ in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6° scale in mol ha 1 a 1 174
FIGURE 5.51 Total deposition of base cations (Ca2++Mg2++K+) in Europe on a 1/6 x 1/6°
scale in mol ha 1 a 1 174
FIGURE 5.52 Wet deposition of ammonium at Rothamsted (UK) and Montsouris (France)
(in kg N ha 1 a 1) 178
xxii
CONTENTS FIGURE 5.52 (continued) Wet deposition of nitrate at Rothamsted (UK) and Montsouris
(France) (in kg N ha 1 a 1 179
FIGURE 5.53 Precipitation concentrations of sulphur measured over several years (mg SO31
) 181
FIGURE 5.54 Changes in Na+, Ca2+and Mg2+ concentrations in precipitation (mg I 1)
measured at Leiduin near the Dutch coast 183
FIGURE 5.55 Horizontal gradient of wet deposition from the coast land inward as reported
by Leeflang (1938). Data are averaged over 5 years (1932 1937) 184
FIGURE 5.56 Time series of SO42 concentration measurements in precipitation made at
several sites in the Netherlands (mg I 1 185
FIGURE 5.56 (continued) Time series of NO3 concentration measurements in precipitation
made at several sites in the Netherlands (mg l 186
FIGURE 5.57 Time series of wet deposition measurements made at Witteveen: (A) SO42, (B)
NO3 and (C) NH4+ (mol ha 1 a 1) 187
FIGURE 5.57 Time series of wet deposition measurements made at Witteveen: (A) SO42 (B)
NO3 and (C) NH4+ (mol ha 1 a 1) 188
FIGURE 5.58 Relative change between 1955 and 1990 in measured concentrations of sulphur
in air, aerosol and precipitation, and in estimated sulphur emissions in the Netherlands
and in Europe, and in ammonia emissions in the Netherlands 190
FIGURE 5.59 Temporal variation in wet and dry deposition of sulphur in the Netherlands
(mol ha 1 a 1) 191
FIGURE 5.60 Ratio of NH4+ over (SO42 plus NO3 ) in precipitation in the Netherlands 192
FIGURE 6.1 Comparison of modelled Vd (m s 1) with Vd obtained from measurements: A.
Deciduous forest; B. Coniferous forest; C. Grassland and D. Heathland. Solid dots
represent average modelled values for class average measured values. The line represents
the 1:1 ratio. Small overbars represent measured class averages ± SD, while large
overbars represent modelled averages ± SD 199
FIGURE 6.2. Examples of time series of modelled and measured Vd: A. Deciduous forest; B.
Coniferous forest 203
FIGURE 6.2 (continued). Examples of time series of modelled and measured Vd: C.
Grassland and D. Heathland 204
FIGURE 6.3 Histograms of modelled (open columns) and measured (dark columns) Vd (m s
): A. Deciduous forest; B. Coniferous forest 206
FIGURE 6.3 {continued) Histograms of modelled (open columns) and measured (dark
columns) Vd (m s 1): C. Grassland and D. Heathland 207
FIGURE 6.4 Throughfall estimates compared to DEADM results for SOx (A), NOy (B),
NHx (C) and total potential acid (D) (mol ha 1 a ) for 21 sites. The 1:1 line is also
shown 221
FIGURE 6.5 Throughfall estimates compared to DEADM results for SOx (A), NOy (B),
NHx (C) and total potential acid (D) (mol ha 1 a 1) for 30 sites. The 1:1 line is also
shown 222
xxiii
CONTENTS FIGURE 6.6 Net throughfall estimates compared to DEADM dry deposition estimates for 30
sites for Na+ (A), Mg2+ (B), Ca2+ (C) and K+ (D) (mol ha 1 a 1). The 1:1 line is also
shown 223
FIGURE 6.7 Comparison of measured concentrations in Speulder forest (30 m) and those
obtained from the model s calculations (50 m) 227
FIGURE 6.8 Comparison of monthly Vd values calculated with DEADM (50 m height) and
measured in Speulder forest (36 m height) (m s 1) 227
FIGURE 6.9 Comparison of TREND model results with estimates from this study (mol ha 1
a 1). The 1:1 line is shown for comparison 229
FIGURE 6.10 Comparison of the country average calculated dry deposition of sulphur using
EMEP and EDACS (mol ha 1 a 1) 245
FIGURE 6.11 Distribution of the numbered (pollution) regions in Europe in Table 6.13. ...246
FIGURE 7.1 Time series of parameterized and measured Rc for SO2 at Elspeetsche Veld.. 258
FIGURE 7.2 Averaged Rc for NO2 over heathland (Elspeetsche Veld) in autumn 1989
(Duyzer et al, 1991) 260
FIGURE 7.3 Annual average diurnal variations of F and VjforNHs 261
FIGURE 7.4 Surface resistance for SO2 and NH3, relative humidity and surface wetness
indicator for the Elspeetsche Veld site, 14 15 September 1991 (Erisman and Wyers,
1993) 262
FIGURE 7.5 Location of the study area with the 30 throughfall measurement sites and five
bulk precipitation measurement sites used to study the impact of canopy structure on dry
deposition amounts 270
FIGURE 7.6 Location of the study area with the eight forest edge measurement sites and four
bulk precipitation measurement sites used to study the impact of edge effects on dry
deposition amounts 271
FIGURE 7.7 An example of a measurement site showing the area (10 x 10 m) around the
throughfall gutter in which tree and stand structure characteristics were determined. The
throughfall gutter, indicated as a black bar, is located in the centre of the plot. Grey areas
mark the vertical crown projection of individual trees, whereas stem bases are indicated
as black circles. The thick line indicates the boundary of the 100 m2 plot 275
FIGURE 7.8 Relationship between winter net throughfall fluxes of SO42 and the
aerodynamic roughness length of the canopy. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots
pine by plus signs and oak by dots. The following relationship is valid: [NTF SO42
]=344.9*[zo]+201.3 (/?=0.84;/ 0.001) 286
FIGURE 7.9 Relationship between winter net throughfall fluxes of NO3 and the aerodynamic
roughness length of the canopy. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots pine by plus
signs and oak by dots. The following relationship is valid: [NTF N03~]=59.6*[z0] +21.5
(/?=0.84;/ 0.001) 286
FIGURE 7.10 Relationship between winter net throughfall fluxes of NH4+ and the
aerodynamic roughness length of the canopy. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots
xxiv
CONTENTS pine by plus signs and oak by dots. The following relationship is valid: [NTF
NH4+]=431.0*[z,,]+65.5(/?=0.88;/ 0.001) 287
FIGURE 7.11 Winter net throughfall fluxes of SO42 predicted from linear regression models
with the roughness length of the canopy, compared to measured winter net throughfall
fluxes. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots pine by plus signs and oak by dots. ..289
FIGURE 7.12 Winter net throughfall fluxes of NO3 predicted from linear regression models
with the roughness length of the canopy, compared to measured winter net throughfall
fluxes. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots pine by plus signs and oak by dots. ..289
FIGURE 7.13 Winter net throughfall fluxes of NH4+ predicted from linear regression models
with the roughness length of the canopy, compared to measured winter net throughfall
fluxes. Douglas fir is indicated by squares, Scots pine by plus signs and oak by dots. ..290
FIGURE 7.14 Net throughfall flux gradients of SO42 , NO3 and NH/ for the eight forest
edges. Distance to edge divided by edge height is x/h 293
FIGURE 7.14 (continued) Net throughfall flux gradients of Na+, Cl and Mg2+ for the eight
forest edges. Distance to edge divided by edge height is x/h 294
FIGURE 7.14 (continued) Net throughfall flux gradients of Ca2+ and K+, and gradients of the
ratio between throughfall volume and precipitation volume for the eight forest edges.
Distance to edge divided by edge height is x/h 295
FIGURE 7.15 Ideal net throughfall flux gradient in a forest edge 296
FIGURE 7.16 The percentage to which a particular wind direction contributed to the total
pollutant dose of SO2, SO42 NO2, NO, NO3, and NH4+ during the measurements,
respectively 301
FIGURE 7.16 (continued) The percentage to which a particular wind direction contributed to
the total pollutant dose of Na+, Cl , Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+, and total air supply during the
measurements, respectively 302
FIGURE 7.17 The percentage to which different size classes contribute to the total number
(and area) of forest complexes (left), and to the total number (and area) of individual
forest stands in the Netherlands (right) 305
FIGURE 7.18 Frequency distribution of forest stand heights in the Netherlands. The
relatively high percentage observed for height class 0 2 m is the result of the relatively
high fraction of timber felling areas and non afforested silvicultural areas in the
Netherlands 306
FIGURE 7.19 Relationship between the part of the total area of Dutch forests influenced by
edge effects and edge width. The thin line represents this relationship when only edges
between forested areas and non forested areas are taken into account 307
FIGURE 7.20 Deposition research at the Speulder forest site 315
FIGURE 7.21 Eddy correlation u* measurements at 30 m compared to those measured at 36
m 317
FIGURE 7.22 Eddy correlation H measure ments at 30 m compared to those measured at 36
m 318
FIGURE 7.23 Daily variations of SO2in Rc for dry and wet surface conditions 320
xxv
CONTENTS FIGURE 7.24 Rc values for SO2 and NH3 from continuous measurements of vertical
gradients over the Speulder forest ( Weather provides information on precipitation:
O=dry; 10=rain) 321
FIGURE 7.25 Diurnal variation of Vd NO2 and Vd for stomatal uptake for selected measuring
periods 323
FIGURE 7.26 Parameterised values of Vd compared to Vd derived from NH3 gradients for
selected measuring periods (7?2=0.25 for positive values) 324
FIGURE 7.27 Experimentally determined Vd versus u*. Vd values were estimated at the
following heights: fog at 28 m; NO3 and SO42 (TNO) at 35 m; SO42 (ECN) at 22 m and
214Pbatl9m 330
FIGURE 7.28 Summary of modelled deposition velocities versus u*. Vd values were
estimated at the following heights: fog at 28 m; NO3 and SO42 (TNO) at 35 m; SO42
(ECN) at 22 m and 2l4Pb at 19 m 336
xxvi
CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 Total SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions in the world and on European and American
scales separated into natural and anthropogenic emissions (Whelpdale, 1987) 25
TABLE 2.2 Source contribution of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia to
anthropogenic emissions (Ho etai, 1987; Asman, 1992) 25
TABLE 2.3 Emissions of reduced sulphur compounds to the atmosphere in Tg (S) a 26
TABLE 2.4 Dutch total annual emissions 1980 1993 expressed in kton SO2, kton NO2 for
NOx 28
TABLE 2.5 Overview of the ammonia emission in the Netherlands from 1980 to 1993 30
TABLE 2.6 Annual average concentrations of acidifying components measured for the
Netherlands in 1993 (|ig m 3) 43
TABLE 3.1 Ratios of wet deposition fluxes obtained by wet only and bulk samplers
according to Ridder et al. (1984) and Van Leeuwen etal. (1995) 53
TABLE 3.2 Precipitation monitoring networks in Europe 54
TABLE 3.3 Schmidt and Prandtl number correction in Eqn. 6 for several gases (Hicks et al.,
1987) 60
TABLE 4.1 The number of meteorites above a certain mass retrieved by the earth s surface as
predicted by Hughes (1992) 95
TABLE 4.2 Internal resistance, /?i to be used for estimating the stomatal resistance for
different seasons and land use types using Eqn. (4.4), with entities of 9999 indicating no
air—surface exchange via that resistance pathway (Adopted from Wesely, 1989) 100
TABLE 4.3 Average Rc values for SO2 and NH3 observed under different conditions;
negative values denote emissions (Erisman and Wyers, 1993) 102
TABLE 4.4 Rex, for NH3 (s m 1) over different vegetation categories in Europe, negative
values for Rex, denote emission for estimating a net upward flux 103
TABLE 4.5 Rc values for soil surfaces, snow covered surfaces and water surfaces (negative
values denote emission) 107
TABLE 4.6 Parametrisations of E values for different components and conditions 108
xxvii
CONTENTS TABLE 4.7 Surface resistances for different gases during daytime under different pollution
climates 110
TABLE 5.1 Number of grid cells (10 x 10 km) in the Netherlands with median critical loads,
divided into classes, and the average and standard deviation of the acid loads for the grid
cells in each class 114
TABLE 5.2 Country average dry, wet and total deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx, total nitrogen
and potential acid in 1980 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 122
TABLE 5.3 Individual roughness elements as zo values, with h = the average tree height
inm 127
TABLE 5.4 Average deposition to forests in the Netherlands in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 128
TABLE 5.5 Deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx, total nitrogen and total potential acid deposition
for each acidification area in the Netherlands in 1980 (mol ha 1 a 1) 139
TABLE 5.6 Deposition of SOx, NOy, NHx, total nitrogen and total potential acid deposition
for each acidification area in the Netherlands in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 140
TABLE 5.7 Dry, wet and total deposition of base cations for each acidification area in the
Netherlands in 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 144
TABLE 5.8 Background wet, dry and total deposition in the Netherlands (mol H+ ha 1 a 1). 177
TABLE 6.1 Average, minimum and maximum measured parameters, and measured and
modelled Vd, F and Rc values, with correlation coefficients between modelled and
measured values, as well as SD (in parentheses 200
TABLE 6.2 Average dry deposition velocities (m s 1) and correlation coefficients between
modelled and measured Vd for dry/wet and daytime and night time periods, with SD in
parentheses 202
TABLE 6.3 Average net throughfall fluxes, and dry and fog deposition estimates for the
Speulder forest, along with wet deposition at Speulder Veld (mol ha a ) 214
TABLE 6.4 Comparison of net throughfall fluxes with atmospheric deposition (% difference
calculated as in Table 6.1) for four periods for which complete wash off of deposited
material was expected 216
TABLE 6.5 Canopy uptake or leaching in Speulder forest estimated using results of different
experiments (+ = uptake; = leaching; 0 = inert or negligible; x = not estimated) 218
TABLE 6.6 Throughfall estimates and total deposition estimates averaged over different
locations (mol ha 1 a 1) 220
TABLE 6.7 Net throughfall estimates and dry deposition estimates averaged over 30 different
locations (mol ha 1 a1) 224
TABLE 6.8 Flux measurements and estimates for different locations in the Netherlands in
mol ha 1 a 1 using different methods 226
TABLE 6.9 Average dry deposition fluxes ) for the Speulder forest (mol ha 1 a ) based on
measurements (November 1992 September 1993) and calculated using DEADM
(January 1993 September 1993 228
TABLE 6.10 Total systematic uncertainty (%) in yearly average total deposition flux on
different spatial scales for all individual components (1993) 233
xxviii
CONTENTS TABLE 6.11 Range in annual average Rc values (s m~ ) for forests, heathland and agricultural
areas 235
TABLE 6.12 Summary of total uncertainty in wet deposition per average grid cell of 50 x 50
km for different areas in the conservative and the worst cases 243
TABLE 6.13 Uncertainty of key factors influencing deposition estimates of S and oxidised
and reduced N in different pollution regions in Europe 247
TABLE 7.1 Overview of methods and equipment used during the Elspeetsche Veld
experiment 255
TABLE 7.2 Criteria for acceptance of observations and no. of observations rejected (total no.
of measurements: 5298 two hourly average periods) 256
TABLE 7.3 Average SO2 Rc (4 m) values (± uncertainty estimates) for selected daytime and
night time and dry and wet conditions at Elspeetsche Veld 257
TABLE 7.4 Annual average dry deposition parameters for SO2 at Elspeetsche Veld (4 m
height). For the resistances the harmonic averages (± uncertainty estimates) are
presented 259
TABLE 7.5 Annual average SO4, NO3 and NH4 throughflow fluxes and bulk deposition (mol
ha 1 a 1). The standard deviation is given between brackets (Bobbink et ai, 1990) 263
TABLE 7.6 Overview of stand structure characteristics of the 30 forest stands 281
TABLE 7.7 Overview of stand structure characteristics of single tree species 282
TABLE 7.8 Mean dimensions of needles from Douglas fir and Scots pine trees, with SD in
parentheses (n = 150) 283
TABLE 7.9 Correlation matrix between net throughfall fluxes and canopy structure
characteristics for the 30 forest stands 284
TABLE 7.10 Interrelationships between the individual canopy structure characteristics of the
30 forest stands 287
TABLE 7.11 Canopy and edge structure characteristics of the eight forest edges, showing
averages of 7 or 8 recordings (structure characteristics were determined around each
throughfall gutter) with the exception of porosity and the roughness length of the upwind
terrain 291
TABLE 7.12 Whole edge integrated net throughfall enhancement (WEINTE) factors for the
eight forest edges (x = mean of all edges) 297
TABLE 7.13 Ratio between the net throughfall flux at x/h 0.25 and that at xAi = 5 for the
eight forest edges 298
TABLE 7.14 Correlation matrix between whole edge integrated net throughfall enhancement
(WEINTE) factors and canopy/edge structure characteristics for the eight forest edges 299
TABLE 7.15 Whole edge integrated net throughfall enhancement (WEINTE) factors in
relation to the edge aspect 303
TABLE 7.16 Soil chemical and texture data for the Speulder forest (Van Breemen and
Verstraten, 1991) 313
TABLE 7.17 Correction factor for flux profile functions over the Speulder forest (Bosveld,
1991) 316
xxix
CONTENTS TABLE 7.18 Selection criteria for gradients measured over the Speulder forest and the
percentage of measurements left after selection (total remaining: 2345 hours of
continuous SO2 measurements, 220 hours NO2 measurements and 756 hours continuous
NH3) 319
TABLE 7.19 Average deposition parameters for SO2, with standard deviations in
parentheses 320
TABLE 7.20 Average deposition parameters for NH3, with standard deviations in
parentheses 325
TABLE 7.21 An overview of experiments performed at the Speulder forest site to quantify
particle dry deposition 329
TABLE 7.22 Characteristic features of some models describing the dry deposition of particles
to vegetation and water surfaces (Ruijgrokef a/., 1994) 331
TABLE 7.23 Component specific size distributions (mass median diameter, MMD, and
geometrical standard deviation, Og) derived from measurements in the Netherlands.... 334
TABLE 7.24 Model performance indicators 1 and averages for the different comparison
studies 335
TABLE 7.25 Average uptake and leaching amounts at the Speulder forest derived from field
experiments and modelling (mol ha 1 a ) (Draaijers etal, 1994) 337
TABLE 7.26 Average fluxes at Speulder forest in 1987 1993 (mol ha 1 a 1) 339
TABLE 7.27 Estimates of the deposition of acidifying components between 1950 and 1994
for the Speulder forest site (mol ha 1 a 1) 340
TABLE 7.28 Critical levels for forests in Europe 342
TABLE 7.29 Critical acid loads for Speulder forest based on different effects
(mol ha 1 a 1) 343
TABLE 7.30 Critical N loads for Speulder forest based on different effects (mol ha 1 a 1) ..343
TABLE 7.31 Possible effects on forest ecosystems of increased atmospheric N+S loading and
exposure to SO2, NOx, NH3 and/or O3 345
TABLE 7.32 Critical loads, exceedances and effects observed at Speulder forest 347
XXX
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Erisman, Jan W. Draaijers, Geert P. |
| author_facet | Erisman, Jan W. Draaijers, Geert P. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Erisman, Jan W. |
| author_variant | j w e jw jwe g p d gp gpd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV010411520 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QK751 |
| callnumber-raw | QK751 |
| callnumber-search | QK751 |
| callnumber-sort | QK 3751 |
| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| classification_rvk | WK 7200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)32508616 (DE-599)BVBBV010411520 |
| dewey-full | 581.5/22 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 581 - Specific topics in natural history of plants |
| dewey-raw | 581.5/22 |
| dewey-search | 581.5/22 |
| dewey-sort | 3581.5 222 |
| dewey-tens | 580 - Plants |
| discipline | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Niederlande |
| geographic_facet | Niederlande |
| id | DE-604.BV010411520 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:52:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 044482247X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-006933460 |
| oclc_num | 32508616 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-188 |
| physical | XXXIV, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in environmental science |
| series2 | Studies in environmental science |
| spelling | Erisman, Jan W. Verfasser aut Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication J. W. Erisman ; G. P. J. Draaijers Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 1995 XXXIV, 405 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in environmental science 63 Ecologia vegetal larpcal Florestas larpcal Plantes - Effet des précipitations acides ram Plantes des forêts - Effet des précipitations acides ram Poluicao atmosferica larpcal Poluicao do solo (prevencao controle) larpcal Précipitations acides (météorologie) - Pays-Bas ram Relations plante-atmosphère ram Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric deposition Measurement Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Measurement Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd rswk-swf Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd rswk-swf Deposition Meteorologie (DE-588)4113287-7 gnd rswk-swf Saurer Regen (DE-588)4179239-7 gnd rswk-swf Niederlande (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 s Saurer Regen (DE-588)4179239-7 s DE-604 Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 s Deposition Meteorologie (DE-588)4113287-7 s Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 s DE-188 Draaijers, Geert P. Verfasser aut Studies in environmental science 63 (DE-604)BV000000207 63 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006933460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Erisman, Jan W. Draaijers, Geert P. Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication Studies in environmental science Ecologia vegetal larpcal Florestas larpcal Plantes - Effet des précipitations acides ram Plantes des forêts - Effet des précipitations acides ram Poluicao atmosferica larpcal Poluicao do solo (prevencao controle) larpcal Précipitations acides (météorologie) - Pays-Bas ram Relations plante-atmosphère ram Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric deposition Measurement Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Measurement Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Deposition Meteorologie (DE-588)4113287-7 gnd Saurer Regen (DE-588)4179239-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003397-1 (DE-588)4135167-8 (DE-588)4074381-0 (DE-588)4017951-5 (DE-588)4113287-7 (DE-588)4179239-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |
| title_auth | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |
| title_exact_search | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |
| title_full | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication J. W. Erisman ; G. P. J. Draaijers |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication J. W. Erisman ; G. P. J. Draaijers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication J. W. Erisman ; G. P. J. Draaijers |
| title_short | Atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |
| title_sort | atmospheric deposition in relation to acidification and eutrophication |
| topic | Ecologia vegetal larpcal Florestas larpcal Plantes - Effet des précipitations acides ram Plantes des forêts - Effet des précipitations acides ram Poluicao atmosferica larpcal Poluicao do solo (prevencao controle) larpcal Précipitations acides (météorologie) - Pays-Bas ram Relations plante-atmosphère ram Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric deposition Measurement Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Measurement Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Atmosphäre (DE-588)4003397-1 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd Forstökologie (DE-588)4017951-5 gnd Deposition Meteorologie (DE-588)4113287-7 gnd Saurer Regen (DE-588)4179239-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologia vegetal Florestas Plantes - Effet des précipitations acides Plantes des forêts - Effet des précipitations acides Poluicao atmosferica Poluicao do solo (prevencao controle) Précipitations acides (météorologie) - Pays-Bas Relations plante-atmosphère Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric deposition Measurement Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Atmospheric deposition Netherlands Measurement Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Forest plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Plants Effect of atmospheric deposition on Netherlands Atmosphäre Ökologische Chemie Luftverschmutzung Forstökologie Deposition Meteorologie Saurer Regen Niederlande Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006933460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000207 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT erismanjanw atmosphericdepositioninrelationtoacidificationandeutrophication AT draaijersgeertp atmosphericdepositioninrelationtoacidificationandeutrophication |